module 5 lighting applications

7/27/2019 Module 5 Lighting Applications

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Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)

Module 5 Lighting Applications

Module 5

Lighting Applications




Outline

Visual Performance

Visual ImpactExterior Environment

Computer- Aided Lighting Calculations

Lighting Costs




Visual Performance

Factors Affecting Visual Performance

Visual Tasks

Task Areas

Luminaire Selection

Luminaire Layout

Interior Applications

Office Spaces

Educational Facilities

Financial Facilities

Health Care Facilities

Libraries

Industrial Facilities




Visual Tasks

Tasks should be ranked according to:

Level of importance

Frequency

Duration

Specific visual characteristics




Visual Tasks

Factors to be considered in ranking

Speed and accuracy requirements

Difficulty of task details

Room surface and task background reflectances

Directionality of light sources

Work plane location and tilt




Speed and Accuracy Requirements

Visual tasks are of varying duration and difficulty

Small or fine details are difficult to see; the largerthe details, the easier to see

For example, a worker in a poorly lighted facilitymay not have enough time to see details andmay not be able to maintain a constant or fixedrate of production, leading to loss in accuracy andvisual performance

In some tasks, accuracy is more important thanspeed


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Speed and Accuracy Requirements

Soccer :

Slower Speed and Large Ball

Competition Level : 150 Lux

Tennis:

Higher Speed and Small Ball

Competition Level : 500 Lux




Difficul ty of Task Details




Room Surface and Task Background

Reflectances

Ability to see details depends upon the detailand the background

Eyes function more comfortably and efficientlywhen the luminances in the surroundingenvironment are fairly uniform

The designer must carefully evaluate thereflectances of all finishes of the room surfacesas well as the luminance distribution of thelighting equipment




Work Plane Location and Tilt

Work plane height and orientation are important

components in ensuring sufficient illuminance

Work planes in a given space may not be at the

same height

Although work planes are commonly horizontal,

they can be vertical or tilted




Considerations in Visual

Performance

Room dimensions

Surface reflectances

Glare

Direct GlareVeiling/Reflected Glare

Transient Adaptation

Uniformity




Room Dimensions

Room size and shape affect the amount of lightthat is reflected from surfaces and how light isdistributed in space

The smaller the room size, for a constant ceilingheight, the greater the loss of light by absorption


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Surface Reflectances

Affect both quantity of generated lumens

(reflection and absorption) and the amount of

glare that may result (luminance ratios)Amount of light reflected from walls, ceiling andfloor depends on the reflecting properties,texture of the surface, spectral power distribution

of the light sources, and the spectralreflectances of room surfaces









Examples

Reflectance value of a peach matte finish wall

63% when illuminated by an incandescent source

58% when illuminated by a cool white fluorescent source

A specular white wall may reflect 90% in a given direction, while

a rough plaster finish may reflect only 30% in the same direction

Two rough textured walls (1 painted black and 1 painted white),illuminated with the same white fluorescent lamps may reflect

10% and 90% respectively for the same direction of view





Selecting surface reflectances that are the

same for all surfaces (walls, ceiling, and floor),and reducing window luminance to match thewall luminances, will soften the luminance

patterns of the surfaces reflected in the VDTscreen, but may produce a boring space





Veiling reflections are also less noticeable inVDT screens with black characters on whitebackgrounds than with white characters on black

backgrounds




Glare

Visual discomfort (Discomfort Glare) and a lossof visibility (Disability Glare) can result fromexcessively bright sources of light and from

excessive luminance ratios within a space

The discomfort may cause the person to look

away, blink or close the eyes, with possiblechanges in the adaptation state


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Glare

Discomfort glare produces discomfort (even

pain), it does not necessarily interfere with visual

performance or visibilityDisability glare affects a persons visualperformance by decreasing the ability to see andoccurs when the luminance of an object (print)

and the luminance of the background (paper)approach the same numerical value(approaching zero contrast)




Glare

Direct Glare from Luminaires




Glare

Direct Glare comes from the luminaires thatare in the direct field of view, or fromexcessively bright sources of light (high

reflectance objects)

Veiling/Reflected Glare veiling reflections

reduce task contrast and impair visualperformance




Glare

Methods of minimizing the occurrence of veiling

reflections or reflected glare

Selecting a more diffuse lighting system

Relocating the source of light relative to the task

location (avoiding luminaires in the offending zone)

Moving the task relative to the source

Using a matte rather than a glossy finish visual task




Glare

Veiling reflections orreflected glare

Current innovations are

directed at developing

smaller, flatter, higherresolution and lighter weight

display devices to avoid

problem of veiling reflections

such as liquid crystal display

(LCD) micro screens in the

workplace





Process by which eyes adjust from one luminance level

to another as they scan the luminance patterns in the

field of view

Extreme luminance variations in the field of view will

cause pupil diameter changes, which require a finite timeto complete

Age of the viewer also affects the pupil response time

required to make the adjustment, slowing as the worker

becomes older


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E

L

For light reflecting surface

L = pE

Control of excessive

luminance ratios in the field of

view will decrease or eliminate

the negative effects of

transient adaptation on the

worker





Practical methods to achieve the IESNA recommendedluminance ratios include:

