moisture control for masonry
DESCRIPTION
This program takes a detailed look at a masonry cavity wall’s moisture management system, analyzing the components of air space, flashing, weeps, air barrier, mortar joints, drainage accessories, the masonry materials themselves, and perhaps the most critical component to a watertight wall, workmanship procedures. It will look at details and conditions throughout the wall that present unique opportunities for moisture intrusion via bulk water, air infiltration, and vapor diffusion, and how to mitigate moisture at these conditions.TRANSCRIPT
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MOISTURE CONTROL
presented by International Masonry Institute
FOR MASONRY
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Craftworker certification training
Sustainable Masonry Certification Program
Contractor College
Pre-job and apprentice training
International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
International Masonry Institute
LIFELONG LEARNING
Journeyman upgrade training
Safety, scaffold, OSHA training
Supervisor certification
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IBC & MSJC
BUILDING CODES
2012 IBC goes with 2011 MSJC
MSJC date will be one year prior to companion IBC
2009 IBC goes with 2008 MSJC
IBC supersedes MSJC at points of conflict
IBC: the legally adopted model code
MSJC: the referenced standard
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2012 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE
SECTION 2101 GENERAL
2101.2.6 Masonry Veneer
CHAPTER 21 - MASONRY
Masonry veneer shall comply
with the provisions of Chapter
14 or Chapter 6 of TMS
402/ACI 530/ASCE 5.
SECTION 2104 CONSTRUCTION
2104.1 Masonry Construction
Masonry construction shall
comply with the requirements
of Sections 2104.1.1 through
2104.4 and with TMS 402/ACI
530/ASCE 5.
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MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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Brick & mortar leak
Wall system must address moisture penetration
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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6.1 GENERAL
Design of Anchored Veneer
CHAPTER 6 - VENEER
Water will penetrate the veneer and the wall system should be designed, detailed, and constructed to prevent water penetration into the building. (commentary)
e)
6.1.2
2011 Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (TMS 402/ACI 530/ASCE 5)
2011 MSJC
General Design Requirements 6.1.6
Water penetration through the exterior veneer is expected. The wall system must be designed and constructed to prevent water from entering the building. (commentary)
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MOISTURE RESISTANCE
CAVITY WALL [DRAINAGE WALL]
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Air space Flashing Weep holes
REQUIRED by Code
OPTIONAL
Mortar Dropping Collection Device (MDCD)
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
Air Barrier*
* depends on project location
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MOISTURE RESISTANCE
AIR SPACE
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© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
2” recommended
AIR SPACE
1” min. for veneers, per code
4½” max. btwn.
brick & backup
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE AIR SPACE
2” recommended
4½” max. between
brick and backup
1” min. for veneers per ACI 530 Code
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE AIR SPACE
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
No mortar bridging across the cavity!
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AIR SPACE
2” 2”
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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MOISTURE RESISTANCE
CLEAN CAVITIES
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CLEAN CAVITIES
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
Bevel the bed joints
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CLEAN CAVITIES
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
Mortar Dropping Collection Device (MDCD)
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CLEAN CAVITIES
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
Mortar Dropping Collection Device (MDCD)
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FOUNDATION DETAIL DETAIL 01.102 REV. 10/14/07
© 2007 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
BRIC
K &
BLO
CK C
AV
ITY W
ALL
DETAILING MASONRY
SERIES www.imiweb.org 800-IMI-0988
International Masonry Institute
BRICK VENEER
AIR/WATER/VAPOR BARRIER AS REQ’D
HORIZONTAL JOINT REINFORCEMENT W/ INTEGRAL WALL TIES
2” AIR SPACE RECOMMENDED; 1” MIN. REQ’D FOR DRAINAGE WALLS
CAVITY INSERT/MORTAR COLLECTION DEVICE
METAL DRIP EDGE SET IN MASTIC OR SEALANT
WEEP VENT
THRU-WALL FLASHING TO EXTEND PAST TOP OF CAVITY INSERT
CONCRETE MASONRY BACKUP
RIGID INSUL.
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CLEAN CAVITIES
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
Full-height cavity insert
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CLEAN CAVITIES
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
Cleanout openings
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MOISTURE RESISTANCE
AIR BARRIER
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“material(s) assembled and joined together to
provide a barrier to air leakage through the
building envelope. An air barrier may be a
single material or a combination of materials.”
The International Energy Conservation Code defines
an air barrier as:
AIR BARRIER: DEFINITION
ABAA and IECC recognize air barriers in terms of:
• materials
• components
• assemblies
• systems
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over an area of wall…
at a difference of air pressure
L/s (cf/m)
m2 (sf)
Pa (psf)
air leakage (flow)…
A material, assembly, or system that restricts
AIR BARRIER: DEFINITION
Source: ASTM E 2178, Standard Test Method for Air Permeance of Building Materials
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IBC: WATER-RESISTIVE BARRIER
Section 1403 Performance Requirements
CHAPTER 14 – EXTERIOR WALLS
Exterior walls shall provide the building with a weather-resistant exterior wall envelope. The envelope shall be designed and constructed in such a manner as to prevent the accumulation of water within the wall assembly by providing a water-resistive barrier behind the exterior veneer, as described in Section 1404.2.
