Journal of Indian Ocean Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1, April 2010, pp.67-80; ISSN 0972-3080

Somalia and its Lawless Coast:Indias growing security responsibility in the Indian OceanBy:Mohammed Khalid*

Formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic, Somalia occupies part of the Horn of Africa and fronts on the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean. Somalia has a land area of 637,540 sq. km and land boundaries running for 2,366 km, which include 58 km with Djibouti, 1626 km. with Ethiopia, and 682 km. with Kenya. The Country has a long coastline of 3,025 km in the Indian Ocean.1 Geographic importance of Somalia stems from its location on the tip of the Horn of Africa along the oil shipping routes leading through the Bab el-Mandeb straits, the Red Sea and the Suez Canal. It was strategic location of Somalia which forced the colonial powers --after the Berlin Conference in 1884-- to Scramble for Africa. The arrival of Britain, France and Italy into Somali lands began in the late 19th century and quickly the area was divided into British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland.2 Its archipelago of Bajuni on the southern coast of has six main islands such as Chandra, Chovaye, Chula, and Koyama. Other islands of minor importance include Kandha Iwu, Fuma, Ilisi, nyambangozi and Kisimayu. These islands are strategically located in the Gulf of Aden and can be effectively used to control, check or monitor the sea traffic. Its ports include Chisimaio, Mogadishu, Berbera, Merca. The port of Berbera in the Gulf of Aden and Mogadishu on the Arabian Sea front have been historically significant in their location for trade and commerce and were frequently used by the ocean going ships. As per UN estimates Somalia had a population of 9,890,000 in 2003. With a density of 14 persons per sq. km, about 28% of the population lived in urban areas in 2001. About 60% of the population is nomadic and a majority of it is Sunni Muslim. Ethnically, about 85% of the population is Somali, 15% Bantu and the rest from other non-Somali (including about 30,000 Arabs) origins. About 26% of the population lives below poverty line. Somali is the official language but Arabic, Italian, and English are widely used. In 2001, about 37.8% of the population was literate (could read and write)

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*Associate Professor in Political Science, Department of Evening Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh. which included 49.7% males and 25.8% females.3 Somalia has been an important center for trade and commerce and its sailors and merchants were the main suppliers of spices to Ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians and Babylonians. During the rise of colonialism it successfully repulsed the British and Italians in early 20th century. Somalia was an ally of the Ottoman and the German empires during the First World War. In the interwar period, Italy established control over parts of present day Somalia in late 1927. This occupation lasted till 1941 and was replaced by a British military administration. Northern Somalia became a protectorate while southern Somalia came under UN trusteeship. British Somaliland became independent on June 26, 1960, and the Italian Somaliland followed suit five days later. On July 1, 1960, the two territories were united to form the Somali Republic.4 During the Cold War Somalia was ruled by socialist parties and preferred close association with Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. Somali democracy began to crumble by the late 1960s and its president, Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was assassinated and military staged a coup on October 21, 1969. Mohamed Siad Barre became the President which he remained till January 26, 1991 with the help of armed forces. During 1970s and 80s Somalia underwent coups, and controversies under Siad Barre and finally the rebels of the United Somali Congress (USC) led by Mohamed Farrah Aidid attacked Mogadishu and on January 26, 1991, throwing Barre's government out of power.5 Since 1991 Somalia has been ripped apart by violence. The Country is facing killings, suicide bombs, beheadings, and medieval-style stoning. It is a violent free-for-all on the land and seas in Somalia.6 Chaotic situation has encouraged the rise of piracy which has threatened 20,000 ships that pass through the Gulf of Aden every year. These heavily armed pirates have hijacked scores of vessels netting millions of dollars in ransom. It's the greatest piracy epidemic of modern times. Their lethal activities span through the thick swamps around Kismayo in the south, labyrinth of Mogadishu and pirate den of Boosaaso on the Gulf of Aden. The country has become a breeding ground for warlords, pirates, kidnappers, bomb makers, insurgents, freelance gunmen, and idle,