Selecting low luminance luminaires

Controlling the luminance of window areas during the daytimewith blinds, shades, or lined draperies

Using high reflectance colors and textures on walls adjacent towindows

Using translucent or opaque window treatments on windows thatare in the field of view

Using materials and finishes for large areas of a room that havenearly equal reflectance values but may have subtle colorchanges




Uniformity

Uniform, diffuse illuminance may create a boring, non-

stimulating visual environment

To add interest, the use of spatial patterns of brightness,

color and/or sparkle may be considered thus creating

visual interest without causing visual discomfort for the

people within the space.

Additional variety to the luminance patterns may be

achieved by using lighting controls.




Luminaire Selection

Light source

Desired light distributionpattern

Illuminance level

Control

Desired level ofdirectional control (controlmedia)

Aesthetics

Mechanical construction

Thermal and acousticalcharacteristics

Maintenancecharacteristics

Efficiency

Product reliability andavailability

Safety

Life cycle cost

Compliance with lightingpower allowance (energycode) criteria




Luminaire Selection

Thorough understanding of photometric data isessential to selecting a luminaire that is efficient,energy conserving, and appropriate for task

lighting needs

Example: Lumen output data will provide the

designer with valuable information on where the light

is being distributed (zone from 0 to 45 of the zone

from 45 to 90)




Luminaire Selection

Lumen output data also indicate the luminaireefficiency

The coefficient of utilization (CU) table canprovide comparative data of the luminaires

effectiveness in delivering light to the workplaneA luminaire with a high efficiency (lumen output)may have a lower CU than another luminaire


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Luminaire Selection

All else being equal, a higher CU will result in the use offewer luminaires, reducing ceiling clutter, the potential forglare, excessive luminance ratios, and overall energyconsumption

In determining the number of luminaires, a well-plannedmaintenance program (cleaning and relamping) must beincluded to assure that the minimum recommendedilluminance is always available




Luminaire Selection

Considerations:

Light Distribution

Illuminance Level Control

Directional Control

Appearance

Mechanical Construction




Light Distribution

Luminaires must distribute their luminous intensity totaldownward (direct), both up and down, and totally upward(indirect)

Luminous intensity distributions can be symmetrical ornonsymmetrical

Luminaires must produce the desired distribution patternto satisfy task requirements and visual comfort needs

Luminaires are normally selected for their performancein delivering flux to horizontal surfaces

Luminaires photometric data will tell about its ability toprovide vertical illuminance

Mounting luminaires closer together than the maximumoften improves light distribution on vertical surfaces




Light Distribution

Different Light Distributions




Light Distribution

Defines how the

Luminous Flux

radiated by theluminaire is distributedin the various

directions within thespace around it




Light Distribution

Rotational symmetrical

Light distribution same

in all planes

Usually Circular or

Bowl shaped luminaire


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Light Distribution

Planar symmetrical

Luminaire distribution isconfined to two verticalplanes separately

Typical distribution for

Fluorescent Lamp

luminaires and Road

Lighting




Light Distribution

Asymmetrical

Asymmetry present in one of

the planes of measurement




Light Distribution

Beam Angle :

Angle in a plane through

the Beam Axis overwhich the LuminousIntensity drops to 50%

of its Peak value




Light Distribution: Beam Shapes

Narrow Beam Medium Beam Wide Beam Batwing distribution




Illuminance Level Contro l

There may be several types of tasks within agiven area, each requiring different illuminancelevels (i.e. work, leisure, cleaning, and security)

Fluorescent, incandescent and high intensitydischarge (HID) lamps can be controlled by

dimming or by other control devices, such asmulti- level switching




Illuminance Level Control

DALI BASIC light control system

pushbutton

DALI-BASIC-controlunit

combined light/

presence detector

DALI-ECG1x39W

DALI-ECG1x54W

DALI1...10 V-converter

DALI1...10 V-converter

1...10 V-DIMM-ECG

1..10 V trailingedgephase-

dimmer HTM 70/230-240

Halogen

50 W

DULUXT/E

DULUX L 40W

FC 40W

FQ39W

DULUX L 55W

FC 55W

FQ54W

L 58W

The diagram above illustrates how various light sources can be linked to the

DALI system. With the addition of signal converters, dimmable 1-10V analogue

electronic control gears (ECGs) or transformers can then be operated via DALI


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Directional Control

Indirect LightingLuminaires direct light up to the ceiling where it is reflected

down to the visual task; ceiling is thus the primary source oflight

Direct LightingDistributes light directly to the walls and the work surfaces

Luminance control of the direct (downward) component of light

is a function of the control media (lenses, baffles, and louvers)