1403.2 Weather protection
2012 International Building Code
Protection against condensation in the exterior wall assembly shall be provided in accordance with Section 1405.3
Exception:
A weather-resistant exterior wall envelope shall not be required over masonry walls designed in accordance with Chapter 21.
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MSJC: WATER-RESISTANT MEMBRANE
6.1 GENERAL
General Design Requirements
CHAPTER 6 - VENEER
Design and detail the backing system of exterior veneer to resist water penetration. Exterior sheathing shall be covered with a water-resistant membrane, unless the sheathing is water resistant and the joints are sealed.
6.1.6.1
6.1.6
2011 Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (TMS 402/ACI 530/ASCE 5)
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IBC REFERENCES IECC
Section 1301 GENERAL
CHAPTER 13 – ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Buildings shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the International Energy Conservation Code.
1301.1.1 Criteria
2012 International Building Code
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AIR LEAKAGE
BUILDING ENVELOPE REQUIREMENTS
Air Leakage (Mandatory)
CHAPTER 4
The thermal envelope of buildings shall comply with Sections C402.4.1 through C402.4.8
C402.4
2012 International Energy Conservation Code
COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY
SECTION C402
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AIR BARRIERS
BUILDING ENVELOPE REQUIREMENTS
CHAPTER 4
A continuous air barrier shall be provided throughout the building thermal envelope. The air barriers shall be permitted to be located on the inside our outside of the building envelope, located within the assemblies composing the envelope, or any combination thereof. The air barrier shall comply with C402.4.1.1. and C402.4.1.2
C402.4.1 Air Barriers
2012 International Energy Conservation Code
COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY
SECTION C402
Exception: Air barriers are not required in buildings located in Climate Zones 1, 2, and 3.
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AIR BARRIER CONSTRUCTION
C402.4.1.1 Air Barrier Construction
2012 International Energy Conservation Code
The air barrier shall be continuous for all assemblies that are the thermal envelope of the building, and across the joints and assemblies.*
1.
Air barrier joints and seams shall be sealed, including sealing transitions in places and changes in materials. Air barrier penetrations shall be sealed in accordance with Section C402.4.2
2.
The joints and seals shall be securely installed… as not to … impair its ability to resist positive and negative pressure from wind, stack effect, and mechanical ventilation.
Not required if building envelope passes ASTM
E779 Standard Test Method for Determining
Air Leakage Rate by Fan Pressurization.
*
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AIR BARRIER COMPLIANCE OPTIONS
C402.4.1.2 Air Barrier Compliance Options
2012 International Energy Conservation Code
A continuous air barrier for the opaque building envelope shall comply with any one of the following:
C402.4.1.2.1 Materials & Components
C402.4.1.2.2 Assemblies
C402.4.1.2.3 System
or
or
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An AB is a product like sealant or tape used
to create continuity between air barrier materials.
An AB is a collection of AB materials and
components assembled together in a specific manner to
create continuity.
An AB is a system of building assemblies within
the building enclosure designed, installed, and integrated
in such a manner as to stop the uncontrolled flow of air
into and out of the building enclosure.
An AB is a primary material used to resist air
leakage.
material
component
assembly
system
Source: Air Barrier Association of America (ABAA)
AIR BARRIER DEFINITIONS
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A material or component is an air barrier if it meets these
maximum criteria:
.02 L/s per m2 @ 75 Pa
(.004 cfm/sf @ 1.56 psf)
1/2” sheet of gypsum board without seams, joints, or penetrations
AIR BARRIER DEFINITIONS
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A material or component is an air barrier if it meets these
maximum criteria:
.02 L/s per m2 @ 75 Pa
(.004 cfm/sf @ 1.56 psf)
An assembly is an air barrier if it meets these maximum
criteria:
0.2 L/s per m2 @ 75 Pa
(0.04 cfm/sf @ 1.56 psf)
A system is an air barrier if it meets these maximum
criteria:
2.0 L/s per m2 @ 75 Pa
(0.4 cfm/sf @ 1.56 psf)
AIR BARRIER DEFINITIONS
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AIR BARRIER MATERIALS
C402.4.1.2.1 Air Barrier Materials
2012 International Energy Conservation Code
• 3/8” thick plywood
• 3/8” thick OSB
• 1/2” thick XPS insulation
• 1/2” thick foil-backed polyisocyanurate insul.
• 1½” thick, 1.5 pcf closed cell spray foam
• 1/2” thick exterior or interior gyp bd. or cement bd.
