monitoring program background · 2019. 7. 27. · 2015 summary report 1 introduction this report...

Air Quality Monitoring Programat the Port of Long Beach

Annual Summary ReportCalendar Year 2015

Prepared For:

Port of Long BeachEnvironmental Planning Division

4801 Airport Plaza DriveLong Beach, California 90815

May 2016

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Air Quality Monitoring Programat the Port of Long BeachAnnual Summary Report

Calendar Year 2015

Prepared for:

Port of Long BeachEnvironmental Planning Division

4801 Airport Plaza DriveLong Beach, California 90815

Prepared by:

Leidos 10260 Campus Point Drive MS H-4

San Diego, California 92121

May 2016

POLB Air Quality Monitoring Program: CY 2015 Summary Report

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Table of Contents

LIST OF ACRONYMS ........................................................................................ IV

1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 5

1.1 Factors Affecting the Monitoring Data ............................................................................................. 6

1.2 Overview of 2015 Monitoring Data ................................................................................................... 8

2 MONITORING PROGRAM BACKGROUND ............................................... 10

2.1 Objectives of the Study ......................................................................................................................10

2.2 Location of the Monitoring Stations .................................................................................................11

2.3 Implementation of the Monitoring Program ...................................................................................12 2.3.1 The Monitoring Network ............................................................................................................13 2.3.2 Program Start Dates ....................................................................................................................14

2.4 Real-Time Data Presentation ............................................................................................................14

3 DATA ANALYSIS ........................................................................................ 14

3.1 Data Summary Calendar Year 2015 ................................................................................................16 3.1.1 CO Data Summary .....................................................................................................................16 3.1.2 NO2 Data Summary ....................................................................................................................18 3.1.3 O3 Data Summary .......................................................................................................................20 3.1.4 SO2 Data Summary ....................................................................................................................22 3.1.5 PM10 Data Summary...................................................................................................................23 3.1.6 PM2.5 Data Summary ..................................................................................................................26 3.1.7 Black Carbon Data Summary .....................................................................................................28

3.2 Meteorological Data ...........................................................................................................................30

3.3 PM Measurements during Unusual Events .....................................................................................32

3.4 Quality Assurance Procedures ..........................................................................................................33

3.5 Data Recovery ....................................................................................................................................33

4 TRENDS ANALYSIS ................................................................................... 33

4.1 Trends in Gaseous Criteria Pollutants .............................................................................................35 4.1.1 CO Concentrations .....................................................................................................................35 4.1.2 NO2 Concentrations ....................................................................................................................36 4.1.3 O3 Concentrations .......................................................................................................................37 4.1.4 SO2 Concentrations ....................................................................................................................38

4.2 Trends in PM10 and PM2.5 Data ........................................................................................................38

5 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................... 44

6 REFERENCES ............................................................................................ 46


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Table of Figures

Figure 1. 2014 NOX Emissions in the SoCAB (mass percent) .................................... 6

Figure 2. 2014 PM2.5 Emissions in the SoCAB (mass percent) ................................... 6

Figure 3. POLB Container Throughput (TEU), 2005-2015 .......................................... 7

Figure 4. Average Monthly Ozone Concentrations (ppm) at the Port Stations and Selected SCAQMD Stations, CY 2015 ........................................................ 9

Figure 5. Average Monthly BAM PM2.5 Concentrations (µg/m3) at the Port Stations and Selected SCAQMD Stations, CY 2015 ................................................. 9

Figure 6. Locations of Air Quality Monitoring Stations at Port of Long Beach ........... 11

Figure 7. 2015 Wind Roses for Port of Long Beach Air Quality Monitoring Program 31

Figure 8. Annual Average CO Concentrations Measured at the Port Stations .......... 35

Figure 9. Annual Average NO2 Concentrations Measured at the Port Stations ......... 36

Figure 10. Annual Average O3 Concentrations Measured at the Port Stations ........... 37

Figure 11. Annual Average SO2 Concentrations Measured at the Port Stations ......... 38

Figure 12. Annual Average PM10 Concentrations Measured at the Port Stations by FRM Monitors. .......................................................................................... 39

Figure 13. Second Highest 24-hour Average PM10 Concentrations Measured at the Port Stations by FRM Monitors. ................................................................ 40

Figure 14. Annual Average PM2.5 Concentrations Measured at the Superblock Station by the FRM Monitor. .................................................................................. 42

Figure 15. 98th Percentile of the 24-hour Average PM2.5 Concentrations Measured at the Superblock Station by the FRM Monitor. ............................................. 44


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Table of Tables

Table 1. California and National Ambient Air Quality Standards ............................. 15

Table 2. NAAQS Comparison - CO Concentrations Measured at the Port Stations and the Nearest SCAQMD station. ............................................................ 17

Table 3. CAAQS Comparison - CO Concentrations Measured at the Port Stations and the Nearest SCAQMD Station. ........................................................... 18

Table 4. NAAQS Comparison - NO2 Concentrations Measured at the Port Stations and the Nearest SCAQMD Station. ........................................................... 19

Table 5. CAAQS Comparison - NO2 Concentrations Measured at the Port Stations and the Nearest SCAQMD Station. ........................................................... 20

Table 6. NAAQS Comparison - 3 Year Average of Fourth-highest 8-hour Average O3 concentrations at the Port Stations and the Nearest SCAQMD Station. .... 21

Table 7. CAAQS Comparison - Maximum O3 Concentrations at the Port Stations and the Nearest SCAQMD Station. .................................................................. 22

Table 8. NAAQS Comparison – Three Year Average of the 99th Percentile 8-hour Average and Second Highest 3-hour Average SO2 Concentrations at the Port Stations and the Nearest SCAQMD Station. ...................................... 23

Table 9. CAAQS Comparison – Highest 24-hour Average and Highest 1-hour Average SO2 Concentrations at the Port Stations and the Nearest SCAQMD Station. ..................................................................................... 23

Table 10. NAAQS Comparison – Second Highest FRM 24-hour Average PM10 Concentrations at the Port Stations and the Nearest SCAQMD Station. ... 25

Table 11. CAAQS Comparison – Highest 24-hour and Annual Average FRM PM10 Concentrations at the Port Stations and the Nearest SCAQMD Station. ... 26

Table 12. NAAQS Comparison –Three Year Average of 98th Percentile 24-hour and Annual Average PM2.5 Concentrations at the Port Station and the Nearest SCAQMD Station ...................................................................................... 27

Table 13. CAAQS Comparison – Annual Average FRM PM2.5 Concentrations at the Port Station and the Nearest SCAQMD Station ......................................... 28

Table 14. Annual Average Black Carbon (BC) Concentrations at the Port Stations .. 29


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List of Acronyms

AQ Air Quality BAM Beta Attenuation Monitor CAAP Clean Air Action Program CAAQS California Ambient Air Quality Standard CARB California Air Resources Board CFR Code of Federal Regulations CO Carbon Monoxide DPM Diesel Particulate Matter DRI Desert Research Institute EC Elemental Carbon FEM Federal Equivalent Method FRM Federal Reference Method GP Gull Park µg/m3 Microgram per Meter Cubed NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standard NLB North Long Beach NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide O3 Ozone OC Organic Carbon PCH Pacific Coast Highway PM Particulate Matter PM2.5 Particulate Matter Less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter PM10 Particulate Matter Less than 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter POLA Port of Los Angeles POLB Port of Long Beach Port Port of Long Beach PPM Parts per million PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon QA Quality Assurance ROI Region of Influence SB Superblock SC Suspected Carcinogen SoCAB South Coast Air Basin SCAQMD South Coast Air Quality Management District SFS Sequential Filter Samplers SO2 Sulfur Dioxide TEU Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency


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Port of Long Beach Air Quality Monitoring Program

Long Beach

2015 Summary Report

1 Introduction

This report for the air quality monitoring program at the Port of Long Beach (Port or POLB) summarizes the data collected during calendar year 2015 (CY 2015) and reviews the preliminary trends shown in the air quality data during the nine-year period of record (2007-2015). There are four gaseous criteria air pollutants measured on a real-time basis under this program: carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3). In addition, particulate matter (PM) is measured at two size thresholds, PM less than 10 micrometers and PM less than 2.5 micrometers (PM10 and PM2.5, respectively). PM measurements are conducted using two methods: (a) traditional filter-based samplers which are the Federal Reference Method (FRM); and (b) on a continuous basis using beta attenuation monitors (BAM). Black Carbon (BC), a surrogate for diesel particulate matter (DPM), has also been measured on a continuous basis since September 2012, using a specialized instrument (Aethalometer). In addition, meteorological parameters are continuously measured. Data from the program are available for public review at the San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan website: http://www.cleanairactionplan.org. The data collected at the Port’s two monitoring stations during CY 2015 were averaged and compared to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and California Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS) established for each pollutant over specific averaging periods (e.g., 1 hour, 24 hours, annual). While such comparisons are presented, this report does not make any representations as to compliance with NAAQS or CAAQS. NAAQS compliance determinations are made by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) with input from state and regional air agencies. CAAQS compliance determinations are made by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). For the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB), which includes the Los Angeles metropolitan region, the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) is responsible for operating the air quality monitoring stations which are used for those compliance demonstrations. While the Port’s monitoring stations are operated in accordance with the same federal and state regulations and guidelines, the Port’s stations are outside the official monitoring network and are not used in those determinations. Data presented in this report from SCAQMD monitoring stations are available publically on the CARB’s AQMIS2 website (CARB, 2016). These data may not have undergone full quality assurance review, and should therefore be used for comparison purposes only. Additionally, there may be small differences between the sums of individual POLB and SCAQMD values in the tables and the totals shown at the bottom of the tables. These differences are a result of rounding of the individual values in the tables.

http://www.cleanairactionplan.org/


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1.1 Factors Affecting the Monitoring Data

Ambient air pollution levels near the San Pedro Bay, where the Port of Long Beach is located, are influenced by a number of factors including local pollutant emissions, regional air pollution levels, and meteorology. Several important criteria air pollutants (i.e., ozone, PM2.5) are created (in whole or in part) by chemical reactions which occur after the release of emissions into the atmosphere. As such, concentrations from these pollutants are expected to be more regional. Other pollutants, like PM10, are more localized in nature. Emissions from port-related goods movement are a contributor to air pollution levels in the SoCAB region. The emissions data reported in Figures 1 and 2 are based upon the Port’s 2014 emissions inventory, and compare the Port’s contribution to the regional emissions for nitrogen oxides (NOX) and PM2.5 in the SoCAB in CY 2014, the most recent year for which data are available. As shown below, Port-related mobile source emissions are estimated to contribute about 4.2% of regional NOX emissions and 0.6% of regional PM2.5 emissions (based on CY 2014 data).

Figure 1. 2014 NOX Emissions in the SoCAB (mass percent)

Figure 2. 2014 PM2.5 Emissions in the SoCAB (mass percent)


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As shown in the Port’s annual air emissions inventories, Port-related air pollutant emissions have declined significantly since 2005.1 This decline was due to a number of factors, most significantly the successful implementation of control measures under the San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan (CAAP). Those measures, as well as state regulations that subsequently come into effect, have significantly reduced emission rates from port-related goods movement sources such as heavy duty trucks, ocean-going vessels, and cargo handling equipment. Between 2005 (the CAAP baseline year) and 2014, emissions associated with Port of Long Beach operations showed an 83 percent reduction in PM2.5, an 85 percent reduction in diesel particulate matter (DPM), a 97 percent reduction in sulfur oxides (SOx) and a 50 percent reduction in NOx. From 2008 through 2012, a decline in goods movement activity at the San Pedro Bay ports contributed to decreases in Port-related emissions. Container throughput at the Port experienced a significant drop due to the economic recession of 2008-2009, with traffic 30 percent lower in CY2009 as compared to CY2007. However, in more recent years (2013-2015), container throughput has seen significant year-over-year increases. Container throughput in 2015 increased approximately 5% compared to 2014, and is only about 2% below the peak throughput, which occurred in 2007. Monthly POLB container throughput or twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) data for the period CY 2005 through 2015 are shown in Figure 3. It should be noted that a variety of factors caused significant congestion at the Port, leading to a temporary decline in container throughput, during the first quarter of 2015. Figure 3. POLB Container Throughput (TEU), 2005-2015

Lastly, meteorology can have a significant influence on regional air pollution levels from one year to the next. For example, the additional storms passing through the area, as a result of the current strong El Nino event, may be affecting the air pollution levels at times. So while CAAP measures and state regulations have improved air emissions levels, it is not known how much of any decrease in ambient air pollutant concentrations

1 Port of Long Beach Air Emissions Inventory – 2014. Starcrest Consulting Group LLC.

(http://www.polb.com), September 2015.

http://www.polb.com/


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measured at the Port’s air monitoring stations can be specifically attributed to goods movement-focused emission control measures under the CAAP or state law.

1.2 Overview of 2015 Monitoring Data

The Port maintains two air monitoring stations, one at Gull Park (Outer Harbor) and one at the Superblock (Inner Harbor). For the gaseous air pollutants ambient air concentrations of CO, NO2, O3, and SO2 measured at the Port’s stations were below NAAQS levels and CO, NO2, O3, and SO2 were below CAAQS levels during CY 2015. Filter-based PM2.5 measurements are only taken at the Superblock station, and were below the federal annual average PM2.5 NAAQS and state annual average PM2.5

CAAQS, which are now at the same level. The PM2.5 measurements were also below the 24-hour average PM2.5 NAAQS (there is no separate 24-hour average PM2.5 CAAQS). The annual average NAAQS for PM10 was revoked by EPA in 2006. The shorter-term PM10 24-hour average NAAQS was not exceeded at either the Superblock or the Gull Park stations. Both Port air quality monitoring stations exceeded the more restrictive annual average CAAQS for PM10. The 24-hour PM10 CAAQS was not exceeded at the Gull Park station and exceeded twelve times at the Superblock station. BC concentrations have been measured at both the Superblock and Gull Park stations from since September 2012. Annual average BC concentrations at the Gull Park station are consistently lower than at the Superblock station, ranging from 25% lower in 2013 to 15% lower in 2015. The lower BC levels at the Gull Park station are expected due to the lack of localized sources near the station. Data collected at the Port’s stations were similar to data collected by the SCAQMD’s stations located throughout the SoCAB region (CARB, 2016). Figure 4 compares the ozone concentrations measured at the Port’s stations to selected SCAQMD stations during 2015, while Figure 5 makes the same comparison for the PM2.5 measurements (collected using the real-time BAM instruments) for 2015. The average monthly pollutant concentrations have been selected as a convenient visual scale in the figures to illustrate the main features of the data set, rather than as a direct comparison against the NAAQS and CAAQS regulatory standards.


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Figure 4. Average Monthly Ozone Concentrations (ppm) at the Port Stations and Selected SCAQMD Stations, CY 2015

Figure 5. Average Monthly BAM PM2.5 Concentrations (µg/m3) at the Port Stations

and Selected SCAQMD Stations, CY 2015


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As shown in Figures 4 and 5, the ozone and PM2.5 levels measured at the Port during 2015 were within the range of levels observed at other SCAQMD monitoring stations in the SoCAB. The ozone monitor at Super Block was sent back to the manufacture for refurbishment/repair from April 3rd through May 5th, 2015, resulting in missing data for this time period. Consequently, there was insufficient data available to calculate a monthly average O3 concentration at the Super Block site for April 2015. The monthly –averaged O3 concentrations presented in Figure 4 illustrate peaks at all stations during the spring and summer months. This is due to an increase in incoming solar radiation during these months as O3 is a secondary pollutant formed from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx in the presence of sunlight. Therefore, the photochemical reactions required to produce O3 are stronger during the spring and summer months and lead to higher O3 measurements across the SoCAB. In contrast, PM2.5 concentrations do not show the distinct seasonal variations exhibited by O3 concentrations. There are some differences evident in the PM2.5 data set: PM2.5 concentrations at the coastal stations (particularly at the Port’s stations and the SCAQMD’s South Long Beach station) show a tendency for somewhat lower concentrations during the spring and summer period and higher concentrations during the fall and winter period. This phenomenon may be due to better dispersion of PM2.5 emissions during the spring and summer. The Superblock station, although it is near the coast, has generally higher PM2.5 concentrations compared to the coastal Gull Park station; this is apparently a reflection of localized PM2.5 sources in the heavily industrialized area near the Superblock station. The inland stations located in downtown Los Angeles and Anaheim tend to have somewhat higher PM2.5 concentrations compared to the coastal stations during the first two-thirds of the year.

2 Monitoring Program Background

2.1 Objectives of the Study

The Port of Long Beach developed a plan for an air monitoring program in 2005 to collect representative ambient air quality and meteorological data within the area of the Port’s Harbor District. Start-up of the monitoring program was achieved in late 2006. The Port’s network consists of two monitoring stations, located in the Inner Harbor and the Outer Harbor areas. Data on the following parameters are being collected:

Real-time measurement of ambient air quality concentrations for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM) less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10), particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5), and black carbon (BC).