Directional Contro l

Direct and Indirect Lighting Directional Control




Appearance

Color rendition of objects in a room will dependon the spectral distribution characteristics of thelight sources

Typically, the lighting system should play asubordinate role; it may attract attention to itselfrather than to its task

There are luminaires which can be decorative orunobtrusive, as well as functional




Appearance

Different Color Renditions

Appearance under incandescent lamp with yellow filter (left)

and under low pressure sodium vapor lamp (right)




Appearance

Six basic types of mountings for interiorluminaires for decorative or unobtrusive as wellas functional purposes:

Recessed

Pendant or suspendedCeiling/surface mounted

Track mounted

Wall mounted

Floor mounted




Appearance

Recessed


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Luminaire Layout

Four (4) Options

Single level system that meets the most critical, most

commonly occurring visual tasksMultilevel lighting system

System that groups together with those visual tasks

requiring the same illuminance level

Completely nonuniform lighting system




Luminaire Layout

Requirements for a good luminaire layout

Meets quantity and quality requirements for the tasks

Provides visual comfort

Complies with cost and power budget limits

Aesthetically pleasing




Luminaire Layout

Three (3) lighting classification systems

General (non-task lighting)

Localized-General (task-ambient and supplementary)

Local (task only)




Luminaire Layout

General LightingProvides uniform illuminance on the work surfacesthroughout an entire area

Used where specific task locations are unknown orthe entire area is considered a continuous visual taskarea

Symmetrical layout based on the given dimensions ofthe room

Main advantage: complete flexibility regarding thearrangement of furniture and equipment (workstations)

Illuminance will be lower in corners and along the

walls




Luminaire Layout

General lighting in aproduction area forceiling height not less

than 6 meters and notmore than 12 meters




Luminaire Layout

Luminaire spacing

Luminaires should not be spaced so far apart or from

walls as to result in unsatisfactory uniformity in

general lighting conditions

Rule of thumb Spacing from the wall to the center ofthe first luminaire should not exceed half of the

spacing between luminaires

Luminous intensity distribution is considered in

determining the maximum luminaire spacing to

achieve acceptably uniform illuminance in an empty

room (no furniture or partitions)


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Luminaire Layout

Local lighting forelectronic parts testing





Interior spaces considered

Offices

Educational facilitiesFinancial facilities

Health care facilities

Libraries

Industrial facilities

Topics to be discussed per interior space

Visual tasks

Quality of lighting

Lighting requirements





Luminance ratios

Interiors should be lighted to achieve a balance

among luminances

Proper Luminance ratios should be observed in order

to provide for good visibility with no distracting glare,

and still produce sufficient variation





Luminance Ratios

Between task and:

Adjacent surround 1 to 1/3

Remote darker surfaces 1 to 5

Remote lighter surfaces 1 to 1/5

To approach these ratios the following reflectancesare recommended

Ceiling 80 90%

Walls 40 60%

Work surfaces and equipment 25 45%

Floors 20 40%





Luminance Ratios

Example:

When reading an 80% reflective page, the area

immediately surrounding the page should be atleast 27% reflectance (80 x 1/3), and no areawithin direct view should be less than 16% (80 x

1/5)




Office Spaces

Visual tasks include

reading important documents, handwriting and print

outs

searching for and reading data on computer screens

Visibility of the task is often poor and is affectedby factors such as contrast, size, taskluminance, and the time for viewing


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Office Spaces

Visual Tasks

VDT Work Stations

The Visual Display Terminal (VDT) is a majorelement in todays office and presents uniqueproblems, not only in the lighting design, but in

work station configuration, ergonomicrequirements, and HVAC design

In most offices, some time will be spent viewing

the VDT and some time spent on paper tasks or

looking at customers while other applications usedthe screen constantly




Office Spaces

Visual TasksVisual Display Terminal (VDT) Work Stations

Examples: customer service operations or reservation officesMay result in luminance ratios between tasks which exceedrecommendations

Other office spacesConference rooms

Range from casual to difficult viewing

More than one lighting and control systems should beconsidered especially if visual aids will be used, so thatnotes can be taken without interfering with the projectionscreen




Office Spaces

Quality of Lighting

Troffers generate adequate ambient light levels in the circulation

areas while ceiling recessed wallwashers with semi-specularassymetrical reflectors spread light evenly on the core walls