• 5/8” thick Portland cement/sand parge
• 5/8” thick gypsum plaster
• C.I.P. or precast concrete
• Fully grouted CMU
.02 L/s per m2 @ 75 Pa
(.004 cfm/sf @ 1.56 psf)
These materials meet the criteria of
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AIR BARRIER ASSEMBLIES
C402.4.1.2.2 Air Barrier Assemblies
2012 International Energy Conservation Code
0.2 L/s per m2 @ 75 Pa
(.04 cfm/sf @ 1.56 psf)
These assemblies meet the criteria of
Concrete masonry walls coated with one application of block filler and two applications of a paint or sealer coating.
•
A Portland cement/sand parge, stucco or plaster minimum 1/2” thick.
•
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AIR BARRIER SYSTEM
C402.4.1.2.3 Building Test
2012 International Energy Conservation Code
2.0 L/s per m2 @ 75 Pa
(0.4 cfm/sf @ 1.56 psf)
Completed building (system) shall be tested and meet
criteria of
ASTM E779 Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Fan Pressurization
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• Impermeable
• Continuous Coverage
• Bridging Capability
• Expected Service Life (Durability)
• Secure
• Environmentally & Worker Friendly
AIR BARRIER ATTRIBUTES
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Parged Mortar Sprayed Bituminous
Rolled Bituminous
MOISTURE PENETRATION RESISTANCE
AIR BARRIER TYPES
Spray polyurethane foam
Sheet membranes
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© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
MOISTURE PENETRATION RESISTANCE
Prep wall by caulking any open joints
AIR BARRIER
Tool caulk joints
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© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
MOISTURE PENETRATION RESISTANCE
Roll membrane to required thickness
AIR BARRIER
Spray on first coat
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OPTION 1: AB, FLASHING OPTION 2: FLASHING, AB
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AIR BARRIER PENETRATIONS & JOINTS
Penetrations of the air barrier and paths of air leakage shall be caulked, gasketed, or otherwise sealed.
C402.4.2 Air Barrier Penetrations
2012 International Energy Conservation Code
Joints and seals shall be sealed in the same manner or taped or covered with a moisture permeable wrapping material.
Joints and seals shall be securely installed in or on the joint for its entire length so as not to dislodge, loosen or otherwise impair its ability to resist positive and negative pressure from wind, stack effect and mechanical ventilation.
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MOISTURE RESISTANCE
FLASHING
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Design and detail flashing and weep holes
in exterior veneer wall systems to resist
water penetration into the building interior.
What type?
What thickness?
What locations?
FLASHING – CODE REQUIREMENT
ACI 530-02/ASCE 5-02/TMS 402-02, Chapter 6 Veneer, Section 6.1.5.2
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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FLASHING TYPES
“Approved, corrosion-resistant
flashing” shall be provided in the
exterior wall envelope in such a
manner as to prevent entry of
water into the wall cavity or
penetration of water into the
building structural framing
components.
ACI 530-02/ASCE 5-02/TMS 402-02, Chapter 6 Veneer, Section 6.1.5.2
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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FLASHING THICKNESS
BIA Tech Note 28: Anchored Brick Veneer Wood Frame Construction
Plastic flashing
should be at least 30
mil thick
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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FLASHING APPLICATIONS
above openings base of wall
sills
top of wall
shelf angles
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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FLASHING LOCATIONS
Beneath the first course of masonry above finished ground level
Other points of support such as shelf angles and lintels
At top of all exterior window and door openings
At intersection of chimneys
Under sills
At wall and roof intersections
ACI 530-02/ASCE 5-02/TMS 402-02, Chapter 6 Veneers
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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FLASHING LOCATIONS
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MOISTURE RESISTANCE
BASE OF WALL
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FLASHING – BASE OF WALL
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RISING DAMP
Don’t bury the weeps!
Keep top of foundation above grade if possible
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE FOUNDATION HEIGHT
best practice
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
alternate
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© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
AIR/MOISTURE/VAPOR BARRIER AS REQUIRED
HORIZONTAL JOINT REIN- FORCEMENT W/ EYE & PINTLE WALL TIES @ 16” O.C.
CONCRETE MASONRY BACKUP
BRICK VENEER
DRIP EDGE – SEAL AND ADHERE TO FOUNDATION
GROUT & REINFORCEMENT AS REQUIRED
RETURN FLASHING INTO BED JOINT OF BLOCK
FLEXIBLE FLASHING – SEAL & ADHERE TO DRIP EDGE
2” AIR SPACE RECOMMENDED; 1” MIN. REQ’D FOR DRAINAGE WALLS
RIGID INSULATION
FOUNDATION DETAIL DETAIL 01.030.0305 REV. 07/01/09
FLEX. FLASHING IN CMU, DRIP EDGE
WEEP VENT INSERTS (TOP & BOTTOM OF WALL; SEE NOTES ON COMPARTMENTALIZATION)
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© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
AIR/MOISTURE/VAPOR BARRIER AS REQUIRED
HORIZONTAL JOINT REIN- FORCEMENT W/ EYE & PINTLE WALL TIES @ 16” O.C.