Integrated 24-hour ambient measurement of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations, using traditional filter-based samplers.

Real-time measurement of meteorological parameters, including wind direction, wind speed, ambient temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, precipitation, and solar radiation.

This annual report documents the findings of this program for January through December 2015, and compares the 2015 data with the historical data collected during the nine-year period of record. The goals of this program are to compare air quality data


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from the area surrounding the Port with the National and California ambient air quality standards, and to communicate the information to the communities surrounding the Port. This monitoring program is an integral part of the Port’s commitment to improve the air quality through the CAAP. The environmental information collected by this program is used to provide a better understanding of the air quality and meteorological conditions in the Port area and to provide feedback on the Port’s air quality improvement efforts.

2.2 Location of the Monitoring Stations

The locations of the two monitoring stations are shown in Figure 6 and a description of each is given below. Figure 6. Locations of Air Quality Monitoring Stations at Port of Long Beach


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Superblock Inner Harbor Station (33o 46’ 54.07” N, 118o 12’ 48.93” W) – This site is located near the intersection of Canal Avenue and 12th Street, is owned by the Port and is known as “Superblock.” Superblock is a large paved area used as a storage (e.g. shipping containers and cars) and staging site, and is heavily populated with mobile sources of air pollution (i.e. on-road diesel trucks); in addition the surrounding area is being used for commercial/industrial operations. There are several smaller container distribution sites and stationary sources present near Superblock as well. The major roadways in the area are not directly adjacent to the site, minimizing near-field sampling bias from mobile sources on these roadways. However, the station is immediately adjacent to a small alley/roadway used by a nearby trucking facility. This roadway was previously unpaved leading to large amounts of fugitive dust being entrained in the air when heavy-duty trucks used the road. The road was paved in mid-October 2013. The Superblock location is situated downwind of the Port during onshore air flow patterns, and is representative of the heavily industrialized Inner Harbor area. Based on information gathered from the Port and from maps, photographs, and operations over the last four years, the site has adequate security and site access and no adverse geographical conditions. Photographs of the Superblock station can be found in Appendix B.

Navy Mole/Gull Park Outer Harbor Station (33 o 44’ 40.26” N, 118 o 13’ 05.14” W) – The Gull Park site is located at the eastern end of the “Navy Mole” (i.e. eastern end of Nimitz Road), which is a peninsula that terminates at the Long Beach Main Channel. Unlike the Superblock site, there are no nearby stationary emission sources at the Gull Park site. However, sources that may impact the monitoring site at times include ocean-going vessels transiting the Long Beach Main Channel, as well as vessel and shore-side operations at the adjacent Energia Logistics, Ltd. (formerly Sea Launch) facility and other nearby Port terminals. The Gull Park site is expected to have less impacts from Port-related sources much of the time, and any impacts should be due primarily from ships and terminal operations, rather than on road trucks and distribution centers as is the case at the Superblock station. Based on information gathered from the Port and from maps, photographs and operations over the last several years, the site has adequate security and site access and no adverse geographical conditions. Photographs of the Gull Park station can be found in the Appendix B.

2.3 Implementation of the Monitoring Program

The Port has developed an Air Quality Monitoring Plan that outlines the design of the ambient air quality and meteorological monitoring stations including the specifications for all of the monitoring equipment, calibration systems, and flow recorders (Port 2010a). The monitoring plan also specifies the locations for probes and samplers in a manner consistent with 40 CFR, Part 58 and the USEPA Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement Systems. The Port’s monitoring program also included the development of a Quality Assurance (QA) Plan that details all of the necessary quality assurance/control procedures for calibration and operation of the monitoring stations (Port 2010b). All QA methods are consistent with the USEPA requirements specified in Title 40 CFR, Part 58 and the USEPA Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurements Systems and the CARB Air Monitoring Quality Assurance Manual. Review and feedback on the draft monitoring and quality assurance plans were provided by the SCAQMD.


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2.3.1 The Monitoring Network

As previously mentioned, the Port’s monitoring program collects three different types of data: (1) air pollutant concentrations measured by real-time analyzers, (2) particulate matter (PM) concentrations measured by integrated filter-based samplers and (3) meteorological data from real-time measurements. Each of the monitoring stations has the following four components:

2.3.1.1 Integrated 24-hour PM Monitoring

PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations on a 24-hour integrated basis are measured using Federal Reference Method (FRM) monitors. FRM units operate using sampling methods for analyzing ambient air that have been designated as a reference method in accordance with 40 CFR Part 53. These monitors have an operational certification to measure 24-hr average concentrations for compliance with the NAAQS and CAAQS. The Superblock site contains FRM PM10 and PM2.5 monitors, and the Gull Park site contains an FRM PM10 monitor.

In order to further identify the particles that make up PM2.5, samples can be collected on different filter media (Teflon and quartz) using Sequential Filter Samplers (SFS) fabricated by the Desert Research Institute (DRI). Samples collected on these SFS monitors permit a detailed PM2.5 speciation analysis, which includes the measurement of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC), metals, ions and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Detailed PM2.5 speciation was performed at both air monitoring stations during the 2007 and 2008 sampling period. In 2012, the SFS monitors were also used for a special one-year study to collect PM2.5, EC, and OC data. No special studies were performed during 2015.

2.3.1.2 Continuous Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring

Each station is equipped with analyzers to determine real-time air pollutant concentrations for the gaseous pollutants (i.e. NO-NO2-NOx, O3, CO, and SO2). These analyzers are FRM- or Federal Equivalent Method (FEM)-designated monitors and include the following:

Pulsed Fluorescence SO2 Analyzer

Chemiluminescent NO-NO2-NOx Analyzer

Gas Filter Correlation CO Analyzer

U.V. Photometric Ozone (O3) Analyzer In contrast to FRMs, FEMs are methods of sampling and analyzing ambient air that have been designated as an “equivalent” monitoring method in accordance with 40 CFR Part 53.

2.3.1.3 Continuous Monitoring of PM

In addition to the integrated 24-hr PM monitoring described above, both of the Port’s monitoring stations are equipped to monitor PM10 and PM2.5 on a continuous and real-time basis. These data are collected with Beta Attenuation Monitors (BAMs) that measure PM10 and PM2.5 concentration at hourly intervals. The data collected by these instruments are used to supplement the integrated filter-based data produced by the FRM units, but have generally not been used for direct comparison with the NAAQS.


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This approach is consistent with the SCAQMD’s policy most recently outlined in Appendix C of the 2014 Air Quality Monitoring Network Plan (SCAQMD, 2014). In this document the SCAQMD requested that the EPA to exclude PM2.5 data collected with continuous monitors from comparison with the NAAQS per 40 CFR 58.11(e). The EPA offers guidance on requesting the continuous data exclusion because the PM2.5

concentrations from continuous monitors can read, on average, from 0% to 60% higher than traditional filter-based FRMs (EPA, 2013). In September of 2012, real-time monitors (Aethalometers) were installed to measure ambient black carbon (BC) levels at both stations in the monitoring network. Black carbon has been used as a surrogate for DPM, so interest in real-time BC monitoring has been increasing from a public health and regulatory perspective. The SCAQMD has deployed Aethalometers in their monitoring network for the most recent Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study (MATES IV). Through year end 2015, over three years of BC data have been measured in the POLB monitoring program.

2.3.1.4 Continuous Monitoring of Meteorological Parameters

Because meteorology greatly influences the transport and dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere, each station is equipped with the necessary instrumentation to monitor various meteorological parameters, including wind speed and direction, ambient temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure. The Superblock station also measures precipitation and solar radiation. These data are recorded in real-time by an on-site data logger, which also averages and stores the data. The data are automatically transmitted on an hourly basis to a central data acquisition system where they are archived for future review and analysis.

2.3.2 Program Start Dates

The monitoring program officially began with the continuous monitoring of PM, gaseous criteria pollutants, and meteorological parameters at both the Superblock and Gull Park sites on October 1, 2006. The collection of filter-based (or gravimetric) samples from both of these sites started shortly thereafter, on November 22, 2006.

2.4 Real-Time Data Presentation

A public web site (http://www.cleanairactionplan.org) provides an opportunity for the public to review the local air quality on a near real-time basis, and to see the effects of unusual environmental conditions (e.g. the southern California wildfires, Santa Ana conditions, etc.). The data on the program’s web site are automatically uploaded on an hourly basis directly from the stations’ data loggers. Consequently, it is important to note (as stated on the web site) that the data on the web site should be considered as preliminary and has not been through a quality assurance review.

3 Data Analysis

Air quality can be characterized as the concentration of various pollutants within the ambient atmosphere. Comparison of these pollutants with the federal and state ambient air quality standards is often made to evaluate air quality conditions in an area. The USEPA has established the NAAQS, which are maximum pollutant limits that shall not be exceeded more than once per year (other than short-term standards for O3, NO2, SO2, PM, and those based on annual averages). Annual pollutant averages are never to



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exceed the annual NAAQS. Primary standards set limits to protect public health, including the health of "sensitive" populations such as children and the elderly. Secondary standards set limits to protect public welfare, including protection against decreased visibility, damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings. The Clean Air Act and its subsequent amendments delegate the enforcement of these standards to the states, who may adopt the NAAQS as state standards or establish more stringent acceptable pollutant concentration levels if they deem necessary. CARB has established a set of state standards (CAAQS) that are often more stringent than the NAAQS. Table 1 presents the California and national ambient air quality standards. Table 1. California and National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Pollutant Averaging Times California Standards

National Standards

Primary

Standards

Secondary Standards

Ozone (O3) 8-hour 0.070 ppm 0.070 ppm* Same as

Primary 1-hour 0.09 ppm ---

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

8-hour 9 ppm 9 ppm ---

1-hour 20 ppm 35 ppm ---

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Annual 0.030 ppm 53 ppb Same as primary

1-hour 0.18 ppm 100 ppb

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

24-hour 0.04 ppm --- ---

3-hour --- --- 0.5 ppm

1-hour 0.25 ppm 75 ppb** ---

Lead

30-day 1.5 µg/m3 --- ---

Rolling 3-Month Average --- 0.15 µg/m3 Same as primary

Respirable Particulate

Matter (PM10)

Annual 20 µg/m3 --- Same as primary

24-hour 50 µg/m3 150 µg/m3

Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

Annual 12 µg/m3 12 µg/m3*** 15.0 µg/m3

24-hour --- 35 µg/m3 Same as primary

Notes: National Primary Standards: The levels of air quality necessary, with an adequate margin of safety to protect the public health. National Secondary Standards: The levels of air quality necessary to protect the public welfare from any known or anticipated adverse effects of a pollutant. * The new eight-hour O3 standard was promulgated on December 28, 2015. ** The new one-hour SO2 standard was promulgated on June 3, 2010. *** The new annual PM2.5 standard was promulgated on December 14, 2012.

The following analytical summaries of the data collected at the two Port air monitoring stations during January through December, 2015 draw comparisons to the NAAQS and CAAQS. To provide a comparison with air quality data collected at the Port stations, the data from the nearest SCAQMD air monitoring station measuring gaseous pollutants and/or PM data is included in the tables and figures.


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Previously, data from the SCAQMD station in North Long Beach were used for comparison with the Port stations, but all of the instruments at that station were shut down on October 4, 2013, with the exception of the filter- based PM2.5 monitor. Consequently, data from other SCAQMD stations in the vicinity of the North Long Beach station were used to compare with 2014 and 2015 data from the Port stations. The SCAQMD station at Compton, located 5.4 miles north-northwest of the North Long Beach station, measures the gaseous pollutants CO, NO2, and O3, so data from the Compton station was used for these gaseous pollutants. The SCAQMD Costa Mesa station, located near the coast approximately 20 miles south-southeast from the North Long Beach Station, and approximately 17 miles south-southeast from the POLB Stations, is the closest available comparison for SO2 concentrations. The SCAQMD station at South Long Beach, located 2.3 miles south-southeast of the North Long Beach station, measures PM10 and PM2.5, so data from that station was used for comparison with the Port stations for most PM pollutant measurements (the South Long Beach station does not monitor for gaseous pollutants). However, there is no real-time monitor for PM10 at the South Long Beach station, thus the SCAQMD Anaheim Station, located approximately 16 miles from the POLB monitoring stations, was used to compare with the Port’s real-time PM10 data. In some of the figures showing the entire period of record, data from the North Long Beach station has been included for completeness. In addition to the stations mentioned above, the SCAQMD station at Webster St. in Long Beach is located approximately 1.5 miles from the Super Block Station. However, the data recorded at this station is not reported in real time and was not available for comparison purposes during the preparation of this report. These data summaries include the following parameters: [1] CO, [2] NO2, [3] O3, [4] SO2, [5] PM10, and [6] PM2.5. The wind speed and direction measurements collected during 2015 are also summarized. In addition to these written summaries, the data are presented in several ways:

1. Presentation of wind roses, which visually depict the distribution of winds at a site showing speed, direction and frequency (Figures A-1 to A-2).

2. Presentation of the air quality data in graphs (Figures A-3 to A-10). 3. Presentation of the air quality data in tables (Tables A-1 to A-29).

Since the tabular and graphic data presentations are quite extensive, most of the figures and many of the graphs are included in Appendix A. The figures and tables that have been included as part of Appendix A are denoted by the letter “A” in front of the number designation; for example, Figure A-1 and Table A-1 can be found in Appendix A. The following sections provide measured concentrations of pollutants at the Superblock and Gull Park sites, compared with the relevant standards for those pollutants.

3.1 Data Summary Calendar Year 2015

3.1.1 CO Data Summary

Figure A-3 shows the average monthly concentrations from 2007-2015 (the graphs of average monthly pollutant concentrations have been selected as a convenient scale for illustration of the main features in the data set). The highlights of this graph are:


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Average CO concentrations are low for this pollutant throughout the period.

There is a slight increase in CO concentrations during the winter months, presumably due to the light wind conditions and surface-based temperature inversions commonly present during this time of year, which tend to trap pollutants in the lower atmosphere.

CO averages are presented for the Port’s Superblock and Gull Park stations, and the SCAQMD’s Compton station in Tables A-1 through A-3.

NAAQS Comparison

The NAAQS for CO are 9 ppm over an 8-hour period and 35 ppm over a 1-hour period, and are not to be exceeded more than once per year. During the CY 2015 period, no exceedances of the NAAQS for CO were recorded at the Port’s monitoring stations.

Maximum 1-hour average CO concentrations were 3.4 and 2.3 ppm for the Superblock and Gull Park stations, respectively, and 4.4 ppm at the Compton station as shown in Table 2. These are well below the 1-hour NAAQS of 35 ppm.

Maximum 8-hour average CO concentrations were 2.7 and 2.0 ppm for the Superblock and Gull Park stations, respectively, and 3.3 ppm at the Compton station as shown in Table 2. Thus, there were no exceedances of the 8-hour NAAQS of 9 ppm.

Table 2. NAAQS Comparison - CO Concentrations Measured at the Port Stations

and the Nearest SCAQMD station.

Averaging Time

Period CO Concentration (ppm)

Superblock Gull Park Compton NAAQS

1-hour 2015 3.4 2.3 4.4 35

8-hour 2015 2.7 2.0 3.3 9

CAAQS Comparison

The CAAQS for CO are 9 ppm during an 8-hour period and 20 ppm over a 1-hour period, and are not to be exceeded. During the CY 2015 period, no exceedances of the CAAQS for CO were recorded at the Port’s monitoring stations.

Maximum 1-hour average CO concentrations were 3.4 and 2.3 ppm for the Superblock and Gull Park stations, respectively, and 4.4 ppm at the Compton station as shown in Table 3. These are well below the 1-hour CAAQS of 20 ppm.

Maximum 8-hour average CO concentrations were 2.7 and 2.0 ppm for the

Superblock and Gull Park stations, respectively, and 3.3 ppm at the Compton

station. There were no exceedances of the 8-hour CAAQS of 9 ppm.


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Table 3. CAAQS Comparison - CO Concentrations Measured at the Port Stations and the Nearest SCAQMD Station.

Averaging Time

Period CO Concentration (ppm)

Superblock Gull Park Compton CAAQS

1-hour 2015 3.4 2.3 4.4 20

8-hour 2015 2.7 2.0 3.3 9

3.1.2 NO2 Data Summary

Figure A-4 shows the average monthly concentrations of NO2 from 2007-2015. The highlights of this graph are:

Concentrations at the Superblock location are slightly higher than at the Gull Park location, potentially due to increased industrial activity near the Superblock site and its location downwind of sources in the port complex.