Office Spaces

Quality of Lighting

Numerous type of

luminaires can be used

in conference rooms

such as T-8 or T-5 lamp

systems as well as high

efficiency downlights

with CFLs




Office Spaces

Quality of Lighting

Drafting/reproduction rooms

Discrimination of fine detail is frequently required for long

periods of time and seeing tasks may be on surfaces otherthan horizontal

Reception areas

Lighting should make a statement, and yet be restful andsufficient for casual reading

File areas

Lighting should be directed into the opened files with minimalshadows on the file contents




Office Spaces

Quality of Lighting

Drafting/reproduction

rooms

Specific illuminance

level for tasks thatneeds exacting work to

avoid harsh shadowsand improve specular

sensitivity


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Office Spaces

Quality of Lighting

File areas

Good visibility foreasy files ordocument

retrievals




Office Spaces

Quality of Lighting

Reception areas

Pleasant andrelax lightingeffect to project a

feeling of awelcome

atmosphere is themain feature of

reception areas




Office Spaces

Lighting Requirements

Quality factors

Luminance

Contrast

Quantity




Office Spaces


Quality factors

Review the IESNA Lighting Design Guide for the factors thatare identified as Very Important and Important. These mustbe addressed; then review the list of other design issues,

which may be applicable to the particular space beingdesigned




Office Spaces


Luminance

Office interiors should be finished in light colors and

illuminated to provide enough luminance or color variationsgiving a stimulating, attractive work environment




Office Spaces


Luminance

Uniform illuminance is desired in areas like offices


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Office Spaces


Contrast

The degree of contrast between the details of the visual taskand the task background affects visibility and depends in partupon the specularity of the task

When viewing a visual task, an image of a luminaire or brightceiling is reflected in the task and the details will assumesome of the brightness which will lead to reduction in contrast

and visibility impairment




Office Spaces


Contrast

Low contrasts result in flat visual scene




Office Spaces


Contrast

High contrasts result in adaptation problem for eye whenchanging from one visual target to another




Office Spaces


Contrast

Well balanced contrastsresult in visual comfort andsatisfaction




Office Spaces

LightingRequirements

For typical officetasks, not involvingextended use ofVDTs, a minimumVCP (Visual ComfortProbability) of 70 isrecommended whilefor extended use ofVDTs, the minimumVCP should be 80




Office Spaces


Quantity

Designers should select an overall value from the Design

Guide and allow for installation of supplementary lightingsince visual tasks and occupants are unknown during thedesign stage

Given a large space with general lighting system, the designshould allow for different illuminance levels to suit different

visual tasks

When localized task lighting should be used, the ambientilluminance can often be reduced


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Office Spaces


Quantity

Lighting for visual tasks can be provided solely by generallighting or by task plus general lighting

Occupancy sensors should be installed to reduce energy

consumption when the space is unoccupied




Office Spaces


Quantity

In an open office plan design containing VDTs, general lighting should be at

relatively low levels, with supplemental task lighting applied where requiredfor paper tasks. In the design below, suspended linear indirect uplighting

was supplemented by an under counter task light equipped with user control

or occupancy sensors




Educational Facil ities

Types of Spaces:Classrooms/Lecture rooms

Shops

Art rooms

Gymnasium

Lighting Requirements:Quality factors

Luminance

Illuminance




Educational Facili ties

Classrooms/Lecture rooms

Donut layout





Classrooms/Lecture Rooms

The donut is a long preferred layout design by many

school architects and engineers, that employs ceiling

mounted or lay-in grid recessed, low cost troffers with

acrylic prismatic lenses and high reflectance (0.92%)white paint reflectors to achieve good vertical surface

illumination on all walls





Classrooms/Lecture rooms

Pendant-mounted

luminaires are highly

recommended for

classrooms because

they provide uniform

glare-free illumination

Designers can add a

chalkboard/whiteboard

light to the design to

increase the lightingpower


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Gymnasium

These spaces are often used not only for sports but

also for graduations, assemblies, dances, concertsand community meetings

Lighting levels should be equipped with flexible

circuiting/controls and sources

Many sports, such as basketball and volleyball

require vertical illumination up to 30 feet





Gymnasium

Multipurpose area requiring a wide range of

luminaires






Quality Factors

Visual environment supportive of the learning process mustalso be visually comfortable and satisfy the psychologicaland emotional needs of learners

Appropriate lighting can enhance pleasant and attractivesurroundings, providing a feeling of spaciousness

Lighting can attract and hold attention, stimulate learning,and influence behavior in a positive way.