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angry youth with no education. Common man has been left to fend himself and the chaos is spilling across Somalia's borders, stirring up tensions and violence in Kenya, Ethiopia, and Eritrea, not to mention its pirate-infested coasts. It is also fast becoming a safe heaven for terrorist networks.7 Somalia is extremely impoverished country. Its GDP was estimated at US$3.3 billion in 1994, $4.1 billion in 2001, $4.809 billion in 2005 and US$ 5.73 billions in 2009. Per capita income was calculated at US$ 600 in 2008. Economy had a growth rate of about 2.4%-2.8% in 2008. Of its total land area, only 2% is arable with no land under permanent crops. About 69% of land is permanent pastures and 26% are forests and woodland according to 1993 estimates.8 Agriculture is the mainstay of economy with livestock accounting for about 40% of GDP and about 65% of export earnings. Nomads and semi-nomads, dependent upon livestock for livelihood, make up a large portion of the population. Somalia had total exports of US$300 million in 2006 which included livestock, bananas, hides, fish, charcoal, and scrap metal. About 56.2% of its exports went to UAE, 21% to Yemen, and 3.6% to Saudi Arabia. Its imports were estimated at US$798 million in 2006 which mainly comprised of manufactures, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials etc. In 2008, about 29.2% of its imports came from Djibouti 11.9% from India, 7.6% from Kenya, 6% from US, 5.6% from Oman, 5.5% from UAE and 4.7% from Yemen.9 Somalia tried to develop petroleum refining, sugar plants, oilseed-crushing and soap making industry before the start of civil war in the early 1990. A cement plant at Berbera was completed in 1985. Besides it had industries manufacturing corrugated iron, paint, cigarettes and matches, aluminum utensils, cardboard boxes, polyethylene bags, and textiles. Industry suffered major losses during the civil war. Many of the industries were either looted or were sold for scrap metal. Industrial sector contributed only 10% to the GDP in 2000. At present industries mainly serve the domestic market and meet the needs of Somalia's agricultural exports. Major enterprises are government-owned and private industry produces food, beverages, chemicals, clothing, footwear, milk processing, vegetable and fruit canning etc. Some of the investors have returned to invest in recent years. A Coca-Cola bottling plant was opened in Mogadishu in 2004. Somalia has meager natural resources which include uranium and largely unexploited reserves of

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iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, and salt. There is one natural gas field, but exploration and exploitation of oil and natural gas has been suspended since 1991.10 Emergence of piracy and its implications After the chaos and violence following the fall of Barres government in 1991, its 9 million people faced economic deprivation and an uncertain future. The people began to grasp at any means that could help them to survive. The situation pushed many fishermen into the realm of piracy in order to feed themselves and their families. These pirates became predators as they had no mission other than acquiring money. They include local fishermen due to their skill and knowledge of the sea, ex-militiamen who used to fight for the local clan warlords and technical experts who operate equipment such as GPS devices. 11 Piracy off the Somali coast gradually began to threaten international shipping after the early 1990s. International Maritime Organization, the World Food Programme and many trading countries in the Indian Ocean felt concerned over the rise in piracy. It contributed to a enhance shipping costs and shipping insurance premiums, and impeded the delivery of food aid shipments.12 In August 2008, a multinational coalition task force called as Combined Task Force 150 was formed to take the role of fighting Somali piracy by establishing a Maritime Security Patrol Area (MSPA) within the Gulf of Aden. In September 2008, Russia announced that it too will soon join international efforts to combat piracy.13 On October 5, 2008; the United Nations Security Council adopted resolution 1838 calling on nations with vessels in the area to use military force to repress the acts of piracy. At the 101st council of the International Maritime Organization, India called for a United Nations peacekeeping force under a unified command to tackle piracy off Somalia. On December 2, 2008, UN Security Council deplored all acts of piracy and urged the States and regional organizations to fight against piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia and enter its territorial waters to repress acts of piracy.14 To give a coordinated effort against piracy, Security Council adopted Resolution 1851 on December 16, 2008 and called upon the States, regional and international organizations that have the capacity to do so, to take part actively in the fight against piracy and armed robbery at sea