CONCRETE MASONRY BACKUP
BRICK VENEER
DRIP EDGE – SEAL AND ADHERE TO FOUNDATION
GROUT & REINFORCEMENT AS REQUIRED
MECH. FASTENED TERMINATION BAR W/ CONT. SEALANT @ TOP
FLEXIBLE FLASHING – SEAL & ADHERE TO DRIP EDGE
2” AIR SPACE RECOMMENDED; 1” MIN. REQ’D FOR DRAINAGE WALLS
RIGID INSULATION
FOUNDATION DETAIL DETAIL 01.030.0301 REV. 07/01/09
FLEX. FLASHING, DRIP EDGE, TERM. BAR
WEEP VENT INSERTS (TOP & BOTTOM OF WALL; SEE NOTES ON COMPARTMENTALIZATION)
![Page 60: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
AIR/MOISTURE/VAPOR BARRIER AS REQUIRED
FOUNDATION DETAIL DETAIL 01.030.0302 REV. 07/01/09
FLEX. FLASHING, DRIP EDGE, TERM. BAR, MDCD
HORIZONTAL JOINT REIN- FORCEMENT W/ EYE & PINTLE WALL TIES @ 16” O.C.
CONCRETE MASONRY BACKUP
BRICK VENEER
DRIP EDGE – SEAL AND ADHERE TO FOUNDATION
GROUT & REINFORCEMENT AS REQUIRED
MECH. FASTENED TERMINATION BAR W/ CONT. SEALANT @ TOP
FLEXIBLE FLASHING – SEAL & ADHERE TO DRIP EDGE MORTAR DROPPING
COLLECTION DEVICE (MDCD)
2” AIR SPACE RECOMMENDED; 1” MIN. REQ’D FOR DRAINAGE WALLS
RIGID INSULATION
WEEP VENT INSERTS (TOP & BOTTOM OF WALL; SEE NOTES ON COMPARTMENTALIZATION)
![Page 61: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
AIR/MOISTURE/VAPOR BARRIER AS REQUIRED
HORIZONTAL JOINT REIN- FORCEMENT W/ EYE & PINTLE WALL TIES @ 16” O.C.
CONCRETE MASONRY BACKUP
BRICK VENEER
WEEP VENT INSERTS (TOP & BOTTOM OF WALL; SEE NOTES ON COMPARTMENTALIZATION)
GROUT & REINFORCEMENT AS REQUIRED
MECH. FASTENED TERMINATION BAR W/ CONT. SEALANT @ TOP
FLEXIBLE FLASHING FLUSH W/ OUTSIDE FACE OF BRICK MORTAR DROPPING
COLLECTION DEVICE (MDCD)
2” AIR SPACE RECOMMENDED; 1” MIN. REQ’D FOR DRAINAGE WALLS
RIGID INSULATION
FOUNDATION DETAIL DETAIL 01.030.0303 REV. 07/01/09
TERM. BAR, MDCD FLEX. FLASHING NO DRIP;
![Page 62: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
AIR/MOISTURE/VAPOR BARRIER AS REQUIRED
HORIZONTAL JOINT REIN- FORCEMENT W/ EYE & PINTLE WALL TIES @ 16” O.C.
CONCRETE MASONRY BACKUP
BRICK VENEER
DRIP EDGE – SEAL AND ADHERE TO FOUNDATION
GROUT & REINFORCEMENT AS REQUIRED
RETURN FLASHING INTO BED JOINT OF BLOCK
FLEXIBLE FLASHING – SEAL & ADHERE TO DRIP EDGE
2” AIR SPACE RECOMMENDED; 1” MIN. REQ’D FOR DRAINAGE WALLS
RIGID INSULATION
FOUNDATION DETAIL DETAIL 01.030.0306 REV. 07/01/09
FLEX. FLASHING IN CMU, DRIP EDGE
WEEP VENT INSERTS (TOP & BOTTOM OF WALL; SEE NOTES ON COMPARTMENTALIZATION)
MORTAR DROPPING COLLECTION DEVICE (MDCD)
![Page 63: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
AIR/MOISTURE/VAPOR BARRIER AS REQUIRED
HORIZONTAL JOINT REIN- FORCEMENT W/ EYE & PINTLE WALL TIES @ 16” O.C.