Luminance

The distribution, size, and range of brightness within anenvironment affect eye comfort, adaptation, and contrastrendition

As the eye shifts from one luminance (the page of a book), toanother luminance (a chalkboard), it must readapt to the newluminance level. If the difference is too great, the reaction will

be visual discomfort






Illuminance

Visual tasks differ in size, viewing direction, distance and

contrast

Major critical tasks include reading and writing, oftenrequiring prolonged and close attention




Financial Facili ties

Various functions and tasks that occur in financial

facilities are mainly the same as those that occur in

offices i.e. conference areas, accounting, general and

private offices, and bookkeeping

Other specific areas that are special to banking wherethe lighting needs maybe different

data processing

tellers stations

security vault lighting

Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs)


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Luminance

Use large area, low brightness luminaires or luminairespositioned on either side of the deal plate to reducereflections caused by highly polished material at tellers

stations from ceiling mounted luminaires

Luminaires behind the drive-up tellers windows should alsobe of low brightness to minimize reflections from sloping

glass






Luminance

Lighting should be at about the same level as the interiorlighting in the outdoor drive-up area to avoid mirror effect onthe glass when looking out from the drive-up tellers position.

Careful placement of light sources to avoid poor visibility fromveiling glare on ATM information display screens at outdoorlocations

Approaches and departure areas must be adequately lightedto ease adaptation for the customer when transitioning to and

from the machine






Quantity

ATM locations require lighting for tasks such as:

Reading and writing transactions in the horizontal plane

Viewing the VDT screen

Inputting information on a keyboard in the horizontal or

vertical plane

Safety and security lighting is also necessary for customer

protection in surrounding areas for camera surveillanceoperation




Health Care Facil ities

Health care facilities include:

Acute general hospitals

Chronic general

Chronic specialized institutions for the care of

physically and mentally ill

Facilities that offer professional care in residential

environment




Health Care Facili ties


Quality Factors

Luminance

Illuminance






Quality Factors

Lighting should serve both the demands of medical

attendants and the comfort needs of the patients

Illumination in multi-bed rooms should be designed to beunobtrusive to one patient, while remaining adequate for the

other

Color Rendering Index (CRI) should be at least 80 and the

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) approximately 4100 K


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Luminance

Comfortable lighting conditions by limiting luminance ratiosbetween the localized task and other areas in the normal fieldof view i.e. surgery, obstetrics, dentistry, emergency

treatment and autopsies






Illuminance

For Illuminance recommendations, see theIESNA Lighting Handbook, 9th Edition,

Chapter 10





Emergency room

Wall illuminance for

mobility

Surgery room

High illuminance for

special task




Libraries

Visual tasks include:Reading

Browsing through book stacks

Studying at a carrel

Viewing microfilm or computer retrieval systems

Meeting or conferring

Performing general clerical tasks

Repair and inspection work




Libraries


Quality Factors

Luminance

Illuminance




Libraries


Quality Factors

Considerations in the design of a library lighting system:

Creation of a desirable visual environment to enable

users to see efficiently and without distraction Appearance of the installation within the architectural

design of the space


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Libraries


Luminance

Care must be taken to avoid veiling reflections on the seeingtasks and to use luminaires that reduce the luminance indirect glare zones

Example: in microfilm areas, one of the most difficulttasks is reading a screen located under a general lightingsystem needed for other tasks in the area. Reflections,

diffuse and specular, tend to wash out the already poor

image on the screen. Hooded machines or those thathave screens treated to reduce reflections make the taskmore visible




Libraries


Illuminance

Reading is by far the most frequently performed task in alibrary which varies from reading childrens books of highcontrast type and paper, to newspapers with low contrast

print, to law books with condensed type, to rare books withunusual type faces printed on old paper

Other reading tasks may be handwriting




Libraries

Lighting RequirementsIlluminance

Unique visual task to the library is that of browsing and/orsearching in a stack or other form of storage space which arein shelves as high as 8 feet and tightly spaced in a limitedaisle space titles or authors names with a number codingsystem

Important design objective is obtaining vertical illumination onthe stacks, especially on the lower shelves




Libraries

Other illumination needs:Circulation spaces and audio booths

Special lighting for audio-visual areas

VDT workstations

Accent lighting for exhibits and displays

Lighting treatments of glass showcases, paintings,prints and rare books, refer to the Museum and ArtGallery Lighting section of IESNA Lighting Handbook




Libraries

Special lighting for audio visual areas





Industry has a wide range of visual tasks,operating conditions and economicconsiderations

Visual tasks involve:

Extremely small or very largeDark or light

Opaque, transparent or translucent on specular ordiffuse surfaces

Flat or contoured shapes


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Quality Factors

One of the important factors is the distribution of luminancesin the visual environment

Industrial installations of poor quality are easily recognized as

uncomfortable and are possibly hazardous

Cumulative effect of even slightly glaring conditions canresult in a loss of seeing efficiency and undue fatigue






Quality in Manufacturing

Light is often used to aid a manufacturing process or identifymanufacturing defects






Quality Factors

Color as a part of the seeing task can be very effectivelyused to improve contrast either by intensifying or subduingcertain colors inherent in the task

Directional light maybe useful in emphasizing texture anddefects on uneven surfaces