The NO2 concentrations follow an annual cyclical pattern during the reporting period. Average monthly NO2 concentrations fall to a minimum level during the summer months and gradually increase into the winter. There are two factors that may be contributing to this pattern:

o The lower concentrations in the summer may be due to the complex series of atmospheric chemical reactions that exist between NO2 and ground-level O3.

o The surface-based temperature inversions commonly present during the winter months may trap the NO2 closer to the ground, thereby increasing the ground level concentration of this pollutant.

NO2 averages are presented for the Port’s Superblock and Gull Park stations, and the SCAQMD’s Compton station in Tables A-5 through A-7. NAAQS Comparison The annual NAAQS for NO2 is an arithmetic mean of 0.053 ppm. In addition, effective January 22, 2010, EPA established a new 1-hour NAAQS for NO2 which is attained when the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average does not exceed 0.100 ppm. During the CY 2015 period, the 1-hour NO2 NAAQS and annual arithmetic mean NAAQS were not exceeded at either the Superblock or Gull Park stations.

In 2015, the 98th percentile of the maximum 1-hour NO2 concentrations was 0.081 ppm and 0.077 ppm at the Superblock and Gull Park stations, respectively, and 0.059 ppm for the nearest SCAQMD station in Compton. (Comparison of the annual NO2 data from the Port stations and additional SCAQMD stations is provided in Table A-5.)


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The latest 3-year (2013-2015) average of the 98th percentile NO2 concentration was 0.092 ppm and 0.078 ppm at the Superblock and Gull Park stations, respectively, and 0.060 ppm at the Compton station, as shown in Table 4. The 3-year average of the 98th percentile NO2 concentration measured at both POLB stations did not exceed the 1-hour NAAQS for NO2.

The annual average NO2 concentrations in 2015 were 0.022 and 0.021 ppm at the Superblock and Gull Park stations, respectively, and 0.017 ppm at the Compton station. These concentrations are below the NO2 annual average NAAQS of 0.053 ppm.

Table 4. NAAQS Comparison - NO2 Concentrations Measured at the Port Stations

and the Nearest SCAQMD Station.

Averaging Time

Period NO2 Concentration (ppm)


1-hour (98th percentile)

3-year Average (2013-2015)

0.092 0.078 0.060 0.100

Annual (Arithmetic

Mean)

Annual Average (2015)

0.022 0.021 0.017 0.053

CAAQS Comparison The CAAQS for NO2 is an annual arithmetic mean of 0.030 ppm. The 1-hour CAAQS is attained when the daily maximum 1-hour average does not exceed 0.180 ppm. Both are not to be exceeded. During the CY 2015 period, there were no exceedances of the CAAQS for either the annual mean or 1-hour period.

In 2015, the daily maximum 1-hour NO2 concentrations were 0.096 ppm and 0.094 ppm at the Superblock and Gull Park stations, respectively, and 0.074 ppm for the nearest SCAQMD station in Compton, as shown in Table 5. (Comparison of the NO2 data with data from additional SCAQMD stations is provided in Table A-5.) These concentrations were below the NO2 1-hour CAAQS of 0.180 ppm.

The annual average NO2 concentrations in 2015 were 0.022 and 0.021 ppm at the Superblock and Gull Park stations, respectively and 0.017 ppm at the Compton station. These concentrations are below the NO2 annual average CAAQS of 0.030 ppm.


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Table 5. CAAQS Comparison - NO2 Concentrations Measured at the Port

Stations and the Nearest SCAQMD Station.

Averaging Time

Period NO2 Concentration (ppm)


1-hour 2015 0.096 0.094 0.074 0.180

Annual (Arithmetic

Mean)

Annual Average (2015)

0.022 0.021 0.017 0.030

3.1.3 O3 Data Summary

Figure A-5 shows the average monthly concentration of O3 from 2007-2015. Additionally, Figure 4 (shown in section 1.2) presents the average monthly concentrations of O3 during 2015 for the Port stations and several SCAQMD stations operated in the SoCAB. Due to recurring operational problems with critical parts, the O3 instrument at the Super Block site was sent back to the manufacturer for repairs. This instrument was offline from April 3rd to May 5th, 2015 while the instrument was being refurbished at the manufacturer. As a result there was insufficient data to calculate an average O3 concentration at the Super Block site for the month of April, as shown in Figure A-5 and Figure 4.

The graphs show that O3 concentrations peak during the summer months at each station, because the photochemical reactions required to produce O3 are stronger during the summer (O3 is a secondary pollutant formed from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx in the presence of sunlight).

The graphs also illustrate that the average monthly O3 concentrations at the two Port stations are comparable to average O3 concentrations measured at the SoCAB station in Compton and the former North Long Beach station.

Monthly average O3 concentrations measured at the Superblock station are generally lower than measurements at other nearby stations, including the Gull Park station, the Compton station, and the former North Long Beach station, despite the fact that the Superblock station is in a more industrial location with localized emission sources, such as heavy duty trucks. Both stations are exposed to similar regional levels of O3, but it is likely that the NOx emissions from the trucks around the Superblock station deplete the local ozone levels around that location through atmospheric chemical reactions.

O3 averages are presented for the Port’s Superblock and Gull Park stations, and the SCAQMD’s Compton station in Tables A-9 through A-11.


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NAAQS Comparison

The 8-hour average O3 NAAQS is met when the fourth-highest 8-hour concentration in a year, averaged over three years, is equal to or less than 0.075 ppm. During the CY 2015 period there were no exceedances for the O3 NAAQS. The following maximum O3 concentrations were observed:

The fourth-highest 8-hour O3 concentrations were 0.048 ppm and 0.055 ppm at the Superblock and Gull Park stations, respectively, and 0.075 ppm at the Compton station.

The latest 3-year (2013-2015) averages of the fourth-highest O3 value were 0.053 ppm and 0.056 ppm at the Superblock and Gull Park stations, respectively, and 0.068 ppm at the Compton station, as shown in Table 6. The 3-year average of the O3 value at both POLB stations did not exceed the 8-hour NAAQS for O3.

Table 6. NAAQS Comparison - 3 Year Average of Fourth-highest 8-hour Average O3 concentrations at the Port Stations and the Nearest SCAQMD Station.

Averaging Time

Period O3 Concentration (ppm)


8-hour 3-year Average

(2013-2015) 0.053 0.056 0.068 0.070

CAAQS Comparison

The CAAQS for O3 are 0.070 ppm during an 8-hour period and 0.090 ppm over a 1-hour period, and are not to be exceeded. During the CY 2015 period, neither the Gull Park nor Superblock stations recorded exceedances of the maximum 1-hour or 8-hour average CAAQS. The following maximum O3 concentrations were observed:

Table 7 shows maximum 1-hour average O3 concentrations of 0.077 and 0.078 ppm for the Superblock and Gull Park stations, respectively. By comparison, the maximum 1-hour average O3 concentration at the Compton SCAQMD monitoring station during 2015 was 0.088 ppm. The maximum 1-hour concentration at the Super Block and Gull Park stations did not exceed the O3 1-hour CAAQS of 0.090 ppm.

In 2015, the maximum 8-hour average O3 values were 0.056 and 0.058 ppm at both the Superblock and Gull Park stations, respectively, and 0.073 ppm for the nearest SCAQMD station in Compton. Comparison of O3 data with data from additional SCAQMD stations is provided in Table A-9. The maximum 8-hour concentrations at both the Super Block and Gull Park stations did not exceed the O3 8-hour CAAQS of 0.070 ppm. The maximum 8-hour O3 CAAQS was exceeded once at the SCAQMD Compton.


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Table 7. CAAQS Comparison - Maximum O3 Concentrations at the Port Stations and the Nearest SCAQMD Station.

Averaging Time

Period O3 Concentration (ppm)


1-hour 2015 0.077 0.078 0.088 0.090

8-hour 2015 0.056 0.058 0.073 0.070

3.1.4 SO2 Data Summary

Figure A-6 shows the average monthly concentration of SO2 from 2007-2015 (monthly averages are used in the figure for clarity in showing long-term trends in the data, not because it is related to a standard). Figure A-6 shows that SO2 concentrations remained relatively constant over the period of record. SO2 averages are provided for the Port’s Superblock and Gull Park stations in Tables A-13 through A-17. Starting in 2014, the closest SCAQMD station with an SO2 monitor is in Costa Mesa, so it was included the following tables for comparison with the Port data.

NAAQS Comparison EPA revoked the 24-hour and annual average SO2 NAAQS, effective August 23, 2010. Consequently, effective August 23, 2010, EPA established a primary 1-hour NAAQS for SO2 which is attained when the 3-year average of the 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average does not exceed 0.075 ppm. The secondary NAAQS for SO2 is a 3-hour average and is attained if the second highest daily 3-hour maximum does not exceed 0.500 ppm. Primary standards are designed to protect public health, while secondary standards are designed to protect public welfare, including protection against visibility impairment, damage to animals, crops, vegetation and buildings. During the CY 2015 period, no exceedances of the NAAQS for SO2 were recorded at the Port’s monitoring stations.

The latest 3-year (2013-2015) average of the 99th percentile SO2 1-hour concentrations were 0.013 ppm and 0.020 ppm at the Superblock and Gull Park stations, respectively, as shown in Table 8. By comparison, the latest 3-year average of the 99th percentile SO2 1-hour concentrations at the Costa Mesa SCAQMD monitoring station during 2015 was 0.005 ppm. These are below the 1-hour NAAQS for SO2 of 0.075 ppm.

The second highest 3-hour average SO2 concentrations in 2015 were 0.009 ppm and 0.011 ppm at the Superblock and Gull Park stations, respectively and 0.003 at the Costa Mesa station. These concentrations are well below the 3-hour average NAAQS for SO2 of 0.500 ppm.


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Table 8. NAAQS Comparison – Three Year Average of the 99th Percentile 8-hour Average and Second Highest 3-hour Average SO2 Concentrations at the Port Stations and the Nearest SCAQMD Station.

Averaging Time

Period SO2 Concentration (ppm)

Superblock Gull Park Costa Mesa NAAQS

1-hour Daily Max

3-Year Average (2013-2015)

0.013 0.020 0.005 0.075

3-hour 2015 0.009 0.011 0.003 0.500

CAAQS Comparison The CAAQS for SO2 are 0.250 ppm over a 1-hour period and 0.040 ppm over a 24-hour period, and are not to be exceeded.

In 2015, the maximum 1-hour SO2 concentrations were 0.020 ppm and 0.018 ppm at the Superblock and Gull Park stations, respectively and 0.009 at the Costa Mesa station. These concentrations were below the SO2 1-hour CAAQS of 0.250 ppm.

Table 9 shows the maximum 24-hour average SO2 concentrations were 0.004 ppm and 0.004 ppm at the Superblock and Gull Park stations, respectively and 0.002 at the Costa Mesa station. These concentrations are well below the SO2 maximum 24-hour average CAAQS of 0.040 ppm.

Table 9. CAAQS Comparison – Highest 24-hour Average and Highest 1-hour

Average SO2 Concentrations at the Port Stations and the Nearest SCAQMD Station.

Averaging Time

Period SO2 Concentration (ppm)

Superblock Gull Park Costa Mesa CAAQS

1-hour 2015 0.020 0.018 0.009 0.250

24-hour 2015 0.004 0.004 0.002 0.040

3.1.5 PM10 Data Summary

PM10 concentrations are measured by two monitoring techniques. There are traditional filter-based integrated monitors (known as federal reference method or FRM monitors, which are designed and tested according to EPA specifications for use in comparison with NAAQS and CAAQS standards) which collect samples over a 24-hour period, and real-time particulate monitors (beta attenuation monitors [BAMs]), which provide 1-hour averages to monitor shorter temporal variations. Figure A-7 presents a graph of monthly average PM10 concentrations from the FRM monitors from 2007-2015, averaged on a monthly basis to more clearly show month-to-month and yearly variations. Figure A-8 presents a similar graph of the real-time BAM PM10 concentrations, measured from 2007-2015. Because these two graphs present the PM10 data for the entire period of


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record beginning in 2007, historical PM10 data from the particulate monitors at the SCAQMD’s North Long Beach, South Long Beach and Los Angeles Main Street stations in Figure A-7 data and North Long Beach and Anaheim for Figure A-8 are included for comparison. Both graphs show occasional spikes in PM10 concentrations during the period of record; two environmental conditions that have apparently caused these higher concentrations have been identified:

During the fall of 2007 and 2008, there were wide-spread wildfires in southern California. These wildfires released very large amounts of PM (especially PM10) into the atmosphere, which temporarily raised the ambient PM10 levels measured in the Port’s network. These incidents are shown in Figures A-7 and A-8.

At the beginning of some years, particularly in January of 2012 and 2013, there are spikes in PM10 levels at the Superblock station (Figures A-7 and A-8), which occur when wildfires are not present. These elevated monthly-average PM10 concentrations are likely caused by a combination of factors, including Santa Ana conditions when relatively high winds and low relative humidity produce higher PM10 levels. At other times, nocturnal inversions with cold surface conditions, low mixing level heights and minimal boundary layer dispersion lead to elevated PM levels. During these sustained periods of cold weather, the winds tend to blow from the north and transport the air mass from SoCAB over the Port monitoring stations. Finally, there is a small alley/roadway adjacent to the Superblock station, which is used by trucks entering and leaving a freight forwarding facility. This roadway was unpaved during 2012 and early 2013, and is heavily used by trucks, leading to significant quantities of fugitive dust being entrained into the air that were likely affecting the PM10 measurements at the Superblock station. The roadway was paved in mid-October 2013,

and Figure A-7 shows that the peak monthly PM10 concentrations in early 2014 and 2015 were reduced compared to previous periods. The combination of these

conditions can result in higher PM10 levels, which are often present during the fall and early winter of each year. Figures A-7 and A-8 show that the PM10 concentrations at the Superblock station are higher than at the Gull Park station. This is primarily a reflection of the surrounding conditions at the two sites:

The Superblock station is in a highly industrialized location, and as mentioned above, there is an adjacent large container storage area and several smaller container distribution sites, all of which have considerable heavy truck traffic throughout the day. A small alley/roadway used by a nearby trucking facility runs adjacent to the Superblock station, and this roadway was paved in mid-October 2013 in an attempt to reduce the impacts to PM10 levels at the site.

In addition, construction started in September 2013 on the Anaheim Street Improvement Project, located one block north of the Superblock station. This project included repaving the street and other sidewalk, curb, and landscaping improvements on Anaheim Street from the Los Angeles River to 9th Street. This construction project served as a temporary localized source contributing to ambient PM10 concentrations near the station. Construction was completed in October of 2014. With the small alley/roadway being paved in mid-October


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2013 and the Anaheim Street Improvement Project ending in late 2014, PM10 levels measured at the Superblock station have decreased somewhat but still remain elevated compared to the surrounding stations. The elevated PM10 concentrations measured at Superblock are the result of short-term concentration spikes; likely due to entrainment of fugitive dust from trucking activity on other unpaved roads near the station.

The Gull Park station, which does not have the large monthly peaks of PM10 concentrations evident at the Superblock station in Figures A-7 and A-8, has no comparable nearby fugitive dust emission sources from truck activity or open paved or unpaved areas. The large monthly peaks of PM10 concentrations, evident at the Superblock station during the winter season in Figures A-7 and A-8, are much lower at the Gull Park station.

PM10 averages are provided for Superblock and Gull Park sites in Tables A-19 through A-22, and for the SCAQMD’s nearest monitoring station at South Long Beach. NAAQS Comparison The 24-hour PM10 NAAQS is attained when the number of days per calendar year with a 24-hour average concentration above 150 µg/m3 is equal to or less than one. Thus, the 24-hour PM10 NAAQS allows for one exceedance of the standard per year. The annual average NAAQS for PM10 was revoked in 2006. The second-highest 24-hour average PM10 concentrations measured by the FRM monitors are shown in Table 10, which also compares these measurements to the 24-hour PM10 NAAQS of 150 µg/m3. The NAAQS was not exceeded at the Superblock, Gull Park, or South Long Beach stations during 2015. Table 10. NAAQS Comparison – Second Highest FRM 24-hour Average PM10

Concentrations at the Port Stations and the Nearest SCAQMD Station.

Averaging Time

Period PM10 Concentration (µg/m3)

Superblock Gull Park South Long

Beach NAAQS

24-hour 2015 67.7 41.5 51.0 150

CAAQS Comparison The maximum 24-hour average CAAQS for PM10 is 50 µg/m3 and the annual average CAAQS is 20 µg/m3, which are not to be exceeded.

Table 11 shows the annual average PM10 concentrations measured with the

FRM monitors were above the annual CAAQS of 20 g/m3 at both monitoring sites in 2015. This is consistent with data collected throughout the South Coast Air Basin, which is designated as nonattainment for both PM10 and PM2.5.

During 2015, the 24-hour PM10 CAAQS of 50 g/m3 was exceeded at both the Super Block station and the nearest SCAQMD monitoring station at South Long


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Beach. There were 12 exceedances of the 24-hour CAAQS at the Super Block station and two exceedances at the SCAQMD South Long Beach station.