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off the coast of Somalia.15 Somalia was more occupied to control the insurgency and violence. It had a very small navy rendering it almost powerless to stop piracy. Meanwhile the pirates kept on expanding their area of operation into the Indian Ocean in some cases more than 1850 km off the coast of Somalia and attacked ships close to Seychelles. Rising piracy has threatened the reduction in world trade through the Suez Canal by about a third. It also has grave economic implications as some shipping companies have already decided to reroute vulnerable vessels around the Cape of Good Hope. Rising shipping costs could raise petroleum prices that will be worn ultimately by the consumers throughout the world. To tackle this problem, more than 20 nations contributed to maintain an international naval force in the Gulf of Aden. On any given day maintain about 17 naval ships on patrol in the Gulf of Aden. They have created an internationally recognized transit corridor that provides security for about 30,000 cargo ships that transit that corridor every year. Several multinational initiatives have been launched to chalk out anti-piracy strategies. A multilateral Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS) was created in January 2009 and in the same month, under the leadership of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), a conference on Piracy in the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean was convened in Djibouti.17 India and Somalia Indian merchants have been trading with Somalian ports for centuries. They brought large quantities of cinnamon from Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Somali sultanates and republics of Merca, Mogadishu, Barawa, and Hobyo had flourishing trade with India.19 In the 1500s many ships from the Kingdom of Cambaya of India sailed to Mogadishu with cloth and spices for which they in return received gold, wax and ivory.20 In 1940s and 1950s some of Indians were recruited by the Italians as foremen on plantations, mainly around Qoryoley (near Mogadishu). Indians established businesses in Somalia during this time. At present there are about 200 Indian --mainly Bohra Muslim-families in Mogadishu and Merka, engaged in cloth dying. There had also been approximately 200 Indians in Kismayo at one time but they left the city, mostly for

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Mogadishu in early 1980s. Many Indians left Somalia relocating to Mombasa (Kenya) after 1991 civil unrest which resulted in widespread attacks on foreign nationals in early 1990s. Thereupon India was compelled to close its Mission in Mogadishu.21 India and Somalia enjoyed favourable political, economic and cultural relations until 1991. During Somalias nternal violence these relations remained dormant. After August 2000, a Transitional National Government took over in Somalia and expressed its desire to re-establish close relations with India. It sought India's help in training of disarmed militias, rehabilitation, modernization and equipment of the reactivated military and police camps, training of staff in human health sector and rehabilitation of public infrastructures.22 During Asia-Africa Summit held at Bandung (Indonesia) on April 23, 2005, Somalias Foreign Minister sought India's assistance in diverse areas including reconstruction, education, fisheries and energy sector. He also desired for early resumption of grant of scholarships and training courses in India.23 Meanwhile India continued to export petroleum products, foodstuff, construction material which amounted to about US$ 269 million in 1994 import live animals, fish, hides and banana amounting to about US$ 130 million from Somalia. In March 2010 both signed trade agreement for less taxation on imports and exports from each other. 24 India is a favoured destination for Somali students with approximately 2500 of them pursuing different degrees and probably this is the largest number of overseas Somali students anywhere in the world. Indias growing security responsibility India is fast emerging as a responsible global power. It is now a recognized nuclear power integrating itself into global nuclear regime. India's growing influence can sustain only if it develops new doctrines and diplomatic capacities. Moving beyond its immediate confines, it is broadening its horizon of relationship with Southeast Asia and Africa. Its nuclear programme has been widely recognized. The recently signed civil nuclear deal with United States testifies an emerging India. Approval of its nuclear programme by nearly 50 countries on the International Atomic Energy Agency's Board of Governors and in the Nuclear Suppliers Group is recognition of its nuclear programme.25 India and United States have begun to coordinate and work in tandem on vital issues such