CONCRETE MASONRY BACKUP
BRICK VENEER
WEEP VENT INSERTS (TOP & BOTTOM OF WALL; SEE NOTES ON COMPARTMENTALIZATION)
GROUT & REINFORCEMENT AS REQUIRED
MECH. FASTENED TERMINATION BAR W/ CONT. SEALANT @ TOP
METAL FLASHING W/ INTEGRAL DRIP EDGE
2” AIR SPACE RECOMMENDED; 1” MIN. REQ’D FOR DRAINAGE WALLS
RIGID INSULATION
FOUNDATION DETAIL DETAIL 01.030.0311 REV. 07/01/09
METAL FLASHING, TERM. BAR, MDCD
MORTAR DROPPING COLLECTION DEVICE (MDCD)
![Page 64: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
SILLS
![Page 65: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
FLASHING – SILL
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SILL/JAMB DETAIL
HIGH PERFORMING MASONRY WALL
![Page 67: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
WOOD BLOCKING FOR WINDOW ANCHORAGE
SILL DETAIL DETAIL 01.030.0401 REV. 07/28/09
MASONRY SILL, RIGID FLASHING
FLASHING END DAM
MASONRY EXPANSION JOINT AS REQUIRED
WINDOW ASSEMBLY
MASONRY SILL W/ 1/8” x 1/8” CONT. SAW-CUT DRIP
HORIZONTAL JOINT REINFORCEMENT
RIGID INSULATION
RIGID FLASHING TO SPAN ACROSS DRAINAGE CAVITY
ALTERNATE FLASHING LOCATION
WINDOW STOOL NOT SHOWN
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FLASHING - SILLS
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
![Page 69: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Best practice: Use limestone
or precast sills
Slope rowlocks at least 15º
SILLS
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
![Page 70: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
HEADS
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FLASHING – HEAD
![Page 72: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
HEAD DETAIL
HIGH PERFORMING MASONRY WALL
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Larger unit modules make end dams difficult
FLASHING – END DAMS
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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HEAD DETAIL DETAIL 01.303 REV. 09/06/07
© 2007 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
BRIC
K &
BLO
CK C
AV
ITY W
ALL
DETAILING MASONRY
SERIES www.imiweb.org 800-IMI-0988
International Masonry Institute
STEEL LINTEL W/ DOUBLE ANGLE
INTERIOR VIEW EXTERIOR VIEW DETAIL FEATURES
• LOOSE LINTEL AT BRICK • STEEL ANGLES AT BLOCK • LIGHT GAUGE SUPPORT ACROSS CAVITY
![Page 75: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
HEAD DETAIL DETAIL 01.301 REV. 09/04/07
© 2007 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
BRIC
K &
BLO
CK C
AV
ITY W
ALL
DETAILING MASONRY
SERIES www.imiweb.org 800-IMI-0988
International Masonry Institute
STEEL LINTEL & BOND BEAM
INTERIOR VIEW
EXTERIOR VIEW
DETAIL FEATURES
• LOOSE LINTEL AT BRICK • BOND BEAM AT BLOCK • LIGHT GAUGE SUPPORT ACROSS CAVITY
![Page 76: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
SPANNING OPENINGS
Poly-wrapped steel angles used for temporary support
CAST-IN-PLACE MASONRY LINTEL
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SPANNING OPENINGS
Precast masonry lintel fabricated on the ground
PRECAST LINTELS
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SPANNING OPENINGS
Lintel is hoisted by lift
PRECAST LINTELS
![Page 79: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
SPANNING OPENINGS
Precast lintel set into place
PRECAST LINTELS
![Page 80: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
SPANNING OPENINGS
10-foot span
PRECAST LINTELS
![Page 81: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
FLASHING – HEAD
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MOISTURE RESISTANCE
RELIEVING ANGLES
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SHELF ANGLE DETAIL DETAIL 01.501 REV. 06/19/08
© 2008 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
BRIC
K &
BLO
CK C
AV
ITY W
ALL
DETAILING MASONRY
SERIES www.imiweb.org 800-IMI-0988
International Masonry Institute
HORIZONTAL JOINT REINFORCEMENT W/ INTEGRAL WALL TIES
2” AIR SPACE RECOMMENDED; 1” MIN. REQ’D FOR DRAINAGE WALLS
THRU-WALL FLASHING W/ METAL DRIP EDGE SET IN MASTIC OR SEALANT
WEEP/VENT
SEALANT & BACKER ROD
RIGID INSUL.
COMPRESSIBLE FILLER, OPTIONAL
ADJUSTABLE SHELF ANGLE
TYPICAL FACE BRICK ABOVE & BELOW ANGLE
ADJUSTABLE SHELF ANGLE
TYP. FACE BRICK
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SHELF ANGLE DETAIL – LIPPED BRICK DETAIL 01.502 REV. 10/14/07
© 2007 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
BRIC
K &
BLO
CK C
AV
ITY W
ALL
DETAILING MASONRY
SERIES www.imiweb.org 800-IMI-0988
International Masonry Institute
HORIZONTAL JOINT REINFORCEMENT W/ INTEGRAL WALL TIES
2” AIR SPACE RECOMMENDED; 1” MIN. REQ’D FOR DRAINAGE WALLS
THRU-WALL FLASHING W/ METAL DRIP EDGE SET IN MASTIC OR SEALANT
WEEP/VENT
SEALANT & BACKER ROD
RIGID INSUL.
