Monogastric Nutrition

Nutrient Requirements

• Simple Stomached– Require readily digestible feed– Cannot use complex carbohydrates

• Cellulose, hemicellulose, etc.

– Require essential amino acids– Cannot synthesize amino acids

• Poor quality protein, NPN

• Water

Water

• Important nutrient• 55-80% of animal is water

– Depends on age

• Uses– Hydration, medium for moving wastes into and out of

body

– Component of milk, lubricates joints, cushions nerves, disperses heat, protects developing fetuses

Water

• Free access to water– Cool, Clean, Abundant– Pigs will consume 1-1.5 quarts / pound of feed– Limiting water intake results in poor production

• Decreased intake

• Poor feed efficiency

• Reduced milk production

Energy

• Required for basic processes– Acquired from carbohydrate, fat, protein

metabolism• Obtained from Corn, Soybean meal, fat

– Some cases, energy may be limiting factor for growth

Energy

• Energy requirements– Influenced by:

• Weight (Direct influence on maintenance)

• Genetic ability to produce lean tissue

• Environmental temperature

– Most often expressed as• Digestible Energy (DE)

• Metabolizable Energy (ME)

• For all weight classes, ME requirement is approx. 96% of the DE requirement

Energy

Swine LiveweightIntake and Performance Levels Lb 2.2-11 11-22 22-44 44-110 110-242

Expected weight gain per day 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.5 1.8Expected feed intake per day 0.6 1.0 2.1 4.2 6.9Expected efficiency (gain/feed) 0.800 0.543 0.474 0.368 0.264Expected efficiency (feed/gain) 1.25 1.84 2.11 2.71 3.79Digestible energy intake (kcal/day) 850 1560 3230 6460 10570Metabolizable energy intake (kcal/day) 805 1490 3090 6200 10185Energy concentration (kcal ME/lb ration) 1461 1470 1474 1479 1486Protein per day 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.9

Daily Nutrient Requirements of Swine Fed Ad Libitum

Table 23-1

Energy

Intake and Performance Levels Lb 265 309 353

Mean gestation weight 314.2 358.3 402.3Energy Required: Maintenance (Mcal DE/day) 4.53 5.00 5.47 Gestation weight gain (Mcal DE/day) 1.29 1.29 1.29 Total (Mcal DE/day) 5.82 6.29 6.76

Feed required per day 4.0 4.2 4.4

Weight of Bred Giltsand Sows at Mating

Daily Energy and Feed Requirements of Pregnant Gilts and Sows

Table 23-3

Energy

and Sows at PostfarrowingIntake and Performance Levels Lb 320 364 408

Milk Yield 11.0 13.8 16.5Energy Required: Maintenance (Mcal DE/day) 4.5 5.0 5.5 Milk Production (Mcal DE/day) 10.0 12.5 15.0 Total (Mcal DE/day) 14.5 17.5 20.5

Feed required per day 9.7 11.7 13.5

of Lactating Gilts and SowsWeight of Lactating Gilts

Daily Energy and Feed Requirements

Table 23-4

Energy

Bred Gilts LactatingSows, and Gilts and

Intake Levels Adult Boars Sows

Digestible energy (kcal/lb ration) 1515 1515Metabolizable energy (kcal/lb ration) 1456 1456Crude Protein (%) 12 13.0

Nutrient Requirements in the Ration of Breeding Swine

Table 23-6

Protein & Amino Acids

• Protein makes up portions of muscle, blood, enzymes, hair, etc.

• 7-9% of the pig’s body is edible protein

• Protein consists of 22 different amino acids

• For growth to occur at a rapid rate, the ration must supply 10 of the 22 amino acids

Protein & Amino Acids

• Essential amino acids: One in which the body cannot manufacture in sufficient quantity to permit maximum growth and performance

• Non-Essential amino acids: Amino acids which can be synthesized in large enough amounts to permit maximum growth as long as sufficient Nitrogen is present.

Protein & Amino AcidsEssential Non-essentialArginine AlanineHistidine Aspartic acidIsoleucine AsparagineLeucine CysteineLysine CystineMethionine Glutamic acidPhenylalanine GlutamineThreonine GlycineTryptophan HydroxyprolineValine Proline

SerineTyrosine

Protein & Amino Acids

• Lysine is the #1 essential or limiting amino acid in swine diets– Lysine concentration is high in muscle

– Lysine content of most feedstuffs is low

• Feeding high quality proteins is essential– Contains all essential amino acids in the correct

proportions and amounts

– Possible to perform better on a 12% CP vs. 16% CP

Protein & Amino Acids

• Soybean meal– Used as the primary protein source in swine

diets• 85% of lysine digested & absorbed by pig• Versus 65% of lysine in meat & bone meal

– Complements corn well in the diet• Swine diets formulated approximately 79% corn to

20% soybean meal. (+/- 1-2 %)• Trying to correct the deficiencies in the cereal grain