Table 11. CAAQS Comparison – Highest 24-hour and Annual Average FRM PM10

Concentrations at the Port Stations and the Nearest SCAQMD Station.

Averaging Time

Period PM10 Concentration (µg/m3)

Superblock Gull Park South Long

Beach CAAQS

24-hour 2015 88.0 47.9 51.0 50

Annual 2015 37.7 24.9 26.4 20

3.1.6 PM2.5 Data Summary

PM2.5 concentrations in the network are also measured by two monitoring techniques, traditional filter-based integrated monitors (FRM monitors), and real-time particulate monitors (BAMs). Figure A-9 presents a graph of monthly-averaged PM2.5 concentrations from the filter-based data collected by the Superblock FRM monitor from 2007-2015, averaged on a monthly basis to more clearly show month-to-month and yearly variations. Figure A-10 presents a similar graph of the real-time BAM PM2.5 concentrations. Because these two graphs present the PM2.5 data for the entire period of record since 2007, historical PM2.5 data from the particulate monitors at the SCAQMD’s North and South Long Beach stations are included for comparison. At all of the stations, there is a general tendency throughout the period of record for the PM2.5 data to be at higher concentrations during fall/winter season, which was also seen in the PM10 data. Figure 5 (shown in section 1.2) presents average monthly concentrations of PM2.5 measured by the BAM monitors during 2015 for the Port stations and three SCAQMD stations operated in the SoCAB. The graph shows that monthly-averaged PM2.5 concentrations at all five stations were highest in January, when Santa Ana winds and very dry conditions produce relatively high PM levels (both PM2.5 and PM10). During the remainder of the year, two of the three stations near the coast (Gull Park and the South Long Beach SCAQMD station) are typically lower than the SCAQMD inland stations at downtown Los Angeles and the City of Anaheim. The Superblock station, while also near the coast, has higher PM2.5 levels more comparable to the SCAQMD inland stations because of localized heavy industrial activity near the station. In general, the stations closest to the coast tend to have lowest concentrations during the summer months and higher concentrations at other times, particularly at the beginning of the year. The lower PM2.5 concentrations during the summer months are probably due to a higher convective boundary layer and increased dispersion of PM2.5 emissions. In addition, as indicated by arrows in Figures A-9 and A-10, higher levels of PM2.5 (as well as PM10) occur when there are wildfires, which typically produce large quantities of PM of all sizes.

Real-time BAM data show the same pattern as the filter-based data, with generally higher concentrations in winter months of the year.

Both graphs show a high correlation between the PM2.5 concentrations at all four monitoring stations, indicating that regional influences have a strong influence on


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ambient levels of PM2.5 in the area. Figure A-10, which presents the PM2.5 data from the BAM monitors at each site, shows that measured PM2.5 concentrations at Superblock are typically higher than at the Gull Park station.

This is likely a reflection of the greater industrial activity in the vicinity of the Superblock station, as discussed above for the PM10 results. These higher PM2.5 levels in the vicinity of Superblock would add to the background regional levels of PM2.5.

PM2.5 averages are provided for the Port’s Superblock and Gull Park stations and the SCAQMD’s South Long Beach station in Tables A-24 through A-28.

NAAQS Comparison

The annual NAAQS for PM2.5 is an arithmetic mean of 12 g/m3. The 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS is met when the 98th percentile of the daily average PM2.5 concentrations,

averaged over three years, is equal to or less than 35 g/m3.

At Superblock, the annual average PM2.5 concentration measured by the FRM

monitor in 2015 was 9.3 g/m3 (Table 12), which is below the annual average

NAAQS (12 g/m3). There is no filter-based FRM monitor at the Gull Park station.

The three-year average (2013-2015) of the 98th percentile for the 24-hour

average PM2.5 concentrations at Superblock is 24.5 g/m3, below the 24-hour average NAAQS.

Table 12. NAAQS Comparison –Three Year Average of 98th Percentile 24-hour and Annual Average PM2.5 Concentrations at the Port Station and the Nearest SCAQMD Station

Averaging Time

Period PM2.5 Concentration (µg/m3)

Super-block

Gull Park1

North Long Beach

South Long Beach

NAAQS

24-hour 3-year

Average (2013-2015)

24.5 -- 28.6 27.5 35.0

Annual 2015 9.3 -- 10.9 10.2 12.0

1 The Gull Park station does not have a filter-based FRM PM2.5 monitor.

CAAQS Comparison The annual PM2.5 CAAQS is met when the annual average PM2.5 concentration are

equal to or less than 12.0 g/m3.

At Superblock, the annual average PM2.5 concentration measured by the FRM

monitor was 9.3 g/m3 (Table 13). In 2015, the annual average PM2.5

concentration was below the annual average CAAQS (12 g/m3).


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Table 13. CAAQS Comparison – Annual Average FRM PM2.5 Concentrations at the Port Station and the Nearest SCAQMD Station

Averaging Time

Period PM2.5 Concentration (µg/m3)

Super -block

Gull Park1

North Long Beach

South Long Beach

NAAQS

Annual 2015 9.3 -- 10.9 10.2 12.0

1 The Gull Park station does not have a filter-based FRM PM2.5 monitor.

3.1.7 Black Carbon Data Summary

Ambient black carbon (BC) concentrations have been measured in the Port’s monitoring network by real-time monitors (API Model 633 Aethalometers) since September 2012. The SCAQMD also uses the Model 633 Aethalometer to collect BC data within their monitoring network. As discussed previously, BC has been considered a surrogate for diesel particulate matter (DPM) by many regulatory agencies including the SCAQMD and CARB. DPM is a very complex mixture of gases and particulates and ambient concentrations of DPM cannot be measured directly. Elemental Carbon (EC) is also considered a surrogate for DPM and EC data was collected previously in the Port’s air monitoring program in calendar years (CY) 2007 and CY 2012. For more details on the EC study, please see the 2012 air monitoring summary report. There are currently no NAAQS or CAAQS for BC, EC, or DPM. Since EC is measured using an integrated 24-hour filter sample, it is difficult to analyze or assess any potential diurnal influences over the measurement period. Real-time BC measurements allow for analysis of potential source influences (e.g. - regional, urban, local) throughout a sampling day. Hourly BC data may be used, in combination with other pollutant and dispersion data, to preliminarily assess nearby source locations or relative contributions from regional (wood smoke), urban or local (traffic) sources. The real-time BC measurements are comparable to the integrated, filter-based elemental carbon (EC) data collected previously in the Port’s air monitoring program using the Desert Research Institute’s (DRI) sequential filter samplers (SFS). BC and EC data are not considered identical since their concentrations are measured using different monitoring techniques. However, concurrent measurements of EC and BC taken at 10 sites located within the SoCAB presented in the SCAQMD’s MATES IV study shows a strong relationship. The measured EC and BC concentrations from this study were analyzed through a linear regression analysis and were found to be highly correlated. Specifically, the coefficient of determination, R2, was calculated, which explains how well changes in one variable (e.g., EC) can be explained by changes in a second variable (e.g., BC). Coefficient of determination values range from zero to one, with R2 values of 1.0 indicating perfect correlation. At the 10 MATES IV monitoring sites, R2 values for concurrent EC and BC measurements ranged from 0.7 to 0.9, which showed very good correlations between the two data sets. (SCAQMD, 2015)2. Table 14 provides annual average BC concentrations at the Superblock and Gull Park stations from 2013 through 2015. Annual average BC concentrations at the Gull Park

2 SCAQMD. Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study in the South Coast Air Basin, MATES IV. Draft Final

Report, Appendix VI, April 2015.


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station were consistently lower than at the Superblock station, ranging from 25% lower in 2013 to 15% lower in 2015. The lower BC levels at the Gull Park station are expected due to the lack of localized sources near the station. From 2013 to 2015, annual average BC concentrations measured at both stations decreased. The percentage decrease in BC concentrations was much larger at Superblock (21%) than at Gull Park (10%) over this time period. This is reasonable, because the CAAP control measures are expected to have a greater effect on BC levels at the Inner Harbor location compared to the Gull Park station’s relatively isolated Outer Harbor location. Due to the relatively short period of record for BC data in the POLB network, it is not known at this time whether this is a long-term trend in BC levels. Table 14. Annual Average Black Carbon (BC) Concentrations at the Port Stations

Averaging Time

Period BC Concentration (µg/m3)1

Superblock Gull Park

Annual 2013 1.79 1.34

Annual 2014 1.50 1.22

Annual 2015 1.41 1.20

1 There are currently no NAAQS or CAAQS for BC.

Figure A-11 presents a graph of monthly-averaged BC concentrations collected at the Superblock and Gull Park stations over the entire 40-month period of record. Figure A-11 illustrates that BC concentrations consistently peak during the winter period (December - January), and reach a minimum in the late spring-early summer period (May - July). Monthly-averaged PM2.5 data show a similar pattern, with maximum concentrations in the winter and lower concentrations during the summer months. However, there is a much more defined pattern evident in the monthly average BC concentrations, with sharp winter peaks and a distinct period of minimum BC levels in the late spring-early summer period. This is likely the result of increased mixing layer heights and convective turbulence during the warmer late-spring and summer months. In 2013, peak winter BC levels are as much as four times higher than the late spring-early summer minimum BC levels. The other feature evident in Figure A-11 is that peak winter monthly-averaged BC concentrations have been steadily decreasing over the 2013-2015 period (by 32% at Superblock and 20% at Gull Park). As discussed earlier, this may be a reflection of the CAAP control measures on BC levels in the area. In contrast, minimum monthly average BC concentrations in the late spring-early summer period have shown little change during the same three-year period, which is probably due to the very low BC levels during those periods. Figure A-11 also shows that monthly-averaged BC concentrations are consistently lower at Gull Park compared to Superblock, with only three exceptions during the period of record. As discussed earlier, these results are likely a result of the greater presence of localized sources (industrial facilities and truck activity) in the vicinity of the Superblock station, and are similar to the results seen for PM2.5 and PM10.


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3.2 Meteorological Data

The meteorological data collected at both monitoring stations are useful in interpreting the air quality data measured at each of the sites. Additionally, these data sets can be used in air dispersion modeling and other data analyses. Wind roses were created from meteorological data collected at each station for calendar year 2015 and are shown in Figures A-1 to A-2. Wind roses graphically show the distribution of winds at a site, including speed, direction and frequency. By convention, winds are shown in the direction from which they came; for example, a west wind blows from the west. The wind roses for each monitoring station were also projected onto the Port base map in Figure 7. These 2015 wind roses are similar to the historical record of wind roses at each of the two stations. The predominant wind patterns at the two stations are different, implying that the Port area experiences complex air flow patterns. The wind rose at the Gull Park station shows that the predominant winds are from the south-southwest and southwest directions, occurring almost one-third of the time. In contrast, winds at the Superblock station are more varied; they come from the south-southwest through southeast directions approximately 36 percent of the time, and from the west through north-northwest directions 20 percent of the time. Average wind speeds at the Gull Park and Superblock stations are 2.85 m/sec (6.4 mph) and 2.09m/sec (4.6 mph), respectively.


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Figure 7. 2015 Wind Roses for Port of Long Beach Air Quality Monitoring Program


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3.3 PM Measurements during Unusual Events

The concentrations of PM at the Port’s monitoring sites can be influenced by sources near the Port, as well as by the regional air quality. At various times, it appears that PM10 measurements have been strongly affected by a number of conditions, either singly or in combination:

Regional or localized events, such as wildfires and Santa Ana conditions – typically, wildfires are more common during the fall, while Santa Ana conditions can occur during fall and early winter.

Meteorological conditions such as inversions are more common during the fall and winter. Inversions tend to minimize the dispersion of pollutants including PM10, which allow ambient concentrations to increase.

Localized emission sources, such as diesel trucks operating near a distribution center close to the Superblock station. In mid-October 2013, a road used by trucks near Superblock was paved to reduce fugitive emissions (primarily PM10) from these trucks, so peak measured levels of PM10 concentrations from these local sources should show decreases in future annual data summaries.

There were no significant wild or industrial fires in 2015 that significantly affected ambient air quality measurements at the Port monitoring stations. Peak PM10 measurements in 2015 were likely a result of the other conditions described above, or a combination of these factors. The only unusual event during the 2015 annual reporting period was the shipping slowdown and congestion in the Ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles, which started during the latter half of 2014 and lasted through the first quarter of 2015. During the height of the event in January 2015, cargo throughput at the Port was down by 19%. This event resulted in changes to normal operations and potentially impacted localized emission sources at the Port, which in turn could affect the ambient air quality measurements at the Port monitoring stations:

1. During the event, a large number of ships were anchored offshore near the entrance to the Port awaiting an opportunity to unload their cargo at Port berths. These ships were operating auxiliary engines while at anchor, so additional ship emissions south of the Inner Harbor area would be expected.

2. Conversely, the 19% decrease in cargo throughput observed in January 2015 likely led to reduced operational activity and similar emission reductions associated with moving cargo by trucks, trains, cargo handling equipment, etc.

The expected increase in hoteling ship emissions and decrease in emissions associated with cargo movement makes quantifying the event’s impact on the ambient air quality collected at the Port’s monitoring stations difficult. Review of the air quality data collected during this time period was conducted at both Port monitoring sites for the months of January 2014 (prior to the event) and January 2015 (maximum impact on operational activity). For the pollutants most associated with Port operations (PM10, PM2.5, BC, and NO2), monthly averages in January 2015 were all lower than January 2014. However, these results should be interpreted cautiously. Given the short time


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period (one month) of the analysis, other variables may also impact changes in the measured air quality levels, such as meteorological or dispersion conditions.

3.4 Quality Assurance Procedures

Several quality assurance measures have been built into the monitoring program in order to ensure the integrity of the data. These QA measures include the following:

All of the data are reviewed through a comprehensive quality assurance process by the Port’s technical consultants, to check for periods when the data are not valid (e.g., during instrument calibrations or when an instrument is out of service), to check for conditional flags put on the data by the data logging system, and to determine if the values being recorded are reasonable compared to other local monitoring programs (i.e., POLA, and SCAQMD North Long Beach). Data that have been determined to be invalid are removed from the data set.

All continuous pollutant analyzers are calibrated daily to ensure that the instruments are collecting accurate data.

To further ensure the validation of the collected results within the program, all of the analyzers are subjected to a biannual performance audit performed by an independent contractor.

Field blanks on all of the gravimetric samplers are periodically taken at each station to eliminate the systematic contamination of sampling filters.

Monitoring checklists are routinely completed by field technicians during every station visit.

3.5 Data Recovery

Data recovery for all air quality and meteorological measurements at the Super Block station was greater than 95 percent, with the exception of the O3 and NO2 data sets. Reoccurring issues with multiple parts prompted the O3 and NO2 to both be sent back to the manufacturer for repair and refurbishment during 2015. At the Gull Park station, data recovery for all air quality and meteorological instrumentation was greater than 94 percent. The Gull Park station was inoperable from September 16th to September 22nd due to a broken fan in the air conditioning unit. Tables detailing data recovery rates are provided in for each pollutant in Appendix A.

4 Trends Analysis

With nine years of data, an analysis of the trends in the data was conducted. This analysis uses annual averages to assess the potential, general long-term trends in the data, even if there are no annual standards for that pollutant. A trend line was generated based on the combined data from the two POLB air monitoring stations (Superblock and Gull Park sites). Ambient air pollution levels in the vicinity of the San Pedro Bay Ports are influenced by a number of factors including local pollutant emissions, regional air pollution levels, and


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meteorology. Several important criteria air pollutants (i.e., ozone, PM2.5) are created (in whole or in part) by chemical reactions which occur after the release of emissions into the atmosphere. As such, concentrations from these pollutants are expected to be more regional. Others pollutants, like PM10, are more localized and directly influenced by nearby emissions sources. As discussed in the introduction, Port-related air pollutant emissions have declined in recent years3. This decline was likely a result of a number of factors, including the successful implementation of control measures under the San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan (CAAP) and state regulations. Those measures have significantly reduced emissions rates from goods movement sources such as heavy duty trucks, ocean-going vessels, and cargo handling equipment. Between 2005 (the CAAP baseline year) and 2014, emissions associated with Port of Long Beach operations showed an 83 percent reduction in PM2.5, a 97 percent reduction in sulfur oxides (SOx) and a 50 percent reduction in NOx. Part of the decrease in Port-related emissions was due to a decline in goods movement activity at the San Pedro Bay Ports in late-2008 through 2009. Previously, data from the SCAQMD station in North Long Beach were used for comparison with the Port stations, but all of the instruments at that station were shut down on October 4, 2013, with the exception of the filter-based PM2.5 monitor. Consequently, data from other SCAQMD stations in the vicinity of the North Long Beach station were used to compare with 2014 and 2015 data from the Port stations. The SCAQMD station at Compton, located 5.4 miles north-northwest of the North Long Beach station, measures the gaseous pollutants CO, NO2, and O3, so data from the Compton station was used for these gaseous pollutants. The SCAQMD Costa Mesa station, located near the coast approximately 20 miles south-southeast from the North Long Beach Station, and approximately 17 miles south-southeast from the POLB Stations, is the closest available comparison for SO2 concentrations. The SCAQMD station at South Long Beach, located 2.3 miles south-southeast of the North Long Beach station, measures PM10 and PM2.5, so data from that station was used for comparison with the Port stations for most PM pollutant measurements (the South Long Beach station does not monitor for gaseous pollutants). However, there is no real-time monitor for PM10 at the South Long Beach station, thus the SCAQMD Anaheim Station, located approximately 16 miles from the POLB monitoring stations, was used to compare with the Port’s real-time PM10 data. In some of the figures showing the entire period of record, data from the North Long Beach station has been included for completeness. Meteorology can also have a significant influence on regional air pollution levels from one year to the next. So while CAAP measures have improved air emission levels, it is not presently known how much of any decrease in ambient air pollutant concentrations measured at the Port air monitoring stations can be directly attributed to the Port’s goods movement-focused measures under the CAAP.