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as counterterrorism, defense, and intelligence cooperation --as demonstrated by the joint U.S.-Indian response to the November 2008 terrorist attacks in Mumbai. With the growth of its economic weight in recent years, India has begun to yield new strategic possibilities and evolve new interests in the Indian Ocean. India has taken many unprecedented foreign policy decisions in recent times. It has backed three U.S.-supported resolutions against Iran in the International Atomic Energy Agency and is enforcing UN Security Council sanctions against Tehran mainly to thwart the emergence of another nuclear power in the Indian Ocean region. It is the fifth-largest donor of reconstruction assistance to Afghanistan. It provided tsunami relief to Indonesia in 2004 through an ad hoc naval partnership with the United States and two of Washington's closest military allies, Australia and Japan. Its military has conducted exercises with every branch of the U.S. armed forces.26 Similarly, India has shown its concern to the growing pirate networks in Somali waters --including the entire Horn of Africa-- and has taken part in various international efforts to fight piracy and stabilize Somalias domestic politics. India considers the rising piracy on Somalia coast as an integrated part of global terrorist networks. Somalias proximity to the Middle East and important shipping routes makes this concern more vital. Somalia continues to be in turmoil and remains without properly functioning state institutions. These deficiencies pose significant challenges to both regional and global security. Increasing threat posed by piracy has caused significant concerns in India since most of its shipping trade routes pass through the Gulf of Aden. The menace of piracy is threatening not only trade and commerce but also nationals of many countries. For instance, when Somali pirates captured a North Korean-flagged Libyan cargo ship, it had a crew of 10 members belonging to Syria. When they abducted the UK-flagged ship Asian Glory in February 2010, the ship had eight Bulgarians on board among the 25 crew members, which also includes 10 Ukrainians, five Indians and two Romanians. A Spanish tuna trawler captured by the pirates had crew members from Ghana, Indonesia, Madagascar, Senegal and Seychelles as well as Spain. The Stolt Valor, a Japanese-owned ship seized in November 2008 with 18 Indian sailors aboard, was freed by Somali hijackers after its shipping company reportedly paid a ransom of 2.5 million dollars.27 Pirates seized two new ships including the MV Delight - which has seven

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Indians on the 25-member crew --after they hijacked the Saudi Arabian supertanker Sirius Star, which was carrying 100 million dollars of oil. Similarly, the pirates attacked a Taiwanese fishing vessel and Ukrainian, German and Turkish freighters. In 2008, more than 130 merchant ships of different countries were attacked by the pirates, an increase of more than 200 percent on 2007, according to the International Maritime Bureau's Piracy Reporting Centre in Kuala Lumpur. According to Ecoterra International, at least 163 attacks have been carried out by Somali pirates since the start of 2009 alone, 47 of them successful hijackings. Around 30 vessels owned by Indian companies pass through the Gulf of Aden every month carrying oil and goods worth over $100 billion. It is estimated that pirates have collected a ransom to the tune of US$150 million since the beginning of piracy on Somalia coast.28 Since piracy raised its head Indian ships have been occasionally attacked by the pirates. Indian dhow MV Safina al-Birsarat with 16 member crew and its cargo of coal was hijacked on January 16, 2006 and was released after 6 days. Its bulk carrier MV Jag Arnav was attacked on November 11, 2008 but its capture failed. Indian Tanker MV Abul Kalam Azad having 30 crew members on board was attacked on January 2, 2009, but its capture failed. As piracy threat became more rampant India began to deploy its naval war ships in the Gulf of Aden after October 2008. Since then 16 Indian Naval ship have been deployed in these waters from time to time. As a result no merchant ship under the escort of an Indian Naval warship has been hijacked since 2008. Indian navy has prevented more than 15 piracy attempts by the Somali pirates in the Gulf of Aden. During this period, Indian Naval ships have safely escorted more than 930 merchant ships of different nationalities, with over 7780 Indians as crew. These include about 124 merchant ships with Indian flags.29 It became necessary for Indian Navy to operate on the Somali coast as apart from Indian vessels there are many non-Indian ships plying on those waters carrying many Indian crewmembers. India provides one-sixth of the workers in the global maritime industry. Growing threat of piracy on Somalia coast has pushed India to plan how to deal with Somalia. India is capable of long-range maritime surveillance, maritime interdiction and patrolling, air interdiction and strategic airlift. It has already established its worldwide military influence through counter piracy, peacekeeping, humanitarian