Vitamins & Minerals

• Pigs are most likely to suffer from vitamin & mineral deficiencies

1. Primarily fed cereal grains low in minerals, particularly calcium

2. Skeleton supports greater weight in proportion to its size than other farm animals

3. Fed to grow at a maximum rate and are marketed before they mature

4. Reproduce at a younger age5. Raised in a confinement setting.

Vitamins & Minerals

• Minerals– Very important functions– Required only in very small amounts– Pigs require 13 different minerals in the diet– Minerals deficient in corn & soybean meal diets

• Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl),

• Trace minerals: Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Iodine (I), Selenium (Se)

Vitamins & Minerals

• Minerals– Calcium & Phosphorus are the most critical and

are required in the greatest amounts• Adequate levels will provide a strong skeletal

structure

• Deficiencies will lead to poor bone mineralization– Important when raised in confinement on concrete floors

• Ideal ratios of Ca:P should lie between 1:1 and 1.25:1

Vitamins & Minerals

• Vitamins– Complex organic compounds needed in minute

amounts, which are essential for health and normal body functions

– Pigs require 15 vitamins in very small amounts– Many of these are likely to be deficient in corn

& soybean meal diets

Vitamins & MineralsCorn + Soybean Meal Requirement

Vitamin Corn (79% corn + 19.5% SBM) (50-lb pig)

Fat-soluble vitamins Vitamin A, IU/lb 200 158 590 Vitamin D, IU/lb -- -- 68 Vitamin E, IU/lb 10 7.7 5 Vitamin K, mg/lb -- -- 0.2

Water-soluble vitamins, mg/lb Vitamin C -- -- ? B-complex Riboflavin 0.5 0.64 1.1 Pantothenic acid 2.3 3.2 4.6 Niacin -- 2.5 4.5

Vitamin B12 -- -- 0.005

Choline 227 404 136 Pyridoxine 2.8 2.7 0.5 Thiamin 1.7 1.9 0.5 Folacin 0.14 0.16 0.14 Biotin 0.03 0.05 0.02

Vitamins likely to be deficient in corn and corn plus soybean meal (44% protein) for the growing pig

Table 19-6, R.O. Kellems and D.C. Church

Additives

• Substances added to swine rations to enhance performance– Feed-grade fat

• Can be added at 5% of the total ration

• Added as an energy source

• Reduces dustiness of feed and increases palatability

• To be economical, cost must be no more than 2.5 to 3.0 times the cost of corn

Additives

Item 0 5

Daily gain, lb 1.68 1.77Daily feed, lb 5.44 5.22Feed:gain ratio 3.24 2.95Carcass backfat, in. 1.2 1.31Ham-loin, % of carcass 43.4 42.3

Added Fat (%)

Supplemental fat for growing-finishing swine feda corn-soybean meal diet

Table 19-10, R.O. Kellems and D.C. Church

Additives

• Antimicrobial agents, anthelmintics

• Antimicrobials– Added to stimulate growth and feed efficiency,

and to reduce mortality• Low levels (Subtherapeutic) – Promote growth

• Moderate-to-high levels (Prophylaxis) – Prevention of disease in exposed animals

• High levels (Therapeutic) – Treatment of disease

Additives

• Anthelmintics– Used to prevent or remove internal parasites

• Roundworms & Lungworms

• Some will control external parasites– Lice, Mange

– Ivermectin

• Considered drugs and are regulated by the FDA– Only certain types, levels, and combinations are

approved for use in swine diets

Additives

Item Control Antimicrobial

Farrowing Rate, % 75.4 82.1Live pigs per litter 10 10.4

Effects of anitbiotics in the feed at breeding on reproductive performance

Table 19-15, R.O. Kellems and D.C. Church

Additives

Item Control Antimicrobial

Live pigs born per litter 10.3 10.6

Pigs weaned per litter 8.2 8.6

Survival, % 84.9 87.1Average pig weaning weight, lb 10.23 10.34

Antimicrobial agents in the prefarrowing andlactation diet for sows

Table 19-16, R.O. Kellems and D.C. Church

Management

• 75-80% of the total cost associated with swine production are feed costs

• Intense management is required• Feed manufacturers and producers must evaluate

the cost effectiveness and feed value in order to formulate cost effective and nutritionally adequate swine diets

• Generic diet formulation may be a problem in formulating cost effective gains

Management

• Phase Feeding– Adjusting the ration according to the individual

pig’s nutrient needs as it grows– Depending on the intensity of the management

system, rations can also be adjusted based on sex of the pig

ManagementBody

Type of Diet Weight, lbs Protein, %

Starter 1 9-15 22-24Starter 2 15-20 21Starter 3 20-45 20Grower 1 45-80 18Grower 2 80-120 16Finisher 1 120-170 14-16Finisher 2 170-220 13-14Finisher 3 210-280 12-13Gestation -- 13Lactation -- 16

Management

• The end goal of the feed manufacturer and producer is to cost effectively produce pigs which will reach market weight (250-280 lbs) in the shortest amount of time with a minimum amount of fat and maximum amount of lean tissue your genetics will allow.