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Monitoring of vertebrates by Operation Wallacea in the Iwokrama and Surama Forests, Guyana

Research Report 2011 Jake Bicknell, Andrew Snyder, James Kemp, Dr. Burton Lim

Operation Wallacea research report, Guyana 2011

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Contents Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 2 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 3

1.1 Stakeholders ........................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Goals of this monitoring ......................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Team members ....................................................................................................................... 3

2. Survey sites and spatial design .......................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Sites ......................................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Survey spatial design .............................................................................................................. 5

3. Methods ............................................................................................................................................. 5 3.1 Bird mist net surveys .............................................................................................................. 5 3.2 Bat mist net surveys................................................................................................................ 6 3.3 Transect sampling for large mammals and large-ranging birds ............................................. 6 3.4 Herpetile transect surveys ...................................................................................................... 7 3.5 Burro-Burro River surveys ...................................................................................................... 8 3.6 Giant otter status and distribution ......................................................................................... 9

4. Results .............................................................................................................................................. 10 4.1 Survey effort ......................................................................................................................... 10 4.2 Bird mist net surveys ............................................................................................................ 10 4.3 Bat mist net surveys.............................................................................................................. 11 4.4 Transect sampling for large mammals and large-ranging birds ........................................... 13 4.5 Herpetile surveys (transects and opportunistic) .................................................................. 14 4.6 Burro-Burro River surveys .................................................................................................... 16 4.7 Giant otter status and distribution ....................................................................................... 17 4.8 Other opportunistic findings................................................................................................. 17

5. References ....................................................................................................................................... 18 6. Appendix .......................................................................................................................................... 19

Appendix 1. Understory bird species presence per site. ............................................................ 19 Appendix 2. Bat species presence per site. ................................................................................ 21 Appendix 3. Large mammal and large-ranging bird species presence by site. .......................... 22 Appendix 4. Reptile and amphibian species presence by site. ................................................... 23 Appendix 5. River target species presence by river transect site ............................................... 25

Summary From June-August 2011, Operation Wallacea teams sampled five forest sites in central Guyana. Surveys focused on bats, birds, large mammals, reptiles and amphibians. These surveys aimed to establish a base-line dataset for the monitoring of key biodiversity taxa, and will be replicated annually by Operation Wallacea teams. During this first year of surveys, key findings include records of two bat species that have not been previously recorded from the area, and one species of snake that also has not been recorded here. In terms of relative abundance, all sites showed similar species composition, however catch/encounter rates consistently differed between sites with some sites showing greater abundance of certain groups.


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1. Introduction 1.1 Stakeholders Operation Wallacea is a network of academics from European and North American universities, who design and implement biodiversity and conservation management research programmes. Research is supported by students who join the programme, to strengthen their CV or resume, gain course credit, or collect data for a dissertation or thesis. Academics benefit from funding for high quality fieldwork enabling them to publish papers in peer reviewed journals. This model enables the collection of large temporal and spatial datasets used for assessing the effectiveness of conservation management interventions. The Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development (IIC) forms an international partnership between Guyana and the Commonwealth, to demonstrate how tropical forests can be sustainably used in the interest of global scale climate change, local communities, and biodiversity conservation. The Iwokrama Forest in central Guyana is 3710 km2 of low-lying terra firme neotropical rainforest that is of global importance to biodiversity conservation, and carbon storage. The IIC’s mission is: ‘To promote the conservation and sustainable and equitable use of tropical rainforest in a manner that leads to lasting ecological, economic and social benefits to the people of Guyana and to the world in general, by undertaking research, training and development and dissemination of technologies.’ The Iwokrama Forest is divided into roughly half Sustainable Utilization Area (SUA), where sustainable use of forest resources are permitted and tested, and half Wilderness Preserve (WP), where there is no commercial extraction of forest resources. Surama Village in the North Rupununi, Region 9, is a primarily Makushi Amerindian community that is part of the villages encompassed under the administration of Annai Village. Surama’s vision is: ‘We will develop, own and manage a community-based eco-tourism business by constructively using the natural resources and our traditional culture in a socially appropriate manner. We will provide opportunities for our people through research, training and employment. We will work with our partners for mutual respect and benefits.’ 1.2 Goals of this monitoring The purpose of this monitoring is to provide long-term datasets on key biodiversity taxa, and to record trends in abundance (and to some extent diversity) of these taxa. These data may be used to understand changes in the Iwokrama and Surama forests in relation to anthropogenic impacts, climate change and climate fluctuations (in particular El Niño Southern Oscillation patterns), and also the effectiveness of management interventions. These surveys will also provide an equal coverage of the SUA and WP parts of the Iwokrama Forest and therefore provide further understanding of this management technique. Additionally these surveys will provide coverage of parts of this area that have not been previously surveyed, and may therefore provide additions to the species list for the area. There are now several derivatives of the UNFCC Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) mechanism where biodiversity criteria are included in payments derived from REDD+ funding (such as the Climate, Community & Biodiversity Alliance standards). This dataset may therefore be used for similar initiatives in Guyana. 1.3 Team members Scientists Birds & large mammals: Jake Bicknell – University of Kent/Operation Wallacea Herpetiles: Andrew Snyder – University of Mississippi/Operation Wallacea Bats: Burton Lim – Royal Ontario Museum James Kemp – Operation Wallacea