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assistance, and disaster relief efforts. India can play a joint proactive role to forge regional cooperation with Saudi Arabia and Iran, the three worst sufferers of piracy. With the growth of its military capabilities, Indias responsibility has also increased to provide security to the sea lanes in the Indian Ocean. On authorization of United Nations, Government of India has given approval to its navy for "hot pursuit" of pirates in Somali waters and deployed warships to tackle piracy in the region. This was previously restricted to the navies of US and France. Unfettered access to Somali waters is expected to enable the Indian Navy to tackle piracy more aggressively. The INS Tabar, an Indian warship patrolling waters off the Gulf of Aden, destroyed a pirate vessel in international waters south of Oman.30 Options for India India has so far been too busy in protecting its sea lanes in Malacca strait but due to growing threat of piracy on Somalia coast it has to shift focus to the western stretch of the Indian Ocean. India needs to define a roadmap to enforce a credible response to piracy in the area. To make commercial shipping in the area safer, India can strengthen the presence of its navy by deploying more ships around the Gulf of Aden. Secondly, Indian warships can join an international coalition such as Combined Task Force 150 (CTF-150) to battle piracy in the area. Thirdly, it can build a regional response that could include deployment of warships and sharing of information by countries belonging to the Indian Ocean littoral. To initiate a shared effort, in February, the Navy had established the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) --a forum of regional naval chiefs-- to counter threats to Indian Ocean security, including piracy, through coordinated action.31 There are many pitfalls in the way to establish order in Somalia and peace on its coasts. Efforts can be made to restore UN-mandated order in Somalia, but its long term viability is in doubt. Military strikes at the pirates shore bases in Somalia can only be a temporary measure as the pirates are highly mobile. Putting armed guards on ships, apart from being expensive, would heighten the risk of crew deaths and damage to vessels (both of which the pirates have so far generally avoided). 32 There is possibility of attacking wrong ships at sea as it is very difficult to ascertain if a ship carries pirates or cargo etc. It happened when Indian Navy fired upon an alleged Pirate ship off the coast

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of Somalia which came out to be later a hijacked Thai fishing boat with its crew tied up inside. All the tied up crew members but one perished. India had to face embarrassment when Thai government summoned the Indian Ambassador and issued a formal complaint. There is need to boost the presence of, and rules of engagement for, European, Russian and Indian naval vessels, ideally supplementing them with carrier-based aircraft. There are only few countries in the Indian Ocean whose navy has blue water capability. While Australias tilt to its Pacific coast is well known, its navy is unlikely to play a decisive role on Indian Ocean waters. Pakistan has naval capability but worthiness to operate for longer durations in far off Somilian coast can be seriously doubted. Irans navy is more busy patrolling the Gulf of Hormuz and Persian Gulf. Its operations have rarely included the wider arena of Arabian Sea, let alone the Indian Ocean. South Africa has naval capability but neither its trade is so much dependent on the Gulf of Aden or Somali Coast, nor it is close to pirate infested Somali coast. Among the littoral states Indian navy stands out as the best bet to combat piracy in the region. Therefore Indias responsibility to provide security to the sea traffic and to shape the security scenario in the Indian Ocean becomes more pronounced in the 21st century.

