molecular design of life-2014
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Visualization of Developingegg cells
MovingAmoeba
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What is Life ?
Life is complex and dynamic
All organisms are primarily composed oforganic (carbon-based) molecules thathave three dimensional shapes
Their methods for sustaining biological
processes are similar Living processes (growth and development)
involve thousands of chemical reactions.
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What is Life ?
Life is organized and self sustaining Living organisms are hierarchically
organized systems(each level is based onthe one below)
The molecules that make up livingorganisms, referred to as Biomolecules
In multicellular organisms levels oforganization: tissues, organs and organsystems
At each level of organization the whole is
greater than the sum of the parts
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Organized systems
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What is Life ?
Life is organized and self sustaining
Emergent properties(Hemoglobin)
Continuous acquisition of both energy andmatter and removal waste molecules.
These tasks are accomplished by hundreds
of biochemical reactionsthat are catalyzedby enzymes
The sum total of all reactions in a livingorganism is referred to as Metabolism
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What is Life ?
Life is cellular
Cells differ widely in structure and function
Each is surrounded by a membrane thatcontrols the transport of some chemicalsubstances into and out of the cell.
The membrane mediates the responseofthe cell to components of the extracellularenvirontment.
Cells arise only from the division of existing
cells.
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What is Life ?
Life is information-based
Organization requires information
Living organisms can be considered to beinformation-processing systems
Interacting molecules within cells, between
cells and generation of future cells Genetic informationspecifies the linear
sequence of amino acids in proteins andhow and when those proteins are
synthesized
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What is Life ?
Life adapts and evolvesAll life on earth has a common origin, with
new forms arising from other forms
DNA mutationscan be repaired or have noeffect on the functioning of the organism
On rare occasions mutations maycontribute to an increased ability of theorganism to survive, to adapt to newcircumstances and to reproduce
The interplay of environtmental change and
genetic variation can lead to favorabletraitsand different forms of life.
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Prokaryotes
Form and Function
Life is based on morphological units knownas cells (1838)
Two major classifications of cells: theEukaryotesand Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes (various types of bacteria)
have relatively simple structures andunicellular (they may form colonies)
Viruses, are not classified as livingbecause
they lack the metabolic apparatus toreproduced outside their host cells
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Prokaryotic cell
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Prokaryotes
Prokaryotic classification
Taxonomy are inaplicable to prokaryotesbecause the relatively simple structuresprovide little indication of their phylogeneticrelationships
Based on cell wall properties: 3 major
types: Mycoplasma, Gram-positive bacteriaand Gram-negative bacteria
Mycoplasmas are the smallest of all living
cellsand possess ~20% of the DNA of anE.coli
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Some prokaryotic cells
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Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes cellular architecture
Structural complexity allows sophisticatedregulation of living processes
They have internal membrane-enclosedorganelles.
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Structure of cells
Plasma
Membrane
Endoplasmic
Retikulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
membrane
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Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic phylogeny and differentiation
One of the most remarkable characteristicsof eukaryotes is their enormous
morphologial diversity, on both the cellularand organismal levels (an amoeba, an oaktree and a human being)
Taxonometric schemes based on gross
morphology as well as on protein andnucleic acid sequences: three kingdoms(Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, Protista)
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The origin of life
We cannot hope to determine exactlyhow life arose
The development of life occupied threestages:
Chemical evolution
The self organization
Biological evolution
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The origin of life
The unique properties of Carbon
Elements (C, H, O, N, P and S) formcovalent bonds, comprise ~92% of the dryweight of living things.
Carbon has the unique abilityto form avirtually infinite number of compounds as aresult of its capacity to make as many asfour highly stable covalent bonds combined
with its ability to form covalently linked C-Cchainsof unlimited extent
Over 17 millionchemical compounds,nearly 90% are organic (carbon containing)
substances.
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The origin of life
Chemical evolution
We are far from certain as to how lifearose .
Earths atmosphere contain significantquantities of O2, H2O, N2, CO2and smalleramounts of CO, CH4, NH3, SO2and possiblyH2.
UV radiation from the sun or lightningdischargescaused the molecules to react toform simple organic compoundssuch asamino acids, nucleic acids bases andsugars.
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The origin of life
The rise of living systems
Living systems have the ability to replicatethemselves
The inherent complexity of such a processis such that no manmade device has evenapproached having this capacity.
There is an infinitesimal probabilitythat acollection of molecules can simply gather atrandom to form a living entity.