3 Port of Long Beach Air Emissions Inventory – 2014. Starcrest Consulting Group LLC.

(http://www.polb.com), September 2015.

http://www.polb.com/


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4.1 Trends in Gaseous Criteria Pollutants

4.1.1 CO Concentrations

Figure 8 illustrates annual average CO concentrations at the two stations in the Port’s air monitoring network over the nine-year period of record. As discussed above, comparable data from the North Long Beach and Compton SCAQMD stations are included in Figure 8 to provide perspective on the Port data.

Figure 8 shows that annual average CO concentrations at both stations are less than 1.0 ppm for the period of record. The trend line for the Superblock and Gull Park stations is flat; although there are changes in the year-to-year averages, there appears to be no general trend evident in the data at any of the sites. It should be noted that these measurements are quite low and near the precision limits of the instrument, such that the year-to-year differences in low CO concentrations are not particularly useful in discerning trends in the data. Figure A-3 shows the average monthly concentration of CO over the nine-year period of record. Figure 8. Annual Average CO Concentrations Measured at the Port Stations


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4.1.2 NO2 Concentrations

Figure 9 presents the annual average NO2 concentrations for the two stations in the Port’s air monitoring network, over the nine-year period of record, along with comparable data from the North Long Beach and Compton SCAQMD stations. Figure 9 illustrates that average annual NO2 concentrations at both stations are well below the annual NO2 NAAQS and slightly below the annual NO2 CAAQS. Over the period of record, the trend for the annual average NO2 concentrations at the Superblock station shows a moderate decrease from 2007 to 2010, while the trend at the Gull Park is essentially flat over the period of record. While 2013 and 2014 measurements were somewhat higher than previous years, the 2015 annual NO2 concentration at the Superblock station is lower than previous years and appears to have stabilized. This may be a localized effect as there is heavy industrial activity near the Superblock station, including several container truck distribution facilities. This is likely the reason the average annual NO2 concentrations at the Superblock site have been consistently higher than the other stations.

Figure 9. Annual Average NO2 Concentrations Measured at the Port Stations

* Annual Average NAAQS for NO2 is 0.053 ppm; Annual Average CAAQS for NO2 is 0.030 ppm.

Figure A-4 shows the average monthly concentration of NO2 over the nine-year period of record at the stations. The figure shows a consistent pattern at each station, in which there are higher NO2 concentrations in the fall/early winter period and low concentrations during the summer period. This is probably a result of two factors: 1) enhanced photochemical production during the summer, in which NOx emissions and volatile


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hydrocarbons emissions in the presence of sunlight produce O3, thereby reducing ambient NO2 levels during the warmer months, combined with 2) lower dispersion of NOx emissions during the late fall/early winter period, thereby resulting in higher ambient NO2 levels during the winter period.

4.1.3 O3 Concentrations

Figure 10 presents the annual average O3 concentrations at the two stations in the Port’s air monitoring network, along with comparable data from the North Long Beach and Compton SCAQMD stations. Over the nine-year period of record, annual average O3 concentrations at both stations are less than 0.030 ppm. The measured annual average ambient O3 concentrations at both stations show a slight trend upward during the period of record, especially after the first two years of monitoring at Superblock. However, the slight upward trend in O3 concentrations appears to have stabilized over the last three years at Superblock. O3 is a secondary pollutant, which takes several hours to form from volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides, in the presence of sunlight. Therefore, ozone concentrations are more reflective of regional air quality pollutant levels in the SoCAB rather than of localized emission sources. Figure A-5 shows the average monthly concentration of O3 over the nine-year period of record. Figure 10. Annual Average O3 Concentrations Measured at the Port Stations


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4.1.4 SO2 Concentrations

Figure 11 presents annual average SO2 concentrations at the two stations in the Port’s air monitoring network, over the nine-year period of record. Annual average SO2 concentrations at both stations are less than 0.010 ppm for the period of record. The data from the recently shut down SCAQMD station at North Long Beach are included in Figure 11, but data from comparable ongoing monitoring SCAQMD stations are difficult to find; for example, the SCAQMD station at Compton does not monitor for SO2. Based on the available data, there are two important characteristics of ambient SO2 concentrations in the vicinity of the Ports: SO2 concentrations are very low; and there has been a downward trend in the annual average SO2 concentrations at both the Port stations and the SCAQMD station at North Long Beach, particularly during the first few years of the period of record. However, these annual average values are near the precision limits of the instrument, so differences in these year-to-year concentrations are not particularly telling with respect to year-over-year trend analysis. Figure A-6 shows the average monthly concentration of SO2 over the nine-year period of record. Figure 11. Annual Average SO2 Concentrations Measured at the Port Stations

4.2 Trends in PM10 and PM2.5 Data

Nine years of PM10 and PM2.5 data are now available from the Port’s monitoring stations, which can be used in an initial analysis of trends in the PM data within the network. This section analyzes trends in annual average and maximum daily PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations collected by the FRM monitors at the two stations in the Port’s air monitoring network over the period of record.


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Trends in PM10 Concentrations

Figure 12 presents annually-averaged PM10 concentrations at the two stations in the Port’s air monitoring network, over the nine-year period of record. There is a marked difference in the overall trend of annually-averaged PM10 concentrations at the Superblock station versus the Gull Park and North Long Beach sites:

From 2007 to 2013, there was no clear trend of annual average PM10 concentrations at the Superblock station, although there was considerable year-to-year variability. However over the past two years, a strong decreasing trend in ambient PM10 concentrations is observed. This is likely attributed at least in part to the paving of roads around distribution centers near the station, which are used by heavy duty diesel trucks.

The Gull Park, North Long Beach, and South Long Beach monitoring stations have had lower annual average PM10 concentrations compared to the Superblock station throughout the period of record, and have had a relatively steady downward trend from 2007 to 2010 followed by a relatively flat trend during the last four years (2011 through 2015).

Figure 12. Annual Average PM10 Concentrations Measured at the Port Stations by FRM Monitors.

* Annual Average CAAQS for PM10 is 20 µg/m3

** Graph will be updated once 2014 South Long Beach data is made available by CARB.


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In the absence of large regional events such as wildfires or Santa Ana winds, PM10 concentrations are primarily influenced by localized sources, such as fugitive emissions from construction activities, wind erosion and re-suspension of road dust by vehicle traffic. The recent variability in annual average PM10 concentrations at the Superblock station is likely a result of industrial activity and truck traffic near that station. The most recent decrease in annual concentrations observed during 2014 and 2015 may be partially the result of paving roads near the Superblock station, which are used by trucks; data collected in future years will help to confirm this hypothesis. Figure 12 illustrates that the PM10 annually-averaged concentrations at the Gull Park station are consistently lower than at the Superblock station. The Gull Park station is located at the tip of the Navy Mole, a narrow peninsula of land surrounded by water. With minimal industrial activity in the immediate vicinity of this site, exposure to fugitive emissions from localized wind erosion or re-suspension of fugitive dust should be minimal, so lower PM10 concentrations compared to the Superblock site are expected. Figure 13 presents the second highest 24-hour PM10 FRM concentrations at Gull Park and Superblock, in comparison to the 24-hour PM10 NAAQS. The data from the Port’s stations are also shown with the nearby North Long Beach and South Long Beach SCAQMD stations. Figure 13. Second Highest 24-hour Average PM10 Concentrations Measured at

the Port Stations by FRM Monitors.

* Maximum 24-hour Average NAAQS for PM10 is 150 µg/m3


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The second highest 24-hour PM10 concentration at each station tends to show higher year-to-year variability than the annual-average PM10 concentrations. This is probably because they are calculated from the two highest measurements collected during a year, rather than an annual average which is based on all of the data. Nevertheless, the same trend observed in the annual-average PM10 also appears in the chart of maximum 24-hour PM10 concentrations. The large year-to-year variability in the second-highest 24-hour PM10 concentrations during the 2007 to 2013 period masks any overall trend in the Superblock data. However since the alley near the Superblock station was paved in late 2013, the trend in the second-highest 24-hour PM10 concentrations during 2014 and 2015 is substantially lower than during the previous 3 years (Figure 13). Conversely, there is much less variability in the second-highest 24-hour PM10 concentrations at the Gull Park and South Long Beach stations across the period of record. There may be a slight overall downward trend in the PM10 data at these stations, which is more evident at the beginning of the record than at the end. PM10 concentrations can be strongly influenced by fugitive dust, which can be produced by local sources such as construction activity. At both Port stations and South Long Beach, the second-highest 24-hour average PM10 concentrations in 2015 were considerably lower than the PM10 concentrations that were measured at the beginning of the monitoring record in 2007. It should become clear in future years whether this trend continues, and if it is a reflection of localized activity or inherent year-to-year variability in this parameter. At the Superblock site in particular, traffic and industrial activity combined with high winds are the most likely scenario causing occasional elevated PM10 concentrations. Because this parameter is based on PM10 concentrations measured on the second-highest day of the year, conditions are likely to vary considerably from year to year. Thus, the second-highest 24-hour average PM10 concentrations at Superblock show significant variability. With no localized sources of PM10 emissions at Gull Park, less year-to-year variability is observed.


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Trends in PM2.5 Concentrations Figure 14 illustrates annual-average PM2.5 concentrations from 2007 to 2015 at the Superblock, SCAQMD North and South Long Beach stations. Figure 14. Annual Average PM2.5 Concentrations Measured at the Superblock

Station by the FRM Monitor.

* Annual Average NAAQS and CAAQS for PM2.5 are both 12 µg/m3. ** There is no filter-based PM2.5 monitor at the Gull Park station. *** 2007 PM2.5 data was collected by a Sequential Filter Sampler filter-based monitor, which is similar to an FRM monitor; data sets for all other years have been were collected by FRM filter-based monitors.

Based on filter-based PM2.5 data measured at Superblock with the FRM monitor (no filter-based FRM PM2.5 monitor is deployed at Gull Park), annual-average PM2.5

concentrations have decreased by approximately 36 percent from 2007 to 2015. This is consistent with trends observed at the SCAQMD stations. During the last seven monitoring years, annual-average PM2.5 concentrations at Superblock have been below the NAAQS and CAAQS (12 µg/m3). Over the period of record, the trend in annual-average PM2.5 concentrations at the Superblock site has been an initial decrease followed by stability in PM2.5 levels. Figure 14 illustrates this trend as annual-average PM2.5 concentrations since 2010 have remained relatively constant at Superblock as well as nearby SCAQMD sites. Most of the decrease in PM2.5 levels was observed during the first four years of the monitoring program (2007-2010). The monitoring data indicates that ambient PM10 concentrations are strongly affected by localized fugitive emissions; however ambient PM2.5


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concentrations are influenced by both local and regional emission sources. Therefore, different source combinations produce PM10 and PM2.5 emissions:

Localized PM10 emissions are largely a result of primary fugitive emissions due to wind-blown dust and re-entrained particulate matter on unpaved roadways.

PM2.5 emissions from mobile sources are generated from three general processes:

1) Direct emissions from cars, trucks and other on-road vehicles, 2) Re-entrained particulate matter found on unpaved roadways, and 3) Secondary formation from precursor emissions such as sulfur dioxide

(SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ammonia (NH3). The first two items above are generally considered primary PM2.5 emission sources, while PM2.5 formation due to atmospheric chemical reactions are generally considered secondary or regional emission sources.

The emission control measures adopted through the Clean Air Action Plan (CAAP) have targeted emissions primarily from mobile combustion sources (primary PM2.5 emissions) around the San Pedro Bay ports, rather than from fugitive dust sources (PM10). While it is unlikely the CAAP emission control measures are solely responsible for the measured emission reductions, it is reasonable to attribute a portion of the observed reductions to the emission reduction initiatives implemented by the CAAP program. This is evidenced through analysis of trends in annually averaged PM2.5 concentrations measured at the Port stations. After a noticeable reduction in PM2.5 concentrations from 2007 through 2010, annually averaged PM2.5 concentrations at the Port stations have remained fairly constant since 2010. Figure 15 presents the 98th percentile of the 24-hour average PM2.5 concentration during the period of record at the Superblock station (the 98th percentile values are presented to be consistent with the NAAQS standard). From 2007 to 2015, the decrease in the 98th percentile of the 24-hour average PM2.5 concentrations was nearly 43 percent (based on data from the FRM monitor) which is evident in the trend line shown in Figure 15. The decrease in 24-hour average PM2.5 concentrations was similar but slightly smaller than the decrease in annual average PM2.5 concentrations (which decreased by 36 percent during the same period). The 98th percentile of the 24-hour average concentration should generally be more variable than the annual average, because it is more sensitive to the highest PM2.5 concentrations measured during a year. However, because these two measures of the PM10 data set showed relatively consistent decreases, this supports the conclusion that PM2.5 concentrations have been reduced over the period of record.


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Figure 15. 98th Percentile of the 24-hour Average PM2.5 Concentrations Measured at the Superblock Station by the FRM Monitor.

* Maximum 24-hour Average NAAQS for PM2.5 is 35 µg/m3

Figures A-7 through A-10 present monthly-averaged concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 over the nine-year period of record, which shows the pattern within a year, as well as the year-to-year variability. The Superblock and Gull Park stations follow a similar trend in PM2.5 levels throughout the year. PM2.5 concentrations are generally lower during the late-spring and summer months prior to increasing in September and peaking during the late fall/early winter period. This is likely due to increased convective and mechanical turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer during the late spring and summer months.

5 Conclusions

This report presents a summary of the data collected in the Port’s air quality monitoring program during calendar year 2015. In addition, the data collected over the nine-year period of record (2007-2015) are reviewed to evaluate general data trends. During the 2015 reporting period, no NAAQS were exceeded. The following CAAQS were exceeded at the Port stations:

1) Annual filter-based PM10 measurements at both Port stations

2) 24-hour filter-based PM10 measurements at the Super Block station


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No other exceedances of the CAAQS were observed during the 2015 reporting period. These results are consistent with measurements taken at other SoCAB monitoring stations.

Analysis over the period of record indicates the following trends for the gaseous criteria pollutants monitored at both stations:

1) Annual-average NO2 and SO2 concentrations have decreased,

2) O3 concentrations have increased slightly, and

3) CO concentrations have demonstrated no discernible trend.

Trend analysis for PM10 measurements in the Port’s monitoring program is more nuanced. At the Gull Park station, annual average PM10 concentrations have stabilized in recent years after initially decreasing from 2007 to 2010. PM10 trend analysis at the more industrial Superblock site demonstrates much greater year-to-year variability presumably due to increased localized industrial activity in the vicinity of the station, which increases fugitive dust emissions. Initially, the Superblock station recorded decreasing PM10 levels through 2010, prior to increasing from 2011 to 2012. However over the past three years, annual average PM10 concentrations have decreased each subsequent year from 2013 to 2015. This is likely the result of paving an unpaved roadway adjacent to the Superblock station late in 2013. This road is frequently used by heavy-duty trucks and this action is believed to be a contributing factor in the recent decreases in observed PM10 levels at the Superblock site. Annual average PM2.5 concentrations have been decreasing at the Superblock station (filter-based measurements of PM2.5 are not collected at Gull Park) over the period of record. There has been a trend of decreasing second-highest 24-hour average PM2.5 concentrations over the period or record, which is a sensitive indicator of the highest year-to-year measurements. Both the annual average and second-highest PM2.5 concentrations have decreased by approximately one-third over the period of record. While PM10 concentrations are largely a result of localized fugitive emissions, PM2.5 concentrations are influenced by a combination of local and regional emission sources. Examples of local sources include diesel and gasoline engines, cooking, fireplaces, etc., while regional emission sources are primarily the result of secondary PM2.5 particle formation from gaseous pollutants such as SOx and NOx. The reduction in Port operations resulting from the economic recession, emission control measures adopted through the CAAP program, and state regulations have targeted emissions primarily from mobile combustion sources (which are largely responsible for PM2.5 emissions), rather than from fugitive dust sources (PM10). Consequently, the CAAP emission control measures appear to have had a greater effect on ambient PM2.5 concentrations rather than PM10 levels, as shown by the larger and more consistent decrease in annual-average PM2.5 concentrations. All data collected in the Port’s ambient air monitoring program are available for review on a real-time basis at the CAAP website: http://www.cleanairactionplan.org.