COMPRESSIBLE FILLER, OPTIONAL
ADJUSTABLE. SHELF ANGLE
LIPPED BRICK, OPTIONAL
![Page 85: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
FLASHING – RELIEVING ANGLES
Too many relieving angles
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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MOISTURE RESISTANCE
ROOF-WALL CONNECTION
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FLASHING – ROOF/WALL CONNECTION
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ROOF DETAIL HIGH WALL – LOW ROOF DETAIL 01.704 REV. 11/6/07
© 2007 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
BRIC
K &
BLO
CK C
AV
ITY W
ALL
DETAILING MASONRY
SERIES www.imiweb.org 800-IMI-0988
International Masonry Institute
CUT BLOCK BELOW FLASHING
HORIZONTAL JOINT REINF. @ 16” O.C. W/ INTEGRAL WALL TIES
ROOF MEMBRANE
TERMINATION BAR W/ CONT. SEALANT
FACE BRICK
THRU-WALL FLASHING
ROOF STRUCTURE
SHEET METAL RECEIVER
COUNTER- FLASHING
WEEP VENT
THRU-WALL FLASHING
CMU BACKUP
CAVITY INSUL.
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MOISTURE RESISTANCE
TOP OF WALL
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FLASHING – TOP OF WALL
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MASONRY WALL CAP DETAIL 01.752 REV. 11/04/08
© 2008 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
BRIC
K &
BLO
CK C
AV
ITY W
ALL
DETAILING MASONRY
SERIES www.imiweb.org 800-IMI-0988
International Masonry Institute
MASONRY COPING: LIMESTONE, CAST STONE, CALCIUM SILICATE, OR PRECAST CONCRETE; OVERHANG MASONRY WALL 1½” MIN.; SLOPED TOP
SEE DETAIL 01.759 FOR WALL CAP JOINT OPTIONS
THROUGH-WALL FLASHING W/ 1/2” DRIP EDGE
1/8” SAW-CUT DRIP, BOTH SIDES OF WALL CAP
DRAINAGE CAVITY
GROUT & REINFORCING AS REQ’D.
SEALANT BELOW DRIP, OPT. (NOT SHOWN)
HORIZONTAL JOINT REINFORCEMENT W/ WALL TIES
GROUT OR MORTAR FILL FOR DOWEL ANCHORAGE AND FLASHING SUPPORT
S.S. DOWEL W/ SEALANT AROUND PENETRATIONS THROUGH FLASHING
RIGID INSULATION
FILLED CAVITY
FACE BRICK
SEALANT & BACKER ROD, BOTH SIDES OF WALL CAP
MESH TO RETAIN GROUT OR MORTAR FILL
![Page 92: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
MASONRY WALL CAP DETAIL 01.751 REV. 11/04/08
© 2008 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
BRIC
K &
BLO
CK C
AV
ITY W
ALL
DETAILING MASONRY
SERIES www.imiweb.org 800-IMI-0988
International Masonry Institute
MASONRY COPING: LIMESTONE, CAST STONE, CALCIUM SILICATE, OR PRECAST CONCRETE; OVERHANG MASONRY WALL 1½” MIN.; SLOPED TOP
SEE DETAIL 01.759 FOR WALL CAP JOINT OPTIONS
CANTED S.S. THRU-WALL FLASHING W/ 1/2” EXPOSED DRIP EDGE
1/8” SAW-CUT DRIP, BOTH SIDES OF WALL CAP
OPEN DRAINAGE CAVITY, OPTIONAL ABOVE ROOF LINE; ALSO SEE DETAIL 01.752
GROUT & REINFORCING AS REQ’D.
SEALANT BELOW DRIP, OPT. (NOT SHOWN)
HORIZONTAL JOINT REINFORCEMENT W/ WALL TIES
SLOPED MORTAR BED TO SUPPORT CANTED FLASHING, OPT.