References: 1. Miller, Frederic P (et al) (Ed): Geography of Somalia, Alphascript Publishing, Beau Bassin, 2010; Metz, Helen Chapin (Ed): Somalia: A Country Study, GPO for the Library of Congress, Washington, 1992. 2. For Berlin Conference (1884-1885) and Scramble for Africa see, Robinson, R, Gallagher J. and Denny, A: Africa and the Victorians, OUP, London, 1965, p. 175; Shillington, Kevin: History of Africa, (Revised Second Edition) Macmillian, New York, 2005, p. 301. 3. Somalia's first national census was taken in February 1975 whose reliability has been questioned. So, most of data is based on estimates. See, Metz, op., cit.,

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4. Turton, E. R, Somali Resistance to Colonial Rule and the Development of Somali Political Activity in Kenya, 1893-1960, Journal of African History, vol. XIII, no.1. 1972, pp. 119-143; Ahmed, Ismail I, The heritage of war and state collapse in Somalia 127; 5. Zalatimo, Dima, Fall of Barre Government Welcomed by Somalis in Washington, DC, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, March, 1991, p. 24. 6. Gettleman, Jeffrey, Chaos in Somalia as Fighting Intensifies and Death Toll Rises, The New York Times, April 23, 2007; Gettleman, Jeffrey, For Somalia, Chaos Breeds Religious War, The New York Times, May 23, 2009. 7. Terrorists look to Somalia as an emerging safe haven, The Sunday Morning Herald, November 4, 2006; Kaplan, Eben, Somalia's Terrorist Infestation, in, Lyman, Princeton Nathan and Dorff Patricia: Beyond humanitarianism: what you need to know about Africa and why it matters, Council on Foreign Relations, New York, 2007, pp. 113- 32. 8. Little, Peter D: Somalia: Economy without State, Indiana University Press, 2003, pp. 1-20, 123-160, 161-174; For Somalias economic statistics, see, http://www.nationmaster.com/country/so-somalia/eco-economy 9. For Somalias major trade partners, quantity, trading commodities Somalia, Exports and Imports, see, http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/somalia/exportimport.html 10. See, The World Fact Book, Central Intelligence Agency, at, and Somaliland: local-level effects, external interventions and reconstruction, Third World Quarterly, vol. 20, Issue 1, February 1999, pp. 113-

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html 11. Security Council dispatched a group of investigators to Somalia who released an exhaustive, 100 plus page report on arms trafficking, aid diversion, and other criminal

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activities in Somalia. For details see, Goldberg, Mark Leon, The Somali Pirates' Business Model, UN Dispatch: Global News and Views, March 17, 2010; also see, Baldauf, Scott, Who are Somalia's pirates?, The Christian Science Monitor, November 20, 2008; Uher, Pam, The History of Piracy in Somalia, available at, http://www.helium.com/items/1418240-history-of-somali-pirates 12. Gettleman, Jeffrey, Somali Pirates Tell Their Side: They Want Only Money, The New York Times, September 30, 2008; Brook, Tom and others, Off Africa's coast, pirates 'out of control, USA Today, 20 Nov. 2008; Costello, Miles, Shipping insurance cost soars with piracy surge off Somalia, The Times, September 11, 2008; Shipping insurance sky-rockets as pirate attacks increase, http://www.dwworld.de/dw/article/0,,4278642,00.html. 13. There are currently three navy missions in the Gulf of Aden region: the Combined Task Force 151 (CFT 151) led by the USA, Operation Atalanta under the European Union Naval Force (EU NAVFOR) and NATOs Operation Ocean Shield. Moreover, at different times several countries additionally deployed warships in support of the ongoing missions, among them China, Japan, Iran, India and Russia. Altogether, around 40 naval vessels are engaged in the combat against piracy. See, Maritime Security Patrol Area (MSPA) in the Gulf of Aden Established, Marex Newsletter, at, http://www.newsletterscience.com/marex/readmore.cgi? issue_id=320&article_id=3469&l=%3C; EU naval operation against piracy, at, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/090325FactsheetEUNAVFOR %20Somalia-version4_EN.pdf. 14. See, Lynch, Colum, U.N. Authorizes Land, Air Attacks on Somali Pirates: International Effort to Secure Sea Route May Stumble Amid Political Disarray in East African Nation, Washington Post, December 17, 2008; also see, Security Council, SC/9514, Department of Public Information, News and Media Division, New York, December 2, 2008. 15. Acting under chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, the UN Security Council Resolutions 1814, 1816, 1838, 1846, 1851 (all 2008) and 1897 (2009) were passed that allowed and actively encouraged international naval forces to enter the territorial waters of Somalia and to operate on shore for the purpose of suppressing acts