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6 References

California Air Resources Board. 2015. Air Quality and Meteorological Information System (AQMIS2) [Database Interface]. Retrieved from http://www.arb.ca.gov/aqmis2/aqdselect.php Port of Long Beach. 2010a. Port of Long Beach Air Quality Monitoring Plan. April 2010 Update. _____. 2010b. Port of Long Beach Quality Assurance Plan for the Air Quality Monitoring Program. April 2010 Update _____. 2008. Port of Long Beach Air Quality Monitoring Program Work Plan. _____. 2015. Port of Long Beach Air Emissions Inventory – 2014 South Coast Air Quality Management District. 2013. Proposal for Exclusion of PM2.5 Continuous Federal Equivalent Method Data from Comparison to National Ambient Air Quality Standard, Agenda Item No. 32, SCAQMD Board Meeting on June 7, 2013. http://www.aqmd.gov/hb/attachments/2011-2015/2013Jun/2013-Jun7-032.pdf

_____. Air Quality Monitoring Network Plan, Appendix C (PM2.5 Continuous Monitor Comparability Assessment and Request for Waiver). 21865 Copley Drive, Diamond Bar, CA 91765, July, 2014. _____. Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study in the South Coast Air Basin, MATES IV. Draft Final Report, Appendix VI. 21865 Copley Drive, Diamond Bar, CA 91765, April, 2015. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004. Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter, Volume I. EPA/600/P-99/002aF, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC. _____. Instructions and Template for Requesting that Data from PM2.5 Continuous FEMs are not Compared to the NAAQS. 21865 Copley Drive, Diamond Bar, CA 91765, April, 2013.

http://www.aqmd.gov/hb/attachments/2011-2015/2013Jun/2013-Jun7-032.pdf

APPENDIX A

POLB Air Quality Monitoring Program Annual Report for 2015

Figures and Tables

Appendix A Table of Figures

Figure Page

Figure A-1. Gull Park Wind Rose for the Port of Long Beach Monitoring Program (2015) ............................... A-1 Figure A-2. Superblock Wind Rose for the Port of Long Beach Monitoring Program (2015) ............................ A-2 Figure A-3. Monthly Average CO Concentrations at POLB and Surrounding SCAQMD Stations (January 2007

– December 2015) .......................................................................................................................... A-3 Figure A-4. Monthly Average NO2 Concentrations at POLB and Surrounding SCAQMD Stations (January 2007

– December 2015) .......................................................................................................................... A-4 Figure A-5. Monthly Average O3 Concentrations at POLB and Surrounding SCAQMD Stations (January 2007

– December 2015) .......................................................................................................................... A-5 Figure A-6. Monthly Average SO2 Concentrations at POLB and Surrounding SCAQMD Stations (January 2007

– December 2015) .......................................................................................................................... A-6 Figure A-7. Monthly Average Filter-Based PM10 Concentrations at POLB and Surrounding SCAQMD Stations

(January 2007 – December 2015) .................................................................................................. A-7 Figure A-8. Monthly Average BAM PM10 Concentrations at POLB and Surrounding SCAQMD Stations (January

2007 – December 2015) ................................................................................................................. A-8 Figure A-9. Monthly Average Filter-Based PM2.5 Concentrations at POLB and Surrounding SCAQMD Stations

(January 2007 – December 2015) .................................................................................................. A-9 Figure A-10. Monthly Average Filter-Based PM2.5 Concentrations at POLB and Surrounding SCAQMD Stations

(January 2007 – December 2015) .................................................................................................. A-10 Figure A-11. Monthly Average Filter-Based Black Carbon Concentrations at POLB and Surrounding SCAQMD

Stations (January 2007 – December 2015) .................................................................................... A-11

Appendix A Table of Tables

Table Page

Table A-1. Maximum 1-Hr CO Concentrations (ppm) ..................................................................................... A-12 Table A-2. Maximum 8-Hr CO Concentrations (ppm) ...................................................................................... A-12 Table A-3. Annual Average CO Concentrations (ppm) .................................................................................... A-12 Table A-4. CO Data Recovery (1-Hr Data) ....................................................................................................... A-12 Table A-5. Daily Maximum 1-Hr Average NO2 Concentrations (ppm) During 2015 ........................................ A-13 Table A-6. 98th Percentile of the Daily Maximum 1-Hr Average NO2 Concentrations (ppm) ........................... A-13 Table A-7. Annual Average NO2 Concentrations (ppm) .................................................................................. A-14 Table A-8. NO2 Data Recovery (1-Hr Data Points) .......................................................................................... A-14 Table A-9. Daily Maximum 8-Hr Average O3 Concentrations (ppm) During 2015 ........................................... A-15 Table A-10. Fourth Highest 8-Hr O3 Concentrations (ppm) ............................................................................... A-16 Table A-11. Maximum 1-Hr O3 Concentrations (ppm) ....................................................................................... A-16 Table A-12. O3 Data Recovery (1-Hr Data Points) ............................................................................................ A-16 Table A-13. Highest Daily Maximum 1-Hr SO2 Concentrations (ppm) During 2015 .......................................... A-17 Table A-14. 99th Percentile of the Daily Maximum 1-Hr Average SO2 Concentrations (ppm) ........................... A-17 Table A-15. Maximum 24-Hr SO2 Concentrations (ppm) ................................................................................... A-17 Table A-16. Annual Average SO2 Concentrations (ppm) ................................................................................... A-18 Table A-17. Maximum 3-Hr Average SO2 concentrations (ppm) ....................................................................... A-18 Table A-18. Maximum 3-Hr Average SO2 concentrations (ppm) ....................................................................... A-18 Table A-19. Filter-Based PM10 Concentrations (µg/m3) ..................................................................................... A-19 Table A-20. Continuous BAM PM10 Concentrations (mg/m3) ............................................................................. A-21 Table A-21. Maximum 24-Hr Average PM10 FRM Concentrations (μg/m3) ........................................................ A-23 Table A-22. Maximum 24-Hr Average PM10 BAM Concentrations (μg/m3) ........................................................ A-23 Table A-23. Annual Average PM10 Concentrations (μg/m3) .............................................................................. A-23 Table A-24. PM10 Data Recovery ...................................................................................................................... A-23 Table A-25. Filter-Based PM2.5 Concentrations (mg/m3).................................................................................... A-24 Table A-26. Continuous BAM PM2.5 Concentrations (mg/m3) ............................................................................ A-27 Table A-27. Highest 24-Hr Average PM2.5 Concentrations (μg/m3) ................................................................... A-30 Table A-28. 98th Percentile of the 24-Hr Average PM2.5 Average Concentrations (μg/m3) ................................ A-31 Table A-29. Annual Average PM2.5 Concentrations (μg/m3) .............................................................................. A-31 Table A-30. PM2.5 Data Recovery ...................................................................................................................... A-31

Figure A-1: Gull Park Wind Rose for the Port of Long Beach Monitoring Program (2015)

NORTH

SOUTH

WEST EAST4%

8%

12%

16%

20%

WIND SPEED (m/s)

>= 11.1

8.8 - 11.1

5.7 - 8.8

3.6 - 5.7

2.1 - 3.6

0.5 - 2.1

Calms: 2.05%

A-1

Figure A-2: Superblock Wind Rose for the Port of Long Beach Monitoring Program (2015)

NORTH

SOUTH

WEST EAST4%

8%

12%

16%

20%

WIND SPEED (m/s)

>= 11.1

8.8 - 11.1

5.7 - 8.8

3.6 - 5.7

2.1 - 3.6

0.5 - 2.1

Calms: 3.48%

A-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Aver

age

Mon

thly

CO

Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pm)

Month

Figure A-3: Average Monthly CO Concentrations at the Port of Long Beach and Surrounding SCAQMD Monitoring Stations, January 2007 - December 2015

Super Block

Gull Park

North Long Beach

Compton

A-3

0.000

0.020

0.040

0.060

0.080

0.100

Aver

age

Mon

thly

NO

2 Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pm)

Month

Figure A-4: Average Monthly NO2 Concentrations at the Port of Long Beach and Surrounding SCAQMD Monitoring Stations, January 2007 - December 2015

Super Block

Gull Park

North Long Beach

Compton

Annual CAAQS (1)

Annual NAAQS (1)

(1) National and State air quality standards shown in the figure are annual average standards, and should not be compared directly with the monitoring data, which are presented as monthly averages.

A-4

0.000

0.020

0.040

0.060

0.080

0.100

Aver

age

Mon

thly

O3 C

once

ntra

tion

(ppm

)

Month

Figure A-5: Average Monthly O3 Concentrations at the Port of Long Beach and Surrounding SCAQMD Monitoring Stations, January 2007 - December 2015

Super Block

Gull Park

North Long Beach

Compton

A-5

0.000

0.010

0.020

0.030

0.040

0.050

Aver

age

Mon

thly

SO

2 Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pm)

Month

Figure A-6: Average Monthly SO2 Concentrations at the Port of Long Beach and Surrounding SCAQMD Monitoring Stations, January 2007 - December 2015

Super Block

Gull Park

North Long Beach

Costa Mesa

A-6

0

40

80

120

160

200

Average Mon

thly PM

10Co

ncen

tration (µg/m

3 )

Month

Figure A‐7: Average Monthly FRM PM10 Concentrations at the Port of Long Beachand Surrounding SCAQMD Monitoring Stations, January 2007 ‐ December 2015

Super Block ‐ FRMGull Park ‐ FRMNorth Long BeachSouth Long BeachAnnual CAAQS (1)

(1) State air quality standard shown in the figure is an annual average standard, and should not be compared directly with the monitoring data, which are presented as monthly averages.

Fall 2007 Southern California Wildfires

Fall 2008 Southern California Wildfires

A-7

0

40

80

120

160

200

Aver

age

Mon

thly

PM

10 C

once

ntra

tion

(µg/

m3 )

Month

Figure A-8: Average Monthly BAM PM10 Concentrations at the Port of Long Beach and Surrounding SCAQMD Monitoring Stations, January 2007 - December 2015

Super Block - BAMGull Park - BAMNorth Long Beach - BAMLos Angeles-North Main Street - BAMAnaheim-Pampas Lane - BAMCAAQS

(1) State air quality standard shown in the figure is an annual average standard, and should not be compared directly with the monitoring data, which are presented as monthly averages.

Fall 2007 Southern California Wildfires Fall 2008 Southern

Califonia Wildfires

A-8

0

12

24

36

48

60

Average Mon

thly PM

2.5Co

ncen

tration (µg/m

3 )

Month

Figure A‐9: Average Monthly FRM PM2.5 Concentrations at the Port of Long Beachand Surrounding SCAQMD Monitoring Stations, January 2007 ‐ December 2015

Super Block ‐ FRMNorth Long BeachSouth Long BeachNAAQS and CAAQS (1)

(1) National and State air quality standard shown in the figure is an annual average standard, and should not be compared directly with the monitoring data, which are presented as monthly averages.

Fall 2007 Southern California Wildfires Fall 2008 Southern

California Wildfires

A-9

0

12

24

36

48

60

Average Mon

thly PM

2.5Co

ncen

tration (µg/m

3 )

Month

Figure A‐10: Average Monthly BAM PM2.5 Concentrations at the Port of Long Beach and Surrounding SCAQMD Monitoring Stations, January 2007 ‐ December 2015

Super Block ‐ BAM

Gull Park ‐ BAM

North Long Beach ‐ BAM

South Long Beach ‐ BAM

NAAQS and CAAQS (1)Fall 2007 Southern California Wildfires

Fall 2008 Southern Califonia Wildfires

A-10

0

2

4

6

8

10

Aver

age

Mon

thly

BC

Conc

entr

atio

n (µ

g/m

3 )

Month

Figure A-11: Average Monthly Black Carbon Concentrations at the Port of Long Beach, September 2012 - December 2015

Super Block

Gull Park

(1) There are currently no State or National Ambiant Air Quality Standards for Black Carbon.

A-11

Table A-1. Maximum 1-Hr CO Concentrations (ppm)

Superblock Gull Park North Long Beach Compton NAAQS 1-hour CAAQS 1-hour

2007 4.7 2.8 3.3 N/A2 35.0 20.0

2008 4.4 7.6 19.3 N/A2 35.0 20.0

2009 4.7 3.3 3.1 6.5 35.0 20.0

2010 4.4 2.7 4.0 6.0 35.0 20.0

2011 4.1 3.2 3.2 6.0 35.0 20.0

2012 3.8 2.7 3.7 5.2 35.0 20.0

2013 3.1 2.4 N/A1 5.8 35.0 20.0

2014 3.2 2.4 N/A1 5.8 35.0 20.0

2015 3.4 2.3 N/A1 4.4 35.0 20.0

(1) North Long Beach station shut down by SCAQMD as of 9/27/2013.(2) Compton station started reporting data in 2009.

Table A-2. Maximum 8-Hr CO Concentrations (ppm)

Superblock Gull Park North Long Beach Compton NAAQS 8-hour CAAQS 8-hour

2007 3.4 2.3 3.3 N/A2 9.0 9.0

2008 3.4 2.4 5.8 N/A2 9.0 9.0

2009 3.3 2.4 2.2 4.0 9.0 9.0

2010 2.6 2.1 2.1 3.6 9.0 9.0

2011 3.4 2.7 2.3 3.8 9.0 9.0

2012 2.8 2.2 2.2 3.8 9.0 9.0

2013 2.4 1.8 N/A1 3.5 9.0 9.0

2014 2.5 1.8 N/A1 3.8 9.0 9.0

2015 2.7 2.0 N/A1 3.3 9.0 9.0


Table A-3. Annual Average CO Concentrations (ppm)

Superblock Gull Park North Long Beach Compton3

2007 0.6 0.4 0.6 N/A3

2008 0.6 0.5 0.5 N/A3

2009 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6

2010 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.7

2011 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5

2012 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5

2013 0.6 0.4 N/A2 0.5

2014 0.6 0.4 N/A2 0.5

2015 0.6 0.4 N/A2 0.6

% Change1 -7.8% 0.2% N/A2 1.5%

(1) Percent change compares the 2015 annual average vs. 2007 annual average.(2) North Long Beach station shut down by SCAQMD as of 10/4/2013.(3) Compton station started reporting data in 2009, thus percent change compares the 2015 annual average vs. 2009 annual average.

Table A-4. CO Data Recovery (1-Hr Data)

Superblock Gull Park Compton

8,106 7,926 7,603

8,395 8,395 8,395

96.6% 94.4% 90.6%

(1) Valid hourly averages are the total number of valid data points collected during 2015 at each station.(2) Total available hours are the number of hr/yr minus the hours used for instrument calibration.

Total Valid Hourly Averages1

Total Available Hours2

% Data Recovery

Year

Year

Year

CO Concentrations (ppm)



A-12

Table A-5. Daily Maximum 1-Hr Average NO2 Concentrations (ppm) During 2015

Date Conc. Date Conc. Date Conc. Date Conc. Date Conc. Date Conc.

01/151 0.096 11/191 0.094 12/091 0.074 05/271 0.102 11/191 0.059 01/221 0.052

01/19 0.096 12/01 0.093 01/19 0.071 02/05 0.075 12/02 0.057 12/03 0.052

01/16 0.094 11/13 0.091 10/28 0.068 11/19 0.073 12/08 0.057 12/07 0.052

11/19 0.092 11/20 0.086 02/05 0.066 10/27 0.069 10/26 0.056 01/07 0.050

01/06 0.091 11/18 0.085 11/20 0.065 04/28 0.068 11/12 0.056 02/13 0.049

11/18 0.082 11/21 0.084 12/08 0.063 01/19 0.067 11/20 0.056 01/18 0.048

01/14 0.081 12/08 0.082 12/02 0.060 11/21 0.066 03/06 0.055 01/21 0.048

12/292 0.081 12/022 0.077 11/232 0.059 11/132 0.065 10/272 0.055 10/092 0.048

01/13 0.080 03/26 0.076 10/27 0.058 12/09 0.064 03/13 0.054 11/12 0.047

01/21 0.080 10/27 0.076 11/21 0.058 02/02 0.063 01/05 0.054 11/17 0.047

12/08 0.080 11/17 0.076 01/24 0.057 03/13 0.063 03/05 0.054 11/19 0.047

01/22 0.079 10/26 0.074 10/12 0.057 03/12 0.063 03/07 0.053 11/23 0.047

10/09 0.077 12/03 0.073 03/13 0.056 03/16 0.062 01/07 0.052 01/05 0.047

01/07 0.076 12/07 0.073 09/09 0.055 11/20 0.061 02/05 0.052 02/12 0.046

04/17 0.075 10/10 0.072 11/18 0.055 12/07 0.060 12/07 0.052 02/14 0.046

11/13 0.074 11/12 0.072 03/15 0.055 10/09 0.060 02/12 0.051 03/06 0.045

10/27 0.073 11/23 0.072 04/03 0.055 01/07 0.059 12/01 0.051 01/23 0.045

10/12 0.072 03/13 0.071 11/13 0.054 03/10 0.059 12/06 0.051 11/21 0.045

(1) This value represents the maximum 1-hr average during 2015. This value is used to determine compliance with the California 1-hr NO2 standard (0.18 ppm).(2) This daily maximum 1-hour value represents the 98th percentile for 2015. This value is used to calculate the 3-year average to determine compliance with the 1-hour NO2

standard (0.100 ppm).