S.S. DOWEL W/ SEALANT AROUND PENETRATIONS THROUGH FLASHING
RIGID INSULATION
OPEN CAVITY
FACE BRICK
SEALANT & BACKER ROD, BOTH SIDES OF WALL CAP
![Page 93: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
TOP OF WALL
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
Drill through flashing for anchor Seal around dowel penetration
![Page 94: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
MASONRY WALL CAP DETAIL 03.701 REV. 11/04/08
© 2008 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
SIN
GLE
WYTH
E B
LOC
K
DETAILING MASONRY
SERIES www.imiweb.org 800-IMI-0988
International Masonry Institute
MASONRY COPING: LIMESTONE, CAST STONE, CALCIUM SILICATE, OR PRECAST CONCRETE; OVERHANG MASONRY WALL 1½” MIN.; SLOPED TOP
SEE DETAIL 01.759 FOR WALL CAP JOINT OPTIONS
S.S. FLASHING DRIP, BOTH SIDES OF CAP
S.S. DOWEL W/ SEALANT AROUND PENETRATIONS THROUGH FLASHING
SEALANT BELOW DRIP, OPT. (NOT SHOWN)
HORIZONTAL JOINT REINFORCEMENT
GROUT OR MORTAR FILL FOR DOWEL ANCHORAGE AND FLASHING SUPPORT
SINGLE WYTHE CMU
SEALANT & BACKER ROD, BOTH SIDES OF WALL CAP
MESH TO RETAIN GROUT OR MORTAR FILL
1/8” SAW-CUT DRIP, BOTH SIDES OF WALL CAP
![Page 95: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
FLASHING – TOP OF WALL
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
![Page 96: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
TOP OF WALL
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
Rowlock caps not recommended
Limestone, manufactured stone, or precast concrete caps are better
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MASONRY COPING JOINTS DETAIL 01.759 REV. 11/04/08
© 2008 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
BRIC
K &
BLO
CK C
AV
ITY W
ALL
DETAILING MASONRY
SERIES www.imiweb.org 800-IMI-0988
International Masonry Institute
TOOLED MORTAR JOINT
OPTION 1
RAKE BACK MORTAR AND APPLY SEALANT JOINT
OPTION 2
SEALANT AND BACKER ROD
OPTION 3
Rowlock caps not recommended
![Page 98: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
TOP OF WALL
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
![Page 99: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
FLASHING – PROBLEMS TO AVOID
Freeze-thaw damage
at top courses
Flashing is held back from face
below joints in coping Damage is more severe
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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MOISTURE RESISTANCE
LAPS AND DRIP EDGES
![Page 101: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
How far should flashing extend?
FLASHING – DRIP EDGES
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
Not enough! Too much!
![Page 102: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
“The flashing shall extend to the surface of
the exterior wall finish, and shall be installed
to prevent water from reentering the exterior
wall envelope.” - IRC Section R703 Flashing
Metal drip edge
is best practice!
FLASHING – DRIP EDGES
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
METAL DRIP EDGE DETAIL 15.000.0201 REV. 05/18/09
METAL DRIP EDGE W/ HEM, 30º OR 45º FROM HORIZONTAL, SEALED TO FOUNDATION W/ MFR.-APPROVED ADHESIVE
1/4” – 3/4”
1 5/8” MIN.
1/2” MIN. IF RUBBERIZED ASPHALT IS USED FOR FLEXIBLE FLASHING, TO PREVENT DROOL
3/4” MIN. OVERLAP, SEALED W/ MFR-APPROVED ADHESIVE
FLEXIBLE THRU-WALL FLASHING
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…and adequately seal!
FLASHING – PROBLEMS TO AVOID
Lap all seams
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
![Page 105: Moisture Control for Masonry](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042714/554c8e01b4c905df3c8b59c5/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
FLASHING LAP DIAGRAM 15.410.4101 REV. 02/10/11
6” LAP
DRIP EDGE SET IN SEALANT
PRIMER PER MANUF’R
SEAL FLASHING LAPS W/ MASTIC PER MANUF’R
RETURN FLASHING INTO BLOCK COURSE (SHOWN) OR SECURE TO BACKUP W/ TERMINATION BAR
SUBJECT OF DETAIL
THROUGH-WALL FLASHING OVERLAPS (LAPS) AND SEALING RECOMMENDATIONS
EXCLUDED FROM SUBJECT
FLASHING DRIP EDGE LAPS, TERM. BAR, FACE BRICK, CAVITY INSULATION, AND OTHER WALL COMPONENTS
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DRIP EDGE DETAIL DETAIL 03.01 REV. 02/13/07
LAPPED AND SEALED THROUGH-WALL FLASHING
OF MASONRY OUTER FACE
EDGE SET IN MASTIC METAL DRIP W/ HEMMED
OR SEALANT
© 2007 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
NOTCHED DRIP EDGE
OF MASONRY OUTER FACE
FOR BUTT JOINT, NOTCH DRIP EDGE
SEE INSET ABOVE
1-800-IMI-0988 www.imiweb.org
International Masonry Institute
masonry detailing series
3/4”±
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FLASHING – LAPS
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
6” LAP
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MOISTURE RESISTANCE
FLASHING LAPS
Seal laps
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MOISTURE RESISTANCE
FLASHING FAILURES
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Keep top of
foundation
above grade
Don’t bury
the weeps!
FLASHING – INSTALLATION
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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Flashing must be intact!
FLASHING – PROBLEMS TO AVOID
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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Hold rubberized as-
phalt back from face
Don’t use membrane
as a drip edge
FLASHING – PROBLEMS TO AVOID
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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FLASHING – PROBLEMS TO AVOID
Avoid using PVC
not stable
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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Avoid sharp corners Use rounded corners
FLASHING – PROBLEMS TO AVOID
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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FLASHING – PROBLEMS TO AVOID
Flashing held back from face
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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MOISTURE RESISTANCE
CORNER BOOTS & END DAMS
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FLASHING – CORNERS
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
Flashing discontinuous
at corner
Continuous flashing
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© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
FLASHING CORNERS DETAIL 15.000.0204 REV. 08/24/09
INSIDE CORNER FLASHING PIECE
OVERLAP FLASHING
OUTSIDE CORNER FLASHING PIECE
VIEW OF FINISHED CONTINUOUS FLASHING INSTALLATION (DRIP EDGES NOT SHOWN)
NOTE: FLASHING DRIP EDGES NOT SHOWN FOR CLARITY
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© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
FLASHING CORNERS DETAIL 15.000.0204.PH REV. 08/24/09
NOTE: FLASHING DRIP EDGE NOT SHOWN FOR CLARITY
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Field-applied corner boot
FLASHING – CORNERS
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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end dam
required!