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of piracy and armed robbery at sea. For relevant Security Council Resolutions against Piracy in Somalia, see, www. un.org 17. Kraska, James and Wilson, Brian, Combating pirates of the Gulf of Aden: The Djibouti Code and the Somali Coast Guard, Ocean & Coastal Management, no. xxx, 2009, pp.15 18. Warmington, E. H: The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India, South Asia Books, 1995, p. 54 19. Northrup, David, Vasco da Gama and Africa: An Era of Mutual Discovery, 14971800, Journal of World History, vol. 9, no. 2, 1998, pp. 189-200; Warmington, E. H: The Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India, South Asia Books, 1995, p.54; Edward A Alpers, Gujarat and Trade in East Africa, c, 1500-1800, International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol.9, no. 1, 1976, pp. 22-44. 20. See, DAMES, Mansel Longworth, The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An account of the countries bordering on the Indian Ocean and their inhabitants, Asian Educational Services, 1989; also see, Coupland, Reginald: East Africa and its Invaders, Clarendon Press, 1956, p.38 21. Lewis, I. M: A Modern History of Somalia: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa, Westview Press, Boulder, 1988. 22. See, Somalia, Indo Arab Chamber of Commerce and Industries, at, http://iacci.org/country-somalia.html 23. Ibid., 24. Somalia: Somali government signs trade relation with India and China, Somali News, May 20, 2010. 25. See, "NSG clears nuclear waiver for India". CNN-IBN, September 6, 2008. "India joins nuclear club, gets NSG waiver". NDTV, September 6, 2008. 26. Rautava, Jouko, Is India emerging as a global economic powerhouse equal to China? BOFIT Online (A Bank of Finland online Publication), Helsinki, 2.2.2005; Feigenbaum, Evan A, India's Rise, America's Interest: Fate of the U.S.-Indian Partnership, at, http://www.ihavenet.com/India-Rise-American-Interests-FA.html 27. Relief as Stolt Valor sails past pirate zone, Hindustan Times, New Delhi, November 19, 2008.

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28. The amount of ransom has increased over the years. It is estimated that millions of Dollars have been paid to Somali pirates all these years making piracy a profitable business in Somalia. See, Ransom paid for oil tanker, Somalia pirates feud, Reuters, September 27, 2009. 29. No ship under Indian Navys escort hijacked in Gulf of Aden since October 2008, The Gaea Times, April 13, 2010. 30. Somali pirates attack Indian warship in latest brazen attack, Telegraph, November 19, 2008. 31. Due to big jump in pirate attacks, Indias shipping industry has pressed for a new security strategy to safeguard vessels in the waters off Somalias lawless coast. See, Panchal, Salil, India shipping industry seek new anti-pirate strategy, (AFP), Apr 10, 2010; Somali pirates release British ship with 6 Indians on board, Deccan Herald, May 14, 2010; Somali pirates hijack chemical tanker with 22 crew including Indians, The Times of India, New Delhi, May 14, 2010. For Indian Ocean Naval Symposium see, http://indiannavy.nic.in/ion.htm. 32. See, Piracy in the Indian Ocean, at, http://wmmbb.wordpress.com/2008/11/24/piracy-in-the-indian-ocean/

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