Table A-6. 98th Percentile of the Daily Maximum 1-Hr Average NO2 Concentrations (ppm)

Year Superblock Gull Park ComptonNAAQS3-year

2013 0.097 0.075 0.062 --

2014 0.097 0.083 0.059 --

2015 0.081 0.077 0.059 --

Average1 0.092 0.078 0.060 0.100

(1) This is the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour NO2 concentration to determine compliance with the 1-hour NO2 standard.

Costa Mesa‐Mesa Verde Drive Compton Anaheim‐Pampas Lane Super Block Gull Park

Long Beach‐2425 Webster Street

A-13

Table A-7. Annual Average NO2 Concentrations (ppm)

Year Superblock Gull ParkNorth Long

BeachCompton

NAAQSAnnual

CAAQSAnnual

2007 0.030 0.020 0.020 N/A3 0.053 0.030

2008 0.029 0.018 0.021 N/A3 0.053 0.030

2009 0.025 0.020 0.021 0.021 0.053 0.030

2010 0.025 0.018 0.019 0.018 0.053 0.030

2011 0.025 0.020 0.020 0.019 0.053 0.030

2012 0.023 0.019 0.018 0.017 0.053 0.030

2013 0.027 0.020 N/A2 0.017 0.053 0.030

2014 0.027 0.019 N/A2 0.016 0.053 0.030

2015 0.022 0.021 N/A2 0.017 0.053 0.030

% Change1 -26.3% 5.8% N/A2 -20.1% -- --

(1) Percent change compares the 2015 annual average vs. 2007 annual average.(2) North Long Beach station shut down by SCAQMD as of 10/4/2013.(3) Compton station started reporting data in 2009, thus percent change compares the 2015 annual average vs. 2009 annual average.

Table A-8. NO2 Data Recovery (1-Hr Data Points)

Superblock Gull Park Compton

6,591 8,051 7,941

8,395 8,395 8,395

78.5% 95.9% 94.6%

(1) Valid hourly averages are the total number of valid data points collected during 2015 at each station.(2) Total available hours are the number of hr/yr minus the hours used for instrument calibration.



% Data Recovery

A-14

Table A-9. Daily Maximum 8-Hr Average O3 Concentrations (ppm) During 2015


09/201 0.056 10/261 0.058 09/201 0.073 09/201 0.067 09/201 0.081 09/201 0.080

10/26 0.055 10/11 0.056 10/11 0.067 04/27 0.058 08/16 0.068 10/26 0.072

03/21 0.048 04/16 0.056 09/19 0.067 09/19 0.057 09/24 0.067 04/27 0.071

03/152 0.048 10/122 0.055 06/172 0.066 04/182 0.057 10/262 0.066 10/092 0.069

10/11 0.047 06/17 0.055 10/26 0.065 10/11 0.054 09/19 0.065 04/28 0.067

10/04 0.046 04/27 0.055 06/18 0.065 10/10 0.054 09/30 0.064 09/19 0.066

02/15 0.046 04/28 0.054 04/27 0.061 04/12 0.054 08/15 0.064 04/04 0.066

10/10 0.045 04/14 0.054 04/04 0.061 10/26 0.053 09/18 0.062 04/16 0.065

09/27 0.045 04/10 0.054 11/01 0.060 04/15 0.053 06/18 0.062 11/01 0.064

06/17 0.045 04/02 0.054 10/10 0.060 04/04 0.053 06/17 0.062 10/11 0.064

05/10 0.045 03/21 0.054 08/16 0.060 03/15 0.053 04/29 0.062 04/18 0.064

03/27 0.045 10/04 0.053 04/28 0.060 06/17 0.052 10/08 0.061 04/15 0.064

08/22 0.044 06/18 0.053 03/15 0.060 04/28 0.052 09/26 0.060 03/16 0.064

06/19 0.044 04/17 0.053 09/18 0.059 04/10 0.052 04/27 0.060 10/10 0.062

09/19 0.043 04/15 0.053 09/07 0.059 04/03 0.052 11/01 0.059 10/08 0.062

09/06 0.043 04/12 0.053 06/20 0.059 09/27 0.051 10/09 0.059 04/17 0.062

04/02 0.043 02/15 0.053 06/19 0.059 06/19 0.051 08/27 0.059 04/10 0.062

03/20 0.043 06/16 0.052 04/16 0.059 04/17 0.051 08/24 0.059 04/02 0.062

(1) This value represents the maximum 8-hr average during 2015. This value is used to determine compliance with the California 8-hr O3 standard (0.07 ppm).

(2) This daily max value represents the 99th percentile daily maximum 8-hr average during 2015. This value will is used to calculate the 3-year average to determine attainment with the National 8-hour O3 standard (0.075 ppm).

Costa Mesa‐Mesa Verde Drive Super Block Compton Anaheim‐Pampas Lane Gull Park

Long Beach‐2425 Webster Street

A-15

Table A-10. Fourth Highest 8-Hr O3 Concentrations (ppm) Table A-12. O3 Data Recovery (1-Hr Data Points)

Year Superblock Gull Park ComptonNAAQS

8-Hr Superblock Gull Park Compton

2013 0.053 0.055 0.064 -- 7,479 8,029 7,1002014 0.057 0.059 0.074 -- Total Available Hours2 8,395 8,395 8,3952015 0.048 0.055 0.066 -- % Data Recovery 89.1% 95.6% 84.6%

Average1 0.053 0.056 0.068 0.0702 (1) Valid hourly averages are the total number of valid data points collected during 2015 at

(1) This is the 3-year average of the 99th percentile daily maximum 8-hour O3 each station.

concentration to determine compliance with the 8-hour O3 standard. (2) Total available hours are the number of hr/yr minus the hours used for instrument calibration(2) The 8-Hr O3 NAAQS was updated to 0.070 on Dec 28, 2015.

Table A-11. Maximum 1-Hr O3 Concentrations (ppm)


BeachCompton

CAAQS1-Hr

2007 0.093 0.100 0.099 N/A2 0.090

2008 0.091 0.091 0.093 N/A2 0.090

2009 0.069 0.072 0.089 0.104 0.090

2010 0.089 0.094 0.101 0.082 0.090

2011 0.065 0.081 0.074 0.082 0.090

2012 0.069 0.076 0.084 0.087 0.090

2013 0.081 0.079 N/A1 0.090 0.090

2014 0.078 0.087 N/A1 0.085 0.090

2015 0.077 0.078 N/A1 0.088 0.090



A-16

Table A-13. Highest Daily Maximum 1-Hr SO2 Concentrations (ppm) During 2015

Date Conc. Date Conc. Date Conc. Date Conc.

06/251 0.020 05/291 0.018 02/031 0.009 01/251 0.015

04/29 0.012 03/21 0.016 02/19 0.008 04/11 0.008

06/03 0.011 03/26 0.015 03/03 0.008 01/24 0.007

01/202 0.010 05/282 0.015 02/242 0.006 10/092 0.005

04/09 0.010 07/10 0.015 03/24 0.006 11/23 0.005

04/13 0.010 06/23 0.014 01/20 0.004 12/10 0.005

04/27 0.009 04/08 0.013 02/17 0.004 03/26 0.005

06/24 0.009 07/28 0.013 02/20 0.004 01/08 0.005

01/30 0.008 12/31 0.013 03/17 0.004 04/10 0.004

05/19 0.008 07/16 0.012 12/07 0.004 09/21 0.004

02/04 0.007 03/07 0.011 01/23 0.003 10/21 0.004

04/17 0.007 05/30 0.011 01/29 0.003 10/31 0.004

05/01 0.007 06/22 0.011 02/10 0.003 11/08 0.004

08/28 0.007 07/14 0.011 03/31 0.003 11/19 0.004

09/20 0.007 07/24 0.011 01/02 0.002 12/08 0.004

09/24 0.007 03/05 0.010 01/06 0.002 03/25 0.004

02/02 0.006 03/19 0.010 01/07 0.002 04/27 0.004

04/14 0.006 04/10 0.010 01/08 0.002 03/14 0.004

(1) This value represents the maximum 1-hr average during 2015. This value is used to determine compliance with the California 1-hr SO2 standard (0.25 ppm).(2) This daily max value represents the 99th percentile for daily maximum 1-hr SO2 concentrations in 2015. A three-year average of

this value can be compared with the 1-hour SO 2 NAAQS (0.075 ppm) to determine compliance.

Table A-14. 99th Percentile of the Daily Maximum 1-Hr Average SO2 Concentrations (ppm)

Year Superblock Gull Park Costa MesaNAAQS3-year

2013 0.014 0.027 0.003 --

2014 0.016 0.017 0.007 --

2015 0.010 0.015 0.006 --

Average1 0.013 0.020 0.005 0.075

(1) This is the 3-year average of the 99 th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour SO2 concentration to determine compliance with the

1-hour SO2 standard.

(2) North Long Beach station shut down by SCAQMD as of 10/4/2013.

Table A-15. Maximum 24-Hr SO2 Concentrations (ppm)

Superblock Gull ParkNorth Long

BeachCosta Mesa

CAAQS24-hour

2007 0.022 0.012 0.009 0.003 0.040

2008 0.021 0.019 0.010 0.003 0.040

2009 0.013 0.012 0.004 0.003 0.040

2010 0.009 0.012 0.007 0.002 0.040

2011 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.001 0.040

2012 0.005 0.006 0.003 0.001 0.040

2013 0.006 0.009 0.003 0.001 0.040

2014 0.006 0.007 N/A1 0.001 0.040

2015 0.004 0.004 N/A1 0.002 0.040


Los Angeles-Westchester Parkway

Super Block

Year

Gull Park Costa Mesa-Mesa Verde Drive

SO2 Concentrations (ppm)

A-17

Table A-16. Annual Average SO2 Concentrations (ppm)


BeachCosta Mesa

NAAQSAnnual

2007 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.0008 0.030

2008 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.0011 0.030

2009 0.003 0.003 0.001 0.0011 0.030

2010 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.0006 0.030

2011 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.0003 0.030

2012 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.0001 0.030

2013 0.002 0.003 N/A2 0.0002 0.030

2014 0.002 0.003 N/A2 0.0003 0.030

2015 0.002 0.002 N/A2 0.0001 0.030

% Change1 -57% -58% N/A2 -83% --

(1) Percent change compares the 2015 annual average vs. 2007 annual average.


Table A-17. Maximum 3-Hr Average SO2 concentrations (ppm)


06/25 0.010 05/28 0.013 02/19 0.004 01/25 0.006

04/091 0.009 07/161 0.011 02/031 0.003 01/241 0.005

04/29 0.009 07/28 0.011 03/03 0.003 04/11 0.004

04/13 0.008 03/26 0.010 12/07 0.002 01/08 0.004

06/24 0.008 05/29 0.010 01/23 0.002 11/23 0.004

(1) This daily max value represents the 2nd highest 3-hour daily SO 2 concentration in 2015. This value can be compared with the 3-hr

secondary SO2 NAAQS (0.5 ppm) to determine compliance.

Table A-18. SO2 Data Recovery (1-Hr Data Points)

Superblock Gull Park Costa Mesa

8,325 7,784 7,890

8,395 8,395 8,395

99.2% 92.7% 94.0%

(1) Valid hourly averages are the total number of valid data points collected during 2015 at each station.

(2) Total available hours are the number of hr/yr minus the hours used for instrument calibration.



% Data Recovery

Los Angeles-Westchester Parkway

Super Block Gull Park Costa Mesa-Mesa Verde Drive

A-18

Table A-19. Filter-Based PM10 Concentrations (µg/m3)

Sampling Date Superblock - FRM Gull Park - FRM

01/06/15 46.3 33.0

01/12/15 33.0 30.5

01/18/15 44.2 38.5

01/24/15 58.1 40.7

01/30/15 29.4 14.5

02/05/15 66.7 47.9

02/11/15 63.8 38.2

02/17/15 32.8 20.0

02/23/15 20.4 12.2

03/01/15 5.4 6.0

03/07/15 50.9 39.1

03/13/15 67.7 38.9

03/19/15 51.6 28.3

03/25/15 55.7 31.0

03/31/15 37.6 41.5

04/06/15 36.2 11.7

04/12/15 21.3 NA1

04/18/15 42.7 38.3

04/24/15 27.0 15.0

04/30/15 61.2 39.9

05/06/15 33.1 18.4

05/12/15 41.4 26.7

05/18/15 36.3 15.1

05/24/15 19.9 16.9

05/30/15 25.2 18.8

06/05/15 31.3 15.6

06/11/15 17.2 6.2

06/17/15 38.7 20.1

06/23/15 46.7 29.7

06/29/15 43.4 22.6

07/05/15 11.5 16.8

07/11/15 17.2 9.4

07/17/15 33.6 18.0

07/23/15 31.1 10.6

07/29/15 48.4 26.7

08/04/15 NA1 28.2

08/10/15 37.1 17.4

08/16/15 35.7 36.4

08/22/15 33.5 27.9

08/28/15 41.0 24.7

09/03/15 31.3 14.0

09/09/15 63.1 35.6

09/15/15 14.2 8.1

09/21/15 49.2 30.4

09/27/15 23.5 24.0

(1) Data unavailable for a sampling day.

A-19

Table A-19. Filter-Based PM10 Concentrations (µg/m3)

Sampling Date Superblock - FRM Gull Park - FRM

10/03/15 29.2 25.9

10/09/15 50.2 31.6

10/15/15 30.9 12.4

10/21/15 43.2 24.8

10/27/15 NA1 39.6

11/02/15 NA1 15.5

11/08/15 28.5 24.2

11/14/15 45.6 NA1

11/20/15 62.7 NA1

11/26/15 21.7 NA1

12/02/15 45.0 NA1

12/08/15 88.0 NA1

12/14/15 13.6 NA1

12/20/15 15.6 NA1

12/26/15 20.8 NA1


A-20

Table A-20. Continuous BAM PM10 Concentrations (g/m3)

Sampling Date Superblock - BAM Gull Park - BAM

01/06/15 143.4 39.5

01/12/15 44.1 40.0

01/18/15 60.0 48.0

01/24/15 67.9 49.2

01/30/15 34.5 19.6

02/05/15 85.6 60.3

02/11/15 81.5 52.5

02/17/15 41.9 28.0

02/23/15 24.1 15.8

03/01/15 5.8 8.2

03/07/15 67.6 42.5

03/13/15 76.2 46.7

03/19/15 55.6 33.3

03/25/15 74.4 35.1

03/31/15 51.3 30.6

04/06/15 41.6 NA1

04/12/15 28.9 25.2

04/18/15 49.3 39.7

04/24/15 29.3 17.5

04/30/15 72.8 44.8

05/06/15 41.8 21.0

05/12/15 46.0 29.9

05/18/15 41.6 20.1

05/24/15 24.6 22.2

05/30/15 37.7 26.8

06/05/15 33.8 16.8

06/11/15 20.5 8.5

06/17/15 47.6 23.9

06/23/15 54.7 34.5

06/29/15 49.6 22.4

07/05/15 18.3 13.5

07/11/15 20.5 14.8

07/17/15 43.6 23.1

07/23/15 33.3 11.8

07/29/15 61.9 34.5

08/04/15 58.3 32.2

08/10/15 44.5 22.2

08/16/15 46.0 37.3

08/22/15 44.8 34.1

08/28/15 50.3 27.4

09/03/15 38.6 19.9

09/09/15 81.6 38.0

09/15/15 17.4 9.6

09/21/15 57.8 NA1

09/27/15 34.5 26.1


A-21

Table A-20. Continuous BAM PM10 Concentrations (g/m3)


10/03/15 34.3 27.6

10/09/15 63.5 49.2

10/15/15 38.0 13.0

10/21/15 53.8 28.9

10/27/15 70.0 46.2

11/02/15 28.9 NA1

11/08/15 32.7 27.8

11/14/15 51.4 38.5

11/20/15 67.6 45.2

11/26/15 24.0 18.1

12/02/15 58.5 46.3

12/08/15 94.5 56.2

12/14/15 19.2 14.8

12/20/15 18.0 21.8

12/26/15 30.0 24.2


A-22

Table A-21. Maximum 24-Hr Average PM10 FRM Concentrations (μg/m3)

Date Conc. Date Conc. Date Conc.

