POPULISTS PROGRESSIVES

Monetary Policy 1. Bland-Allison Act 1878 1. Federal Reserve Act 1913a. Farmers want supply of 2. 16th Amendment-income taxes

money to increase 3. Federal Farm Loan Act 1916 2. Income tax3. Federal loan program4. Pollock v. Farmer’s Loan & Trust

Co. –invalidated income tax

1. 8-hour day 1. Illinois Factory Act 1893Labor Issues 2. Restrict immigration (nativism) 2. Coal Strike – government can intervene

3. Elkins Act 1903 put teeth into ICC4. Hepburn Act 1906 – ICC can set maximum

railroad rates5. Workman’s Compensation Act-19166. Adamson Act 1916

Big Business 1. Government regulation of 1. Sherman Anti-Trust Act enforcedRegulations railroads, utilities, commun. 2. Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914

2. Granger Organizations 3. Federal Trade Commission (FTC)3. Cooperatives 4. Underwood Act 19134. Lower tariffs 5. Muckrakers – Ida Turnbell5. US v. EC Knight Co. (refused to

make sugar trust)

Government 1. Direct Election of senators 1. City-managers2. One term for president and 2. Initiatives, referendum, recall

vice-president 3. 17th Amendment – direct election of3. Pendleton Civil Service Act 1883 senators4. Political machines – city/ward 4. “Homerule” –city manager/city council

bosses 5. 19th Amendment-women suffrage

Consumer 1. Pushed for tariff reductions 1. Meat Inspection Act 1906Protection 2. Pure Food and Drug Act 1906

Conservation 1. National Reclamation Act 1902

Social Issues 1. Settlement Houses 1. National Child Labor Committee 19042. Social Gospel 2. Keating-Owen Act 1916

3. Muller v. Oregon 19084. Bunting v. Oregon 19175. Workers Compensation6. Shirtwaist factory fire led to laws

PROGRESSIVE ERA 1900-1916

1. Period between the Spanish-American War and WWI2. Three Progressive Presidents

a. Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1908b. William Howard Taft 1908-1912c. Woodrow Wilson 1912-1920

GOALS: 1. protect social welfare2. promote moral improvement3. create economic reform4. encourage efficiency

“Walk Softly and Carry a Big Stick”Teddy BearRough Rider

William Howard Taft

Woodrow Wilson

Robert M. La FolletteJune 14, 1855 - June 18, 1925"Ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free"

Robert La Follette - Wisconsin

1. One of the greatest leaders of the movement

2. Served as a Governor and Senator

3. Reputation as the greatest foe of corruption

4. Many national ideas came from LaFollette andWisconsin

Progressivism

1. It is a “Point of View” not a political party – swept the country

2. Reform movement against big business

3. Social conscience

4. Restore government to the people

5. Two main viewsa. Restore the democratic processb. Advocated expansion of government power to solve national problems

i.e. economic, social

6. Three main areas of concerna. Social Justiceb. Political Reformc. Regulation of Business

7. Happens at all levels of governmenta. Local – State - National

ORIGINATION OF IDEAS OF PROGRESSIVISM

1. Reformed Darwinistsa. Social scientists were beginning to challenge Darwin’s theoriesb. Lester Frank Ward wrote Dynamic Sociology

1) nature was inconsistent with man’s progress2) nature was aimless and it must be shaped by man

2. New Economicsa. John Commons and Richard Ely attacked doctrine of “Lassiez-faire”b. Believed in concrete data not theoriesc. Tested “Laissiez-faire”

1) Concluded: Laissez-faire was interesting, but was not working2) Worked for business, but terrible for workers and consumers

3. Social Gospela. Rediscovered the social goal of religion (i.e. charity)b. Employers had a moral obligation to pay a living wagec. Went against the Protestant Work Ethic

Election of 1900

Republican – William McKinley (292)*Vice-President – Teddy Roosevelt

1. causing internal problems in the Republican Party2. chosen to pacify him

Democrat – William Jennings Bryan (155)

*Assassination of McKinley

Sept. 6, 1901

Anarchist: Leon Czolgosz

Died 8 days later

ROLE OF THE MUCKRACKERS“INVESTIGATIVE REPORTERS”

Ida B. TarbellExposed Standard Oil Company’s monopolyLed to “trust busting” legislation

Upton Sinclair – The JungleExposed meatpacking industryLed to Meat Inspection Act &

Pure Food and Drug Act

Lincoln Steffens editor of McClure’s

Given credit for “muckracking”style of journalism

Thomas Nast

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President Roosevelt – New Breed of President“Bully Pulpit”

1. Characteristics of typical presidenta. laid backb. reign, not rulec. less you do, less trouble to get into

2. New breed of presidenta. man of action – very energeticb. honest and efficientc. progressivism brought to a national leveld. could deal with people at all levels-populare. dominated the headlines and politics

1) breathed new energy into the Presidency2) Father of Modern Presidents

Roosevelt’s Accomplishments – Brought in Progressivism“SQUARE DEAL”

(control of corporations by trusting, consumer protection, and conservation of national resources)

1. Trustbustera. successful enforcement of the Sherman-Anti Trust Actb. strengthened Interstate Commerce Commission

2. Backed unionsa. intervened in the Coal Strike of 1902

3. Pure Food and Drug Act 1906a. prevented the mislabeling of food and drugsb. Banned harmful drugs and chemicals in food and medicines shipped between states

4. Meat Inspection Act 1906a. Federal inspection of meats shipped over state lines

5. Conservation a. Father of Conservationb. Gifford Pinchot in charge of Forestry Departmentc. established national forestsd. established national parkse. called for a national conservation policyf. when federal lands sold, money went into conservation (i.e. dams)