FLASHING – END DAMS
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
END DAM DIAGRAM DIAGRAM 01.410.0201 REV. 02/04/11
EXTEND FLASHING FLUSH OR BEYOND FACE OF MASONRY
CARRY FLASHING ½” MIN. BEYOND END OF LINTEL AND TURN UP TO FORM END DAM IN HEAD JOINT
FIELD-FORMED FLASHING END DAM
CAVITY INSULATION NOT SHOWN FOR CLARITY OF DETAIL
2” RECOMMENDED; 1” MIN.
SEALANT
NOTE: STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS MAY VARY, AND ARE SHOWN FOR ILLUSTRATION ONLY
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© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
END DAM DIAGRAM DIAGRAM 01.410.0202 REV. 02/04/11
EXTEND FLASHING FLUSH OR BEYOND FACE OF MASONRY
PREFABRICATED END DAM IN HEAD JOINT; SET IN MASTIC IF FLASHING IS NOT SELF-ADHERING. END DAM PLACED PRIOR TO THROUGH-WALL FLASHING
2” RECOMMENDED; 1” MIN.
PREFABRICATED FLASHING END DAM
CARRY FLASHING ½” MIN. BEYOND END OF LINTEL
CAVITY INSULATION NOT SHOWN FOR CLARITY OF DETAIL
SEALANT
NOTE: STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS MAY VARY, AND ARE SHOWN FOR ILLUSTRATION ONLY
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FLASHING – END DAMS
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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FLASHING – END DAMS
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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FLASHING – END DAMS
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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MOISTURE RESISTANCE
WEEP VENTS
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Weep holes shall be at least 3/16” in diameter
and spaced less than 33” on center.
ACI 530-02/ASCE 5-02/TMS 402-02, Chapter 6 Veneer, Section 6.1.5.2
International Residential Code 2000, Section R703.7.6 Weep Holes
Best practice: 16” o.c. max for rope wicks,
24” o.c. for open head joints or vents
WEEP HOLES
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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sash cord
plastic
sleeve
fiber mesh vent
plastic
tube cell vent
head joint vent
WEEP HOLES - TYPES
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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“Weep holes shall be at least 3/16” in diameter
and spaced less than 33” on center”
ACI 530-02/ASCE 5-02/TMS 402-02, Chapter 6 Veneer, Section 6.1.5.2
International Residential Code 2000, Section R703.7.6 Weep Holes
Best practice: Don’t use rope wicks!
Best practice: 16” o.c. max for rope wicks (if you
must), 24” o.c. for open head joints or vents
WEEP HOLES – SIZE & SPACING
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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WEEP HOLES RESIDENTIAL MASONRY
Best practice: if you must use rope
wicks, lay them continuously along
bottom of cavity
Best practice: Don’t use rope wicks!
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Best practice: if you must
use rope wicks, lay them
continuously along bottom
of cavity
Best practice: Don’t use
rope wicks!
WEEP HOLES – PLACEMENT
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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WEEP HOLES – ROPE WICKS
Vulnerable to mortar blockage
Do not ventilate
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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Vulnerable to mortar blockage
Do not ventilate
WEEP HOLES – TUBES
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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WEEP HOLES – OPEN HEAD JOINTS
Better moisture relieve & ventilation
May attract insects
May mistakenly be caulked
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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WEEP VENTS
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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WEEP VENTS
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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WEEP VENTS
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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MOISTURE RESISTANCE
RECESSED AND PROJECTING
COURSES
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RECESSED COURSE
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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ARCHITECTURAL EFFECT DETAIL 01.601 REV. 08/31/07
BRIC
K &
BLO
CK C
AV
ITY W
ALL
MORTAR
WASH
DETAILING MASONRY
SERIES www.imiweb.org 800-IMI-0988
International Masonry Institute
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RECESSED COURSE
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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FULL HEAD JOINTS
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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MOISTURE RESISTANCE
EFFLORESCENCE
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EFFLORESCENCE
MOISTURE RESISTANCE
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Structural
Durable / Low Maintenance
Economical
Beauty
BENEFITS OF BUILDING WITH MASONRY
Versatility of Design
Ease of Construction
Fire & Impact Resistant
Contextual / Relatable
Sustainable
Energy Efficient
High Performance
Acoustic
Qualified Local Labor
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