12/081 88.0 02/051 47.9 12/081 62.0

03/132 67.7 03/312 41.5 09/092 51.0

02/05 66.7 01/24 40.7 02/05 50.0

02/11 63.8 04/30 39.9 10/27 44.0

09/09 63.1 10/27 39.6 11/20 42.0

(1) This value represents the maximum 24-hr average during 2015. This value is used to determine compliance with the California

24-hr PM10 standard (50 µg/m3).

(2) This value represents the second highest 24-hr average during 2015. This value is used to determine compliance with the

National 24-hr PM10 standard (150 µg/m3).

Table A-22. Maximum 24-Hr Average PM10 BAM Concentrations (μg/m3)


01/061 143.4 02/041 66.0 02/051 65.1 02/191 66.6

01/152 109.5 01/222 65.0 02/042 63.0 01/202 64.3

02/02 107.5 01/19 62.6 01/20 59.4 02/04 61.8

01/04 101.8 02/18 60.5 02/19 57.1 02/18 61.7

01/18 100.7 02/05 60.3 01/21 55.7 02/20 58.5

(1) This value represents the maximum 24-hr average during 2015. This value is used to determine compliance with the California

24-hr PM10 standard (50 µg/m3).(2) This value represents the second highest 24-hr average during 2015. This value is used to determine compliance with the

National 24-hr PM10 standard (150 µg/m3).

Table A-22. Annual Average PM10 Concentrations (μg/m3)

SuperblockFRM

Gull ParkFRM

SuperblockBAM

Gull ParkBAM

North Long Beach FRM

South Long Beach FRM

CAAQSAnnual

2007 49.1 35.6 50.2 38.9 33.6 43.2 20.0

2008 44.1 29.7 47.6 35.1 29.1 35.7 20.0

2009 44.7 29.8 52.1 35.4 30.2 33.2 20.0

2010 40.6 23.6 45.8 27.5 21.9 27.2 20.0

2011 49.5 26.3 56.6 33.3 24.2 28.7 20.0

2012 50.7 24.0 50.7 30.9 23.2 25.4 20.0

2013 53.1 26.7 57.2 33.7 N/A2 27.2 20.0

2014 42.3 25.8 56.6 32.4 N/A2 26.3 20.0

2015 37.7 24.9 49.8 30.6 N/A2 26.4 20.0

% Change1 -23.2% -30.2% -0.8% -21.3% N/A2 -38.8% --



Table A-23. PM10 Data Recovery

SuperblockFRM

Gull ParkFRM

SuperblockBAM

Gull ParkBAM

South Long Beach FRM

24-Hr 24-Hr 1-Hr 1-Hr 24-Hr

57 52 8,547 8,249 58

Total Available Hours2 60 60 8,760 8,760 60

% Data Recovery 95.0% 86.7% 97.6% 94.2% 96.7%



Glendora


Sampling Time

Super Block Gull Park South Long Beach

Super Block Gull Park Anaheim-Pampas Lane

YearPM10 Concentrations (g/m3)

A-23

Table A-24. Filter-Based PM2.5 Concentrations (g/m3)

Sampling Date Superblock - FRM

01/03/15 22.0

01/06/15 17.2

01/09/15 18.0

01/12/15 13.8

01/15/15 12.4

01/18/15 20.1

01/21/15 20.8

01/24/15 12.7

01/27/15 7.3

01/30/15 6.9

02/02/15 18.7

02/05/15 27.2

02/08/15 3.4

02/11/15 10.6

02/14/15 9.5

02/17/15 10.0

02/20/15 6.5

02/23/15 3.7

02/26/15 5.7

03/01/15 1.0

03/04/15 7.3

03/07/15 11.0

03/10/15 11.0

03/13/15 8.5

03/16/15 12.7

03/19/15 7.9

03/22/15 4.0

03/25/15 7.0

03/28/15 8.0

03/31/15 8.0

04/03/15 9.0

04/06/15 4.9

04/09/15 8.0

04/12/15 4.3

04/15/15 11.4

04/18/15 6.8

04/21/15 5.1

04/24/15 5.7

04/27/15 9.0

04/30/15 13.1

05/03/15 7.2

05/06/15 5.3

05/09/15 6.3

05/12/15 7.4

05/15/15 3.7


A-24



05/18/15 5.4

05/21/15 6.2

05/24/15 6.5

05/27/15 7.3

05/30/15 13.1

06/02/15 7.7

06/05/15 7.8

06/08/15 15.7

06/11/15 4.6

06/14/15 4.4

06/17/15 12.1

06/20/15 10.6

06/23/15 10.3

06/26/15 10.7

06/29/15 8.5

07/02/15 8.4

07/05/15 NA1

07/08/15 5.5

07/11/15 NA1

07/14/15 6.7

07/17/15 8.3

07/20/15 4.4

07/23/15 5.8

07/26/15 5.5

07/29/15 11.9

08/01/15 9.3

08/04/15 8.7

08/07/15 8.3

08/10/15 8.2

08/13/15 9.8

08/16/15 11.9

08/19/15 12.7

08/22/15 12.6

08/25/15 13.1

08/28/15 10.4

08/31/15 6.8

09/03/15 7.0

09/06/15 7.8

09/09/15 11.9

09/12/15 8.6

09/15/15 2.5

09/18/15 8.4

09/21/15 8.8

09/24/15 9.0

09/27/15 7.4


A-25



09/30/15 8.4

10/03/15 6.1

10/06/15 5.8

10/09/15 12.4

10/12/15 12.5

10/15/15 6.1

10/18/15 4.9

10/21/15 8.2

10/24/15 10.2

10/27/15 NA1

10/30/15 10.5

11/02/15 5.1

11/05/15 7.1

11/08/15 11.5

11/11/15 9.6

11/14/15 15.9

11/17/15 10.3

11/20/15 17.8

11/23/15 12.6

11/26/15 9.3

11/29/15 7.4

12/02/15 12.1

12/05/15 11.4

12/08/15 17.5

12/11/15 5.0

12/14/15 3.3

12/17/15 14.3

12/20/15 6.2

12/23/15 8.1

12/26/15 5.0

12/29/15 13.0


A-26

Table A-25. Continuous BAM PM2.5 Concentrations (g/m3)


01/03/15 57.3 44.3

01/06/15 143.4 39.5

01/09/15 68.8 39.0

01/12/15 44.1 40.0

01/15/15 92.8 48.6

01/18/15 60.0 48.0

01/21/15 87.5 54.2

01/24/15 67.9 49.2

01/27/15 42.4 31.6

01/30/15 34.5 19.6

02/02/15 80.5 45.2

02/05/15 85.6 60.3

02/08/15 23.1 17.4

02/11/15 81.5 52.5

02/14/15 41.4 46.2

02/17/15 41.9 28.0

02/20/15 58.7 37.0

02/23/15 24.1 15.8

02/26/15 62.0 39.8

03/01/15 5.8 8.2

03/04/15 57.9 27.9

03/07/15 67.6 42.5

03/10/15 100.5 61.1

03/13/15 76.2 46.7

03/16/15 60.1 39.6

03/19/15 55.6 33.3

03/22/15 26.9 22.7

03/25/15 74.4 35.1

03/28/15 39.0 29.2

03/31/15 51.3 30.6

04/03/15 72.4 49.8

04/06/15 41.6 NA1

04/09/15 48.6 22.9

04/12/15 28.9 25.2

04/15/15 87.0 47.7

04/18/15 49.3 39.7

04/21/15 36.4 21.9

04/24/15 29.3 17.5

04/27/15 51.5 29.9

04/30/15 72.8 44.8

05/03/15 33.8 29.4

05/06/15 41.8 21.0

05/09/15 33.3 28.7

05/12/15 46.0 29.9

05/15/15 17.3 11.1


A-27



05/18/15 41.6 20.1

05/21/15 43.1 15.9

05/24/15 24.6 22.2

05/27/15 40.3 16.2

05/30/15 37.7 26.8

06/02/15 39.3 12.8

06/05/15 33.8 16.8

06/08/15 66.4 30.9

06/11/15 20.5 8.5

06/14/15 13.2 5.4

06/17/15 47.6 23.9

06/20/15 48.3 35.9

06/23/15 54.7 34.5

06/26/15 56.5 33.7

06/29/15 49.6 22.4

07/02/15 51.3 19.9

07/05/15 18.3 13.5

07/08/15 33.9 15.8

07/11/15 20.5 14.8

07/14/15 39.5 18.5

07/17/15 43.6 23.1

07/20/15 18.2 8.7

07/23/15 33.3 11.8

07/26/15 26.8 21.7

07/29/15 61.9 34.5

08/01/15 43.3 25.6

08/04/15 58.3 32.2

08/07/15 40.8 25.1

08/10/15 44.5 22.2

08/13/15 65.1 37.5

08/16/15 46.0 37.3

08/19/15 52.8 30.6

08/22/15 44.8 34.1

08/25/15 51.7 31.9

08/28/15 50.3 27.4

08/31/15 44.8 29.1

09/03/15 38.6 19.9

09/06/15 40.4 38.9

09/09/15 81.6 38.0

09/12/15 40.3 33.7

09/15/15 17.4 9.6

09/18/15 57.8 NA1

09/21/15 57.8 NA1

09/24/15 60.2 36.2

09/27/15 34.5 26.1


A-28



09/30/15 66.3 33.7

10/03/15 34.3 27.6

10/06/15 45.8 28.6

10/09/15 63.5 49.2

10/12/15 63.9 32.3

10/15/15 38.0 13.0

10/18/15 25.1 19.4

10/21/15 53.8 28.9

10/24/15 43.9 42.9

10/27/15 70.0 46.2

10/30/15 76.2 52.8

11/02/15 28.9 NA1

11/05/15 39.8 30.0

11/08/15 32.7 27.8

11/11/15 52.7 30.5

11/14/15 51.4 38.5

11/17/15 65.6 42.7

11/20/15 67.6 45.2

11/23/15 61.6 47.6

11/26/15 24.0 18.1

11/29/15 22.7 24.1

12/02/15 58.5 46.3

12/05/15 47.0 38.6

12/08/15 94.5 56.2

12/11/15 74.6 22.2

12/14/15 19.2 14.8

12/17/15 59.9 35.8

12/20/15 18.0 21.8

12/23/15 37.6 19.8

12/26/15 30.0 24.2

12/29/15 60.4 27.9


A-29

Table A-26. Highest 24-Hr Average PM2.5 Concentrations (μg/m3)


02/05 27.2 02/05 34.5 02/05 35.8 01/20 48.6 02/04 56.5 02/04 65.6

01/031 22.0 01/211 32.1 01/211 32.3 01/01 48.0 02/05 43.3 01/21 65.5

01/21 20.8 01/03 30.6 03/10 31.1 02/04 42.3 02/06 43.2 01/20 58.7

01/18 20.1 03/10 30.3 01/03 26.8 01/19 41.5 01/20 41.7 02/19 56.4

02/02 18.7 05/18 25.6 01/09 24.5 02/06 40.1 02/18 39.7 02/05 52.8

01/09 18.0 01/18 25.3 02/02 22.8 02/05 39.4 02/03 38.5 02/06 49.7

11/20 17.8 01/09 24.5 12/08 21.4 01/21 37.7 02/19 36.7 02/18 45.0

12/08 17.5 02/02 19.8 02/20 17.6 03/102 36.5 01/192 33.6 02/202 42.2

01/06 17.2 01/12 19.4 12/17 17.2 01/04 35.7 03/10 31.5 02/03 42.1

11/14 15.9 02/20 18.2 05/30 16.6 01/13 32.9 01/21 29.3 01/13 39.0

06/08 15.7 02/20 18.2 11/20 16.2 01/18 32.4 02/02 27.8 01/19 37.9

12/17 14.3 05/30 17.1 08/22 14.5 02/18 31.4 01/01 27.6 03/10 37.4

01/12 13.8 11/14 16.9 10/27 14.3 02/19 30.9 01/13 26.7 02/17 37.3

04/30 13.1 04/30 16.4 08/25 14.0 06/18 30.5 01/18 26.5 06/17 36.9

04/30 13.1 08/25 15.8 04/30 13.9 01/02 29.8 01/04 26.3 01/09 36.8

04/30 13.1 10/27 14.8 12/05 13.7 02/03 29.5 01/22 24.5 01/10 36.1

12/29 13.0 07/29 14.6 02/17 13.2 01/22 29.4 02/20 23.4 01/12 35.3

01/24 12.7 08/16 14.6 08/19 13.1 01/03 29.3 12/30 23.3 02/16 35.0

* No filter based data availble for Gull Park as there is no FRM located on site.

(1) These 24-hour average PM2.5 concentrations measured by the filter based monitor represent the 98th percentile for 2015, based on approximately 120 sa

(2) These 24-hour average PM2.5 concentrations measured by the SCAQMD filter; and SCAQMD and Port BAM monitors represent the 98th percentile for 20

Los Angeles-North Main Street - BAM

Superblock FRM Superblock - BAM Gull Park - BAMNorth Long Beach

FRMSouth Long Beach

FRM

A-30

Table A-27. 98th Percentile of the 24-Hr Average PM2.5 Average Concentrations (μg/m3)

Superblock FRM

Superblock BAM

Gull Park BAM

North Long Beach - FRM

South Long Beach - FRM

NAAQSAnnual

2013 23.9 35.2 26.9 24.4 24.1 --

2014 27.4 35.4 30.1 29.3 26.2 --

2015 22.0 36.5 33.6 19.8 17.6 --

Average1 24.5 35.7 30.2 24.5 22.6 35.0

(1) This is the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of the 24-hour PM2.5 concentration during 2013-2015

Table A-28. Annual Average PM2.5 Concentrations (μg/m3)

YearSuperblock

FRMSuperblock

BAMGull Park

BAM North Long

Beach - FRMSouth Long Beach - FRM

North Long Beach - BAM

South Long Beach - BAM

NAAQS Annual

CAAQSAnnual

2007 14.5 17.5 14.9 14.6 13.7 N/A N/A 15.0 12.0

2008 13.8 19.1 15.6 14.2 13.7 N/A N/A 15.0 12.0

2009 11.7 17.3 14.1 13.0 12.4 13.3 N/A 15.0 12.0

2010 9.4 12.6 10.7 10.6 10.4 11.8 N/A 15.0 12.0

2011 10.4 15.1 13.5 10.8 10.8 15.5 N/A 15.0 12.0

2012 9.0 14.5 14.4 10.4 10.5 14.4 13.9 12.03 12.0

2013 9.7 16.0 12.8 11.3 11.0 N/A2 14.8 12.0 12.0

2014 8.9 16.2 11.7 11.4 10.7 N/A2 14.5 12.0 12.0

2015 9.3 13.7 11.1 10.8 10.1 N/A2 13.7 12.0 12.0

% Change1 -35.8% -21.5% -25.4% -25.8% -26.3% N/A2 N/A -- --


(2) North Long Beach BAM monitor discuontinued operations on 9/30/2013.

(3) This NAAQS was updated 0n December 14th, 2012.

Table A-29. PM2.5 Data Recovery

SuperblockFRM

SuperblockBAM

Gull ParkBAM

North Long Beach - FRM

South Long Beach - FRM

24-Hr 1-Hr 1-Hr 24-Hr 24-Hr

118 8,584 8,326 118 112

121 8,760 8,760 121 121

97.5% 98.0% 95.0% 97.5% 92.6%



Sampling Time



% Data Recovery

A-31

APPENDIX B

POLB Air Quality Monitoring Program Annual Report for 2014

Pictures of Monitoring Station

Super Block Monitoring Station Pictures

Picture 1 – Super Block Monitoring Station Shelter and Met Tower

Picture 2 – Surrounding Area North of Super Block Monitoring Station

Picture 3 – Surrounding Area East of Super Block Monitoring Station

Picture 4 – Surrounding Area South of Super Block Monitoring Station

Picture 5 – Surrounding Area West of Super Block Monitoring Station

Gull Park Monitoring Station Pictures

Picture 6 –Gull Park Monitoring Station Shelter and Met Tower

Picture 7 – Surrounding Area North of Gull Park Monitoring Station

Picture 8 – Surrounding Area East of Gull Park Monitoring Station

Picture 9 – Surrounding Area South of Gull Park Monitoring Station

Picture 10 – Surrounding Area West of Gull Park Monitoring Station

monitoring program background · 2019. 7. 27. · 2015 summary report 1 introduction this report...

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