Election of 1904

Republican – Teddy Roosevelt (336)Democrat – Alton Parker (140)Socialist – Eugene Debs (0)

Roosevelt wanted to win Presidency outright – McKinley assassinatedCampaign Promise: If elected would retire after his term was overSecond Term: Retires reluctantly

ELECTION OF 1908

Republican – William Taft (321)Democrat – William Jennings Bryan (162)Socialist – Eugene Debs (0)

Taft hand picked by Roosevelt to ensure his plans were carried out

Results: Taft wins easily – became 2nd Progressive President in 20th centuryConcerns: Taft would be a puppet of Roosevelt – Roosevelt went to Africa

William Howard Taft – 2nd Progressive President

1. Over 300 pounds2. Easy going3. Committed to Roosevelt’s plans4. Weaknesses

a. politically inexperienced1) never won an election before becoming

Presidenta) appointed: Governor, Judge, Secretary

of War, to Canal Zoneb. indecisive

1) background in law, but always weighs theevidence – doubts himself unlike Roosevelt

2) appearance of indecisivenessc. Unlucky

1) led to split in Republican Party2) Joe Cannon issue3) R. A. Ballinger issue

a) tariff issue

TARRIF ISSUE

1. First day in office, Congress requested to revise the tariff downwarda. Objective: establish himself as a “true” Progressive presidentb. Bill makes it to the Senate and returned with 800 amendments (altered it)c. Republicans urged Taft to veto the altered bill

2. Taft reluctantly signed the billa. wanted to please everyoneb. concerned with his public imagec. Result: hut reputation within the Republican party

Joseph Cannon Issue

1. Midway – attempts to take away some of the power of the Speaker of the House (JoeCannon)

2. Cannon controlled the Rules Committee and prevented progressive measures from reaching the floor of the House

3. Vote is close and Taft asked to use his influence 4. Taft decides White House will be neutral

a. concerned Cannon would win and become his enemyb. result: Progressives felt Taft had abandoned them

R. A. Ballinger Issue

1. Taft made Ballinger his Secretary of Interior2. Ballinger inherited career people

a. Inherited Gifford Pinchot3. Ballinger leases land reserves to large companies4. Pinchot felt Taft was abandoning Conservation policies5. Pinchot publically denounces Ballinger6. Taft intervened and told Pinchot to stop

a. Pinchot refusedb. Taft fired Pinchot

7. Progressives infuriated and felt abandoned on one more progressive issue

Pros of Taft’s Presidency

1. Broke up twice the trusts in 4 years that Roosevelt had in 7 ½ years2. Strengthened the ICC3. Passed the 16th Amendment

a. Congress had the power to levy and collect income taxes4. Passed the 17th Amendment

a. Senators elected by the popular vote

Election of 1912

Republicans decide to challenge Tafta) incumbent usually has and easy road to the party nominationb) strong push for LaFollettec) result: election is close until the Republican Conventiond) Roosevelt returned and becomes political againe) Convention result: Taft elected

Roosevelt starts new progressive party – Bull Moose Party

Election of 1912 continued

Democrats – William Jennings Bryana. chosen out of loyaltyb. Woodrow Wilson nominated after 46 ballots

Candidates for Election of 1912 Very spirited campaign

Socialist – Eugene Debs Platform: socialist ideasRepublican – William H. Taft Platform: Progressive ideasDemocrat – Woodrow Wilson Platform: No special help to any groupBull Moose – Teddy Roosevelt Platform: Nationalism

a) strip special interest groups of powerb) protect vulnerable groups

RESULTS OF 1912 ELECTION

Eugene Debs 0 7% popular vote 897,011

William Taft 8 23% popular vote 3,483,922

Teddy Roosevelt 88 27% popular vote 4,126,020

Woodrow Wilson 435 42% popular vote 6,286,820

Wilson – landslide in electoral votes, but only 42% of popular vote1) votes of opposition were split

2) first time in over 20 years a democrat won the Presidency3) Democrats also carry a majority in both Houses

Woodrow Wilson’s First Term

1. Only academic to reach the White Housea. earned several Ph.D’sb. college professorc. President of Princeton

2. Elected Governor of New Jerseya. Did a good job in cleaning up corruption

3. Task: win next electiona. Develop a program to keep his votes and win other

votesb. Impossible to get Taft’s vote, good change to get

Roosevelt’s and Deb’s votesc. Action: Had to produce

4. Accomplishmentsa. Underwood-Simmons Tariff (1913)

1) first significant downward revision since 18462) rates decreased to 27% from 40.8%

First Term Continued

5. Federal Reserve Act 1913 – Glass Owen Acta. created the Federal Reserve Systemb. allowed flexibility in the amount of currency in circulation

6. Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914a. closed loop-holes in the Sherman Anti-Trust Actb. detailed specific conduct, if conduct proven, then guilty

7. Workmen’s Compensation Act 1916a. granted assistance to Federal Civil Service employees during periods of disability

8. Adamson Act 1916a. established 8-hour work dayb. extra pay for overtime

*Act only applied to interstate railroad workers

9. Federal Farm Loan Act 1916a. guaranteed low interest loans to farmers

First Term Continued

10. Keating-Owen Act 1916a. Barred products produced by child labor from being sold out-of-state

*Act declared unconstitutional in 1918

Election of 1916

Democrats – Woodrow Wilson 277 9.1 million popular vote (more pv than 1912 ev)Republicans – Charles Hughes 254 8.5 million popular vote