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Local guides/rangers Micah Davis, Floria Francis, James Honorio, Armstrong Simon, Martin Carter, Russian Dorrick, Alex Honorio (Iwokrama International Centre); Ron Allicock, Ovid Allicock, Kurt Singh, Garry Sway, Arnaldo, Junior, Kenneth Butler and Clifford Sway (Surama Village). Operation Wallacea research assistants Nina Cooke (expedition medic), Shalinee Bhoobun (expedition medic), Michael Fulham, Nikkita Autar, Charlotte Dunn, Thomas Horsley, Vicky Houde, Carl Bryce Hubbell, Guy Kantorowich, Neil Wilson, Judith Betz, Cara Bulger, Ariana Burgener, Emma Downie, Patrick Fenner, Rebecca Kane, Jennifer Lee, Marisa Levin, Etienne Littlefair, Tyler Pockette, Sheona Proven, Christopher Schofield, Megan Sorensen, Hannah Walker, Joanna Welch and Laura Woods.

2. Survey sites and spatial design 2.1 Sites During June – August 2011, five sites were surveyed; four within the Iwokrama Forest - Turtle Mountain (SUA), Kabocalli (WP), Canopy Walkway (SUA), Sandstone (SUA), and one outside the Iwokrama Forest - Surama Forest. Additionally, two stretches of the Burro-Burro River were surveyed for river associated wildlife (Fig.1). This area lies between 4° and 5° north and 58° and 59° west, and is characterised by low-lying terra firme tropical rainforest, dominated by Chlorocardium rodiei, Eperua falcata, Dicorynia guianensis, Mora excelsa and Swartzia leiocalycina. Rainfall averages ~3,000 mm yr–1, with a rainy season from April to July (400-500 mm). Most other months experience ~200 mm. Temperatures range from an average minimum of 22°C at night during the July rainy season to an average maximum of 36°C during the October dry season. All sites are characterised by high forest, with the exception of Surama Forest which is located at the frontier of forest and savannah, and may therefore be considered ‘intermediate’.

Iwokrama Research Centre

Turtle Mountain

Kabocalli

Sandstone

Rock Landing

Canopy Walkway

Surama

Fig 1. Survey sites (black), and other logistical sites (white). White lines indicate the two river transects along the Burro-Burro River. Red line shows the boundary of the Iwokrama Forest.


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2.2 Survey spatial design At each terrestrial site two 1-4km transects were used to survey large mammals, large-ranging birds, and herpetiles (see specific sections for details). These transects radiated out in different directions greater than 90° from one-another. At each site mist nets were used to sample understorey birds and bats. In most cases the first 200m of one of the transects was also used for the mist net array. (Fig. 2).

50m

50

m

Bird nets – 18 in a row along transect

Bat nets – in pairs (18)

Transect – Mammals, herpetiles, large birds

Access trail

Camp

Mist net array

Fig. 2. Example of transect set-up and mist-net array which was similar at all sites. Bird nets are shown in blue, and bat nets in red.

3. Methods 3.1 Bird mist net surveys Survey methods 18 (12 x 2.6 metre) mist nets were placed directly along the transect line, shown in Fig. 2. Nets were opened at 06:00 (dawn) and closed at 18:00 (dusk). Nets were checked approximately every 30 minutes, and birds were extracted and returned to the camp for recording. Birds were identified using two field guides (Hilty 2002; Restall et al 2006), sexed and aged where possible. In order to record recaptures, birds were marked by making a small triangular clipping on the right-hand outer tail feather. Data analysis Relative abundance of species was calculated as the number of birds caught per 1000 net hours (the number caught per net, per hour, multiplied by 1000). Target species All species caught in nets were considered target.


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3.2 Bat mist net surveys Methods 18 (12 x 2.6 metre) mist nets were placed in pairs at each of the nine positions shown in the gird format in Fig. 2. Nets were opened at 18:00 (dusk) and closed at 00:00. Nets were checked approximately every 30 minutes, and bats were extracted and returned to the camp for recording. Bats were identified using the key developed by Lim & Engstrom (2001), sexed and aged, and reproductive status noted. In order to record recaptures, bats were marked by making a small (3mm) hole punch in the wing membrane (left hand side close to foot) using a biopsy punch. Data analysis Relative abundance of species was calculated as the number of bats caught per 1000 net hours (the number caught per net, per hour, multiplied by 1000). Target species All species caught in nets were considered target. 3.3 Transect sampling for large mammals and large-ranging birds Following Peres 1999, both line transects were surveyed simultaneously by two separate teams, between the hours of 06:00 – 10:00. Teams were composed of one primary spotter (a local ranger or guide), and two assistants. Observers slowly walked the transects observing for target species. Upon detection of target species (by either vocalisation, direct sighting or tracks/signs), the perpendicular distance was measured (see Fig. 3.) to enable density estimation (Buckland et al. 2001), as well as the group size and any available demographics.

Fig. 3. Method for measuring the perpendicular distance from the transect line to the target species for line transect monitoring. Where possible, observers measure the perpendicular distance without the need for the angle. Data analysis Relative abundance of species was calculated as the number of detections per 10km of transect. For group living species, encounter rate is calculated from the number of group encounters, whereas for solitary species, the encounter rate is calculated from encounters of individuals. Target species Target species were selected based on the likelihood of obtaining robust population density estimates using line transect sampling, and to provide a representative profile of species across dietary guilds (Table 1). Closely related congeners of a few of these species, which cannot be reliably differentiated in the field (e.g. the tinamous and the parrots), were pooled together into single functional groups (as in Bicknell & Peres 2010 and Peres & Palacios 2007). Large-ranging birds were considered those that have large (>10 ha-1) home ranges. These include the parrot family, toucans,


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one species of gregarious forest falcon, and various terrestrial bird groups (see Table 1). Other large mammal species encountered were also recorded, but do not provide robust abundance metrics. Table 1. Primary target species for morning transect walks. Some represent functional groups where individual species recognition is unreliable in the field.

Taxa Species

Scientific name

Primates

Black Spider Monkey Ateles paniscus Red Howler Monkey Alouatta macconnelli Wedge-capped capuchin Cebus olivaceus White-faced Saki Pithecia pithecia

Rodents Red-rumped Agouti Dasyprocta leporina

Ungulates Red-brocket and Grey-brocket deer Mazama americana, gouazoubira White-lipped and collared Peccary Tayassu pecari, tajucu

Large-ranging birds Macaws Ara choropterus, macao, ararauna Parrots Amazona spp.; Pionites melanocephalus;

Pionopsitta caica; Deroptyus accipitrinus; Pionus fuscus, menstruus

Parakeets Pyrrhura picta; Brotogeris chrysoptera Toucans Ramphastos tucanus, vitellinus Tinamous Tinamus major; Crypturellus variegatus Grey-winged trumpeter Phsopia crepitans Black Currosow (Powis) Crax alector Guans Penelope marial, jacquacu Red-throated Caracara Ibycter americanus

3.4 Herpetile transect surveys Methods To provide standardised abundance metrics, daytime visual encounter surveys (DVES) were completed along the transects in the morning hours between 08:00 and 11:00. Observers walked slowly along the transect, searching 10m either side of the transect. The team consisted of one experienced herpetologist (A. Snyder), and up to four research assistants. The geographical location of all encountered herpetofauna was recorded using a GPS, and toe or scale clippings were taken for DNA analysis as part of a wider research programme. Due to the fact that standardised DVES only record a subset of the herpetile species diversity, night-time visual encounter surveys (NVES) were completed to build a species lists for each site. NVES were conducted at varied hours after dark to ensure the most accurate representation of nocturnal species activity. Where possible, all micro-habitats were surveyed, including swampy areas, river banks and creeks. Data analysis Relative abundance of species was calculated as the number of detections per 10km of transect.

http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/12304


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Target species All species were considered target species. 3.5 Burro-Burro River surveys Methods River surveys were conducted by boat. The boat drifted down river (with the engine switched off), and observers recorded all target species (Table 2 & 3) that were visually detected (see Table 2 & 3). Upon detection of target species, their location (GPS for otter and anaconda), group size and any available demographics were recorded. Data analysis Relative abundance of species was calculated as the number of detections per 10km of transect. Target species Target species were selected based on species that are either restricted to riparian habitats, or regularly frequent riparian habitats, and on the likelihood of obtaining robust abundance metrics (Table 2 & 3). Table 2. Burro-Burro River mammal, reptile and fish target species

Taxa Species

Scientific name

Mammals

Giant river otter Pteronura brasiliensis Neotropical river otter Lontra longicaudis

Reptiles Anaconda Eunectes marinus Giant river turtle Podocnemis expansa Yellow-spotted river turtle Podocnemis unifilis Black Caiman Melanosuchus niger Spectacled caiman Caiman crocodilus Schneider’s dwarf caiman Paleosuchus trigonatus Cuvier’s dwarf caiman Paleosuchus palpebrosus

Fish Arapaima Arapaima gigas

http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/12304


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Table 3. Burro-Burro River bird target species.

Family Species

Scientific name

Kingfishers

Amazon kingfisher Chloroceryle amazona American pygmy kingfisher Chloroceryle aenea Ringed kingfisher Megaceryle torquata Green kingfisher Chloroceryle americana Green & rufous kingfisher Chloroceryle inda Pygmy kingfisher Chloroceryle aenea

Tiger-herons Rufescent tiger-heron Tigrisoma lineatum

Herons & egrets Great egret Ardea alba Cocoi heron Ardea cocoi Grey heron Ardea cineria Little blue heron Egretta caerulaea Tri-coloured heron Egretta tricolor Striated heron Butorides striata Agami heron Agamia agami

Ibis

Green ibis Mesembrinibis cayennensis

Ducks Muscovy duck Cairina moschata

Swallows White-winged swallow Tachycineta albiventer White-banded swallow Atticora fasciata

Terns Large-billed tern Phaetusa simplex

Other Anhinga Anhinga anhinga Neotropic cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus Osprey Pandion haliaetus Black Skimmer Rhnchops niger

3.6 Giant otter status and distribution The methods for monitoring and understanding the distribution, habitat use and population dynamics of Giant River Otters were designed by the IUCN Otter Specialist Group (Groenendijk et al. 2005). This method is quite detailed and can be downloaded at www.giantotterresearch.com. The survey includes three major indicators of giant otters 1. abundance, 2. distribution and 3. habitat suitability. For the purpose of this survey we set out to measure only indicators 1 and 2. The locations of all camp sites, dens and latrines were recorded using a GPS. The history of occupancy and current use status, based on the occurrence of trampled plants and recent latrines were also recorded.


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4. Results 4.1 Survey effort A total of six independent sites were surveyed during the eight week period. Most sites were sampled for approximately six days, with the exception of Surama Palm Forest which was only sampled for one day. Table 4 summarises survey effort at each site for each survey method. Table 4. Survey effort for all sites surveyed in 2011.

Site Bird nets (12m net hours)

Bat nets (12m net hours)

Herpetile transect (km)

Mammal/large bird transect (km)

Burro-Burro River surveys (km)

Turtle Mountain 1332 612 7.2 32.0 - Kabocalli 1206 522 5.5 29.4 - Canopy Walkway 978 558 8.0 19.7 - Sandstone 1656 610 6.1 35.5 75.6 Surama Rock Landing 972 714 5.7 19.8 21.7 Surama Palm Forest* 102 168 - - - Total 6246 3184 32.5 136.4 97.3

* This site is excluded from most analysis due to comparatively low sampling effort.

4.2 Bird mist net surveys Seventy species of bird were caught using mist nets. No marked differences were detected between sites in terms of species diversity, although there was variation. However, mean capture rates were approximately twofold higher in the Surama Forest sites and Kabocalli, compared with the remaining sites (Table 5). Fig. 4 shows relative abundance by species for each site, plus all sites pooled. Wedge-billed woodcreeper was the most abundant species. Table 5. Summary of bird mist net data for all species combined.

Site Effort (12m net hours)

Total caught Catch rate (ind/1000 12m net hrs)

Species diversity (No. sp. caught)

Turtle Mountain 1332 99 74.32 27 Kabocalli 1206 142 117.76 36 Canopy Walkway 978 68 69.53 28 Sandstone 1656 126 76.09 35 Surama Rock Landing 972 145 149.19 36 Surama Palm Forest* 102 16 156.86 12 Pooled (all sites) 6246 596 95.42 70

* Note low survey effort at this site.


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ch r

ate

per

100

0 n

et h

ou

rs

Sandstone

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

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ge-b

illed

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e-ba

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bird

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en-a

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ngfis

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akin

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bird

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llied

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te p

er 1

000

net

hour

s

Turtle Mountain Canopy Walkway

42 further species

Fig. 4. Bird species relative abundance by site. Abundance is expressed as capture rate per 1000 hours of 12m mist net. 4.3 Bat mist net surveys 41 species of bat were caught using mist nets. Bat surveys showed a marked difference between the Iwokrama Forest, and the Surama Forest sites. In particular, relative abundance of bats was much higher in the Surama Forests (Table 6). Fig. 5 shows relative abundance by species for each site, plus all sites pooled. Artibeus planirostris was the most abundant species at all but one site. Two species (Furipteridae: Furipterus horrens; Phyllostominae: Mimon bennetti) not previously been recorded in the Iwokrama Forest were caught in the mist nets, increasing the known bat species diversity to 88 species (Lim & Engstrom 2005).


12

Table 6. Summary of bat mist net data for all species combined

Site Effort (12m net hours)

Total caught Catch rate (ind/1000 12m net hrs)


Turtle Mountain 612 94 153.59 20 Kabocalli 522 109 208.81 17 Canopy Walkway 558 36 64.52 12 Sandstone 610 56 91.8 17 Surama Rock Landing 714 220 308.12 28 Surama Palm Forest* 168 69 410.71 15 Pooled (all sites) 3184 584 183.42 41

*Note low survey effort at this site

0

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Kabocalli

Sandstone

Turtle Mountain

Canopy Walkway

12 further species

Fig. 5. Bat species relative abundance by site. Abundance is expressed as capture rate per 1000 hours of 12m mist net.


13

4.4 Transect sampling for large mammals and large-ranging birds All target large-ranging birds (or functional groups) were detected at each site. At most sites, with the exception of Surama Forest, and Canopy Walkway, toucans were the most abundant group. Of the mammals, primates were the most abundant group at all sites, with Red Howler Monkey the most commonly detected species. There was little variation in the abundance of mammals between sites, however large-ranging bird encounter rates did vary between sites (Table 7 & Fig. 6). Table 7. Summary of large mammal and large ranging bird transect data for all species combined

Site Effort (km)

Total detections

Encounter rate (ind/10 km)

Turtle Mountain 32.0 198 61.9 Kabocalli 29.4 157 53.4 Canopy Walkway 19.7 151 76.7 Sandstone 35.5 289 81.4 Surama Rock Landing 19.8 184 92.9 Pooled (all sites) 136.4 979 71.8


14

0

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All sites pooled Surama Forest

Kabocalli Sandstone


Fig. 6. Large mammal (grey) and large ranging bird (white) encounter rates (ind or groups/10km) across all sites. Two transects per site were repeatedly surveyed over an approximately 6 day period. 4.5 Herpetile surveys (transects and opportunistic) 65 species of reptile (37) and amphibian (28) were recorded using transects searches, opportunistic searches and pit-fall traps. Species diversity showed no marked difference between sites. However relative abundance on transect searches was much lower in the Surama Forest (Table 8) than all other sites. Fig. 7 shows relative abundance by species for each site, plus all sites pooled, for species detected during transect daytime walks. Gonotodes humeralis was the most abundant species encountered during transect walks. Fig. 7 does not include species detected through opportunistic searches.


15

One species of snake (Philodryas viridissimus) not previously recorded in the Iwokrama Forest was found at the Canopy Walkway site, increasing the known reptile species diversity to 83 species (Donelly et al. 2005). Table 8. Summary herpetile transect data for all species combined, plus overall species diversity

Site Effort (km) Total detections

Encounter rate (ind/10km)


Turtle Mountain 7.2 21 29.2 28 Kabocalli 5.5 15 27.3 28 Canopy Walkway 8.0 17 21.25 30 Sandstone 6.1 14 23.0 30 Surama Rock Landing 5.7 10 17.5 30 Pooled (all sites) 32.5 77 23.7 65


16

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(in

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0

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14

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am

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Ch

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s

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Kabocalli Sandstone


Fig. 7. Herpetile encounter rates (ind/10km of transect) across all sites. Two transects per site were repeatedly surveyed over an approximately 6 day period. 4.6 Burro-Burro River surveys Species diversity was lower on the river stretches adjacent to the Surama Forest (Fig. 8). This is expected however, as the river is much smaller along this stretch, compared with the larger stretch of the river surveyed in the Iwokrama Forest around Sandstone. The key finding of these surveys is what appears to be niche separation in the two largest kingfisher species. In the river adjacent to the Surama Forest, the Ringed kingfisher was markedly the most common kingfisher, however in the river stretches within the Iwokrama Forest, the Amazon kingfisher was the most abundant.


17

Grey heron was also detected along the Sandstone stretch of the Burro-Burro. This is unusual as this species is native to Europe, Africa and Asia. Grey heron have been recorded as vagrant in Trinidad, so it is possible that this species has now established itself in Northern South America also. 4.7 Giant otter status and distribution Giant river otters were only detected once during the surveys, and this was most likely due to the high river levels during the survey period. River levels also prevented the teams from detecting otter campsites and dens. Table 9. Summary

Site Effort (km) Total detections

Encounter rate (ind /10km – all sp.)

Sandstone stretch 75.6 505 66.8 Surama stretch 21.7 181 83.4 Pooled (all sites) 97.3 686 70.5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Wh

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Co

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Enco

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ter

rate

(in

d /

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km) Sandstone stretch Surama stretch

Fig. 8. Pooled encounter rates (ind/10km of river) for river associated birds (grey) and mammals (white) along a 12km stretch of the Burro-Burro River around Sandstone camp, and 9km stretch of the Burro-Burro River around Surama Forest. These stretches of the river were repeatedly surveyed over an approximately 6 day period. 4.8 Other opportunistic findings During surveys at Kabocalli the teams observed a large roost of Agami herons at Ladysmith Creek (just south of Kabocalli). Although numbers were not formally counted, it is estimated that this roost is home to c.50 pairs and therefore it is likely that it represents an important breeding site for this species in the area. IIC’s monitoring data also suggest that this site is also important for several other heron species which can be found here in large numbers.


18

5. References Bicknell, J., & Peres, C.A., 2010. Vertebrate population responses to reduced-impact logging in a

neotropical forest. Forest Ecology and Management. 259, 2267-2275. Buckland, S.T., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P., Laake, J.L., Borchers, D.L., & Thomas, L., 2001.

Introduction to Distance Sampling: Estimating Abundance of Biological Populations. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Donnelly, M.A., Chen, M.H., & Watkins, G.G. 2005. Sampling amphibians and reptiles in the

Iwokrama Forest ecosystem. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 154, 55-69.

Groenendijk, J et al. 2005. Surveying and Monitoring Distribution and Population Trends of the Giant

Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) – Guidelines for a Standardisation of Survey Methods as recommended by the Giant Otter Section of the IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group. Habitat. 16. Available at www.giantotterresearch.com

Hilty, S. 2002. Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd. Lim, B.K., & Engstrom, H.D., 2001. Species diversity of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in Iwokrama

Forest, Guyana, and the Guianan subregion: implications for conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation. 10, 613-657.

Lim, B.K., & Engstrom, M.D., 2005. Mammals of Iwokrama Forest. Proceedings of the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 154, 71-108. Peres, C.A., 1999. General guidelines for standardizing line-transect surveys of tropical forest

primates. Neotropical Primates. 7, 11-16. Peres, C.A., Palacios, E., 2007. Basin-wide effects of game harvest on vertebrate population densities

in Amazonian forests: implications for animal mediated seed dispersal. Biotropica. 39, 304-315. Restall, R., Rodner, C. & Lentino, M. 2006. Birds of Northern South America: An identification guide.

Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd.


19

6. Appendix Appendix 1. Understory bird species presence per site.

Family Species

Pooled (all sites)

Canopy Walkway

Kabocalli Sandstone Surama

- PF Surama

- RL Turtle

Mountain

Antbirds

Ferruginous-backed Antbird X - X X - X -

Wing-banded Antbird X - - - - X -

Scale-backed Antbird X - X X - X X

White-plumed Antbird X X X X X X X

Spot-winged Antbird X - X X - - -

Dusky Antbird X - X X - - X

Rufous-throated Antbird X X X X - X X

Warbling Antbird X X X X - - -

Antpittas

Spotted Antpitta X - - - - X X

Thrush-like Antpitta X X - - - - -

Antshrikes

Mouse-coloured Antshrike X X - - - X -

Dusky-throated Antshrike X X - X X X X

Cinereous Antshrike X X X X X X X

Anthrushes

Rufous-capped Antthrush X - X - X - X

Antwrens

Rufous-bellied Antwren X X X X X X X

Long-winged Antwren X X X X - X X

White-flanked Antwren X X X X - X -

Plain-winged Antwren X - - X - - -

Brown Bellied Antwren X X X X - - X

Grey Antwren X - - - - X -

Doves/Pigeons

Pale-vented pigeon X - - - - X -

Ruddy Quail-dove X - X - - X X

Grey-fronted dove X - - - - X -

Flycatchers

Yellow-olive Flycatcher X - - X - - -

Whiskered Flycatcher X X X - - - -

Amazonian Royal Flycatcher X - - - - - X

Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher X - X - - - -

Ochre-bellied Flycatcher X X X X - X X

McConnell's Flycatcher X X X X - X X

Olivaceous flatbill X X X - - X -

Helmeted Pygmy-tyrant X - - X - - -

Spadebills

Golden-crowned spadebill X - - - - X -

White-crested Spadebill X X X - - X -

Cinamon-crested Spadebill X - X X X - X


20

Foliage-gleaners

Cinnamon-rumped Foliage-gleaner X - X - - - -

Rufous-tailed Foliage-gleaner X X - - - - -

Buff-Throated foliage-gleaner X X - - - - - Chestnut-crowned foliage-gleaner X - - - - X -

Grosbeaks

Red and black Grosbeak X - X - - - -

Blue-black Grosbeak X - X - - - X

Hummingbirds

Fork-tailed Woodnymph X - X X - - -

Blue-chinned Saphire X - - X - - -

White-tailed barbthroat X X - X X - -

Grey-breasted Sabrewing X - - X - X -

Eastern Long-tailed Hermit X - - - - X -

Reddish Hermit X - X X - - -

Rufous-Breasted Hermit X - - - X X -

Kingfishers

Green-and-rufous Kingfisher X - - - - - X

American Pygmy Kingfisher X - - X - - X

Manakins

White-crowned Manakin X X X X - X X

Golden-headed Manakin X - - - - X -

White-throated Manakin X X X X - X X

Tanagers

Fulvous-crested Tanager X - - - - - X

Fulvous Shrike Tanager X X - - - - -

Woodcreepers

Chestnut-rumped woodcreeper X - - X - - -

White-chinned woodcreeper X - X X - - -

Buff-Throated woodcreeper X X X X - X X

Wedge-billed woodcreeper X X X X X X X

Amazonian barred woodcreeper X - X X - X -

Plain brown Woodcreeper X X X X X X X

Red-billed woodcreeper X - - X - - -

Others

Guianan Red cotinga X - - X - - -

Black Nunbird X - - - X - -

Chestnut woodpecker X - X - - - X

Coraya Wren X - - - - X -

Plain Xenops X - - - - X -

Collared Puffbird X X - - - - -

White-necked Thrush X - X - - X -

Thrush-Like Schiffornis X X X - X - -

Tawny-crowned greenlet X X - - - X -


21

Appendix 2. Bat species presence per site. Family

Sub-family Genus species

Pooled (all sites)

Canopy Walkway

Kabocalli Sandstone Surama -

PF Surama -

RL Turtle

Mountain

Emballonuridae

Rhynchonycteris naso X - - - - X -

Saccopteryx bilineata X - - - - X -

Furipteridae

Furipterus horrens* X - - X - - -

Mormoopidae

Pteronotus parnellii X X - X - X X

Noctilionidae

Noctilio albiventris X - - - - X -

Noctilio leporinus X - - - - X -

Phyllostomidae

Caroliinae

Carollia perspicillata X X X X X X X

Rhinophylla pumilio X X X X - X X

Desmodontinae

Desmodus rotundus X - X - X X X

Glossophaginae

Glossophaga soricina X X X X X X X

Lonchophylla thomasi X - X X X X X

Phyllostominae

Chrotopterus auritus X - X - - X -

Lophostoma brasiliense X - - - - - X

Lophostoma schulzi X - - X - - -

Lophostoma silvicolum X X X X X X X

micronycteris brachyotis X - - X - - -

Micronycteris megalotis X - X - X - X

Micronycteris minuta X - X - - X -

Micronysteris hirsute X - - - - X -

Mimon bennetti* X X - - - X X

Mimon crenulatum X - X X X X -

Phylloderma stenops X - - X X - X

Phyllostomus discolor X - - - - X -

Phyllostomus elongatus X X X X X X X

Phyllostomus hastatus X - - - X X -

Tonatia saurophila X - - - - X X

Trachops cirrhosus X - X - - X X

Vampyrum spectrum X - X - - - -

Stenodernatinae

Ametrida centurio X - - - X X -

Artibeus cinereus X - - - X - -

Artibeus concolor X - - - - - X

Artibeus lituratus X X X X X X X


22

Artibeus obscurus X X X X - X X

Artibeus planirostris X X X X X X X

Chiroderma villosum X - - - - - X

Mesophylla macconnelli X - - X - - -

Platyrrhinus helleri X - - X - X -

Sturnira lilium X - - - - X -

Sturnira tildae X - - - - X -

Uroderma bilobatum X - - - - - X

Vampyressa bidens X X X - X - -

*Not previously recorded in the Iwokrama Forest.

Appendix 3. Large mammal and large-ranging bird species presence by site.

Group Species

Pooled (all sites)

Canopy Walkway

Kabocalli Sandstone Surama Forest

Turtle Mountain

Mammals

Primates

Black Spider Monkey X X X X X X

Red Howler Monkey X X X X X X

Wedge-capped Capuchin X X X X X X

Rodents

Agouti X X X X X X

Paca X - - X X X

Ungulates

Brocket deer spp. X X - X X X

Collared peccary X - - X - -

Brazilian Tapir X X X X X -

Carnivore

Jaguar X - X X - -

Jaguarundi X - - - - X

Margay X - - X - -

Ocelot X X - X - -

Large ranging birds Red-throated Caracara X X X X X X

Black Curassow X X X X X X

Guan spp. X X X X X X

Macaw spp. X X X X X X

Parakeet spp. X X X X X X

Parrot spp. X X X X X X

Tinamou spp. X X X X X X

Toucan spp. X X X X X X

Grey-winged Trumpeter X X X X X X


23

Appendix 4. Reptile and amphibian species presence by site.

Group Species

Canopy Walkway

Kabocalli Sandstone Surama Forest

Turtle Mountain

Frog/toad

Adenomera andrae X

X Allobates femoralis X X

X

Dendrobates leucomelas

X Dendrophyrniscus minutus

X

Dendropsophus leucophyllatus

X Hypsiboas calcaratus

X X

Hypsiboas cinerascens X

X Hypsiboas crepitans X

Hypsiboas geographicus

X X

Hamptophryne boliviana

X

Hypsiboas boans

X X X X

Leptodactylus knudensi X X X X X

Leptodactylus lineatus

X

Leptodactylus longirostris

Leptodactylus mystaceus X X

X X

Leptodactylus petersi

X

Leptodactylus rhodomystax X X X Leptodactylus bolivianus X X X X X

Osteocephalus lepreurii X X X X Osteocephalus taurinus X X

Phyllomedusa bicolor

X

X Physalaemus ephippifer X X X X X

Pipa pipa

X

Rhaebo guttatus

X X X

Rhinella marina X

X X X

Rhinella typhonius X X X X X

Scinax ruber

X Turtles

Chelonoidis denticulata

X Platemys platycephala

X

Podocnemis expansa X

X Rhinoclemmys punctulaia X X

Alligators

Caiman crocodilus X

X

Melanosuchus niger

X

X X

Lizards

Ameiva ameiva X X

X X

Anolis fuscoauratus X

X Anolis nitens X

X


24

Gonatodes humeralis X X X X X

Iguana iguana

X X

Kentropyx calcarata

X X X

Leposoma percarinatum X X X X

Mabuya nigropuncatus

X X

Plica plica X

X Pseudogonatodes guianensis X

X X

Thecadactylus rapicauda X

X X X

Tupinambus teguixin

X

Uranoscodon superciliosus

X X X Snakes

Bothriopsis bilineata X

Bothrops atrox X

X X X

Chironius fuscus

X X

Chironius scurrulus

X X

Chironius sp.

X X

Clelia clelia

X Corallus hortulanus

X

X X

Dipsas catesbyi X

Dipsas indica

X

Dipsas variegata

X Epicrates cenchria

X

Erythrolamprus aesculapii

X Eunectes murinus

X

Imantodes cenchoa

X

X Leptodeira annulata

X

X X

Liophis reginae

X

Oxyrhopus melanogenys X X

Philodryas viridissimus* X

Siphlophus compressus X

X

*Not previously recorded in the Iwokrama Forest.


25

Appendix 5. River target species presence by river transect site

Species Burro-Burro River (Sandstone stretch)

Burro-Burro River (Surama Forest stretch)

Kingfishers

Amazon kingfisher X X

American pygmy kingfisher X -

Green & rufous kingfisher X X

Green kingfisher X X

Ringed kingfisher X X

Herons

Grey heron X -

Cocoi Heron X X

Black-crowned night heron X -

Rufescent tiger-heron X -

Striated heron X -

Tri-coloured heron X -

Swallows

White-banded swallow X X

White-winged swallow X -

Other birds

Anhinga X X

Muscovy duck X -

Green ibis X X

Mammals

Giant river otter - X

Black spider monkey X -

Red howler monkey X -

Wedge-capped capuchin monkey X X

White-faced saki monkey X -

Southern Tamandua X -

Southern two-toed sloth X -

Reptiles

Anaconda X -

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