Fluorescence under UV radiation is often used to createcontrast while surface flaws in metal, nonporous plastic andceramic parts can be detected by the use of fluorescent

materials






Quality Factors

Detection of internal strains in glass and transparent plasticsmaybe facilitated by transmitted polarized light

Stroboscopic illumination can be used to slow down or

stop the motion of constant speed rotating or reciprocatingmachinery to inspect/study moving parts while they areoperating






Luminance

Reflectances of room surface finishes and equipment should

be as high as possible to achieve the best possibleluminance relationships

Painting stationary and moving parts of machines with

contrasting ANSI safety colors helps to reduce accidenthazards by aiding identification






Illuminance

Desired illuminance depends primarily on the seeing task,

the worker and the importance of speed and accuracy inperforming the task

Illuminance recommendations for industrial tasks and areas

are given in the Lighting Design Guide in the IESNA LightingHandbook and in latest version of ANSI/IESNA RP-7

Several industries have also developed industry-specificrecommendations


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Illuminance

In locations where dirt will collect rapidly on luminairesurfaces, and where adequate maintenance is not provided,the initial values should be higher than for spaces which are

cleaner or where there is a planned maintenance program

Illuminance must be increased where workers wear eye-protective devices with occupationally-required tinted lenses

that reduce the light reaching the retina of the eye






Illuminance

In cases where specific amount or quality of lighting cannotbe obtained by general lighting, supplementary luminairesare often used to provide high illuminances for small

restricted areas and to furnish a certain luminance or color orto permit special aiming or positioning of light sources to

produce or avoid highlights or shadows to best portray thedetails of the task

Supplementary equipment must be well shielded to preventglare for the user and others working in adjacent areas






Luminaires

Wide selection of luminaires including fluorescent, metalhalide and high pressure sodium

Maybe open or enclosed, with light control elements of metal,

plastic or glass

Mounting maybe low-bay (up to 5.5 m), medium-bay (5.5

7 m) or high-bay (>7.5 m)






Luminaires

Fluorescent sources should always be considered in areaswith ceiling heights of approximately 10-12 ft, or where hihgCRI or instant starting is required

Luminaires should be selected which provide well-shieldedillumination distributed over all of the work planes withaesthetics in mind






Luminaires

Luminaires should be chosen with regard to:

Their ease of maintenance

Durability Efficiency

Lighting designer should consult with local code authoritiesbefore specifying equipment especially in areas where

hazardous materials may be present as to what special

equipment maybe required




Visual Impact

Concepts of Lighting Applications for VisualImpacts

Visual Tasks and Aesthetic Functions

Spatial Considerations

Light Source Criteria

Luminaire Selection and Layout

Applications


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Visual Tasks and Aesthetic Applications

Graphic Elements

To achieve the desired impression, the design team

must evaluate the treatment of the following graphicelements

Line

Mass

Form

Color

Rhythm




Visual Tasks and Aesthetic Appl ications

Graphic Elements

Line

Line can be used to delineate shape or show direction. Thelighting designer can emphasize line through the use of sideilluminated fiber optic cable or light pipe, or exposed linear

sources such as straight-tube fluorescent or cold cathode.Lines created by architectural form can also be accentuated

by direct or indirect lighting.





Graphic Elements

Mass

The solid shape of an architectural or decorative object canbe accentuated by silhouetting the mass of the object againsta lighter ground. Wall washing in interiors or floodlighting of

exteriors can emphasize the mass of a building.





Graphic Elements

Form

Three dimensional forms of objects and spaces are definedthrough a combination of key (directional) light and ambientfill (diffuse and/or multi-directional) light. Object form is

accentuated through the interplay of highlights, shade, andshadow





Graphic Elements

Color

The color composition in an environment is the result of both

object color and source color. Only wavelengths of lightpresent in the light sources will be visible to the human eyeregardless of object color. Where color rendering is

important, care should be taken to choose light sources with

a high Color Rendering Index (CRI).





Graphic Elements

Rhythm

Rhythm is the result of a static pattern of light and dark or of

dynamic movement of light sources. A visual rhythm may becreated by spotlighting individual art on a wall or, moreobviously, by a chase light sequence around a store window

or sign.


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Visual Hierarchy

Lighting emphasis on selected architectural features

in a space, and on the elements within, combinedwith the treatment of surface finishes, will draw the

users attention initially to the focal points and then to

other aspects of the design

Creation of visual hierarchy must be based on:

Luminance ratios

Color




Visual Tasks and Aesthetic Funct ions

Visual Hierarchy

Luminance ratios

Areas of higher luminance will tend to draw visual focus whileareas where there is contrast (where the luminance ratios arehigh) will have a tendency to attract attention

Example: In merchandising areas, attraction is a key goal ofthe lighting, so luminance values should be carefullyorchestrated





Visual Hierarchy

Luminance ratios

Contrast ratios should not exceed a level at which visualcomfort is compromised





Visual Hierarchy

Color

Color can also help to achieve visual focus

Warm colors tend to dominate in the field of view while coolcolors tend to recede

Strongly colored sources (usually achieved through filtration)

can be used, where appropriate, for startling visual effect

Colored light are often used in signage and as an attention

getting device





Visual Hierarchy

Color

Colors can be exploited to attract customers in a

merchandising area or to accentuate a sense of spatial depthin a themed environment

Care should be taken in applications where color rendering is

important to include some sources with a broader spectraldistribution along with the colored sources





Architectural Features and Forms

Appropriate lighting can bring an architects vision to

life by accentuating two-dimensional planes and

three-dimensional forms

Direction and distribution of light should be chosencarefully on the following surfaces:

Vertical surfaces

Horizontal surfaces

Spatial impressions


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Vertical surfaces

Walls and decorative matter on them (including signage) canbe lighted effectively using a wall washing technique whereuniform illumination is desired

Source with a high CRI should be specified if the wall surfaceor the material hanging on it is important

Some applications, such as museum lighting, have more

specific requirements for the lighting of vertical surfaces






Vertical surfaces

For textured vertical surfaces, a grazing technique maybemore appropriate than wall washing

Luminaires placed close to the vertical surface will create

highlights and shadows and therefore visual interest

Columns or other cylindrical forms maybe highlighted using aspotlight technique or direct/indirect fixtures mounted directly

on the column






Horizontal surfaces

The technique for lighting horizontal planes will varyconsiderably from application to application

Examples

House of worship uniform illumination for reading on

the horizontal plane is necessary

Restaurant it may be more appropriate to light

individual tables and leave areas of darkness between






Spatial Impressions

Research by Prof. John Flynn, codified thesubjective spatial impressions affected byvarious lighting conditions as follows:





Spatial Impressions

Subjective Impression Lighting

Spacious Uniform distribution with some perimeter lighting

Intimate Low light levels at user area with somebrightness in the periphery and darker areasbetween

Tense Non-uniform intense direct light from overhead

Relaxed Non-uniform distribution with some perimeter lighting and less overhead light

Pleasant Non-uniform distribution with a combination of perimeter and downlighting

Focused Bright and uniform lighting on horizontal taskswith less perimeter lighting





Control of Circulation

Light must serve to indicate the path of movement or

to motivate people to keep moving (as well as provide

safe illumination levels for egress)

TechniquesUsed of exposed linear sources or source glitter

The pattern and frequency of other luminaire types

and the light they emit can achieve the same results

Example: pools of light from recessed downlights that leadfrom lobby door to an elevator provide lighting indicators


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Decoration

Light serves not only to illuminate, but often to

decorate as well to give:Sparkle

Glitter

Decorative Luminaires





Decoration

Sparkle

Sparkle, or enhancing reflection, is created when a pointsource of light impinges on a specular object

An important tool for initiating the sale of specular

merchandise

Can be an extremely effective way to display faceted objectsi.e. cut crystal, glass, or jewels in merchandising and exhibit

environments

Elements of sparkle can be used on the back bars of

restaurants or to enhance the crystal on table settings





Decoration

Glitter

Small, exposed, clear incandescent sources create glitter that can

be used to draw attention to shop windows and theater marquees

The linear nature of glitter strips makes them a useful luminaire

type for outlining architectural form

Glitter can even be sued to identify steps or handrails, creating a

sense of theatricality

Low voltage sources of glitter maybe used to conserve energy

Glitter sources are not appropriate for all applications since exposed

light sources may cause discomfort glare and project an

inappropriately casual image





Decoration


Most applications benefit from the use of some decorativeluminaires such as:

Custom pendant over the reception desk of an office

Fiber optic forms in a themed restaurant

Crystal chandeliers in a casino





Considerations

Color

Intensity

Distribution

Potential to dim the sources





Color

Color rendering

Daylighting

Warm color temperature e.g incandescent

Color-enhanced discharge sources i.e. metal halide

or high pressure sodium


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Intensity

The designer should take into account the visual

tasks to be performed and the factors of size, contrastand time

The designer should select appropriate illuminance

for the design (maintained over time)

IESNA Lighting Design Guide (Chapter 10 IESNA

Lighting Handbook 9th Ed)





Economics

The designer must weigh the aesthetic goals of the

lighting design against the financial considerations ofboth initial cost and the life-cycle costs of

maintenance and energy use

The designer may need to make strategic use of

incandescent sources for accent lighting while using

sources with higher efficacy (fluorescent (HID) for

general illumination




Luminaire Selection

Considerations:

Quality of light

Task considerations and Illuminance Criteria

Distribution of light

Luminaire Glare and Visual Comfort




Luminaire Selection

Quality of LightMore than one type of luminaire is used in mostapplications to provide for both soft ambient light andharder accent light

Soft light minimizes shadows but when used alone cancreate an almost shadowless atmosphere lacking visualinterest

Hard light is useful for accents but if used alone can createan environment where contrast ratios are too high for visualcomfort

Daylight exhibit soft and hard characteristics if usedindirect or direct respectively




Luminaire Selection

Task Considerations and Illuminance CriteriaTask considerations should also be taken intoaccount, even in applications where the visual impactof a space is the most important design criterion

Tasks include:

Reading in the seating area of house of worship

Completion of sale in a merchandising application

Computer use in a home study

Luminaires should be selected to provide theappropriate amount of incident light for the task,keeping in mind that the occupants will be seeingreflected or transmitted light




Luminaire Selection

Distribution of lightShape and distribution of light must be considered

Examples:

Luminaire with a narrow distribution of light is quite usefulfor controlled accent lighting on a single painting, or

where it is desirable to see the edge of the lighted areaagainst a darker background in an intimate restaurant

Luminaires with a wider distribution that provide evenillumination on the vertical surface for a wall washingapplication are more appropriate

For uniform illumination, the manufacturers spacingcriterion (SC) should be consulted to assure adequatecoverage for a given ceiling height


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Luminaire Selection

Luminaire Glare and Visual Comfort

Glare from the luminaire itself should be considered

especially if the direct source glare is within the visualfield making the overall view and aesthetic

appreciation of the scene maybe obscured




Appl ications

Lighting functions and techniques will be

discussed in the following applications:

Merchandising Areas

Museums and Exhibits

Restaurants and Hospitality Spaces

Casinos and Gaming Facilities

Houses of Worship




Merchandising Areas

Lighting Functions

To attract the customer

For appraisal of the merchandise

To complete the sale




Merchandising Areas

Lighting Functions

Attraction

Windows

Store Interiors




Merchandising Areas

Lighting Functions

Attraction

Windows

Lighting should address the following:

Visual context for the window Window layout

Contour of the window




Merchandising Areas

Lighting Functions

Attraction

Store Interiors

Luminance ratios on the merchandise and displays should have

at least 3 times the luminance of the surrounding areas

Luminance ratio should not exceed 5 to 1 throughout the spaceexcept in small areas of specialization

Dramatic luminance ratios maybe desirable in a themed store

Light sources with high CRI (at least 70) should be used to

highlight the merchandise attractively while texture should be

accentuated by grazing angles of light to help attract customers


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Merchandising Areas

Lighting Functions

Appraisal (or Initiation of sale)

Adequate illumination must be provided so that customerscan evaluate the merchandise once they are attracted

Color rendition is important at the time of appraisal both for

the merchandise and the customer to look attractive

Luminaire placement should avoid facial shadowingespecially in mirrors at the fitting room

Vertical illumination should be provided for clothing appraisal

to enable customer to evaluate the entire length of the

merchandise




Merchandising Areas

Lighting Functions

Completion of Sale

Task lighting is required for the store personnel in thefollowing sales transaction areas:

Registering the sale

Verifying the price

Reading copied or printed data

Merchandise should look as attractive at the register as it did

on the rack to avoid customers from changing their minds

Color rendering should be consistent throughout the store




Merchandising Areas

Lighting Techniques

Three Basic Approaches

General Pattern System

Specific System

Flexible System




Merchandising Areas

Lighting Techniques

General Pattern System

This system employs a uniform pattern of luminaires toprovide general illumination regardless of the position of themerchandise

Useful in supermarkets or in the general merchandisingareas of large department stores

If this system is not combined with supplementary or specialdisplay lighting, it may project an image conducive to bargainprices or lower-priced merchandise since the customer may

associate less expensive lighting installation to less

expensive merchandise




Merchandising Areas

Lighting Techniques

Specific System

This system employs a layout of luminaires determined by

the layout of merchandise displays in the store

An integrated system can be very useful in the delineation ofsales areas whether used in the sale of groceries, shoes,

clothing or furniture but keep in mind that they arepermanently located




Merchandising Areas

Lighting Techniques

Flexible System

This system employs a pattern of electrical outlets for non-

permanent installation of luminaires usually of the aimablevariety

System of track lighting is the most common example

With this system, lighting can be tailored to changing

merchandise displays

Combining the flexible layout with a multi-channel control

system, maximum flexibility can be achieved


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Merchandising Areas

Lighting Techniques

Specialty Lighting

Different types of merchandise have special lighting needs

Example:

A display case of crystal should include integrated pointsources of light that will provide the necessary enhancing

sparkle




Museums and Exhib its

Lighting Functions

Damage Control

Flat Displays on Vertical Surfaces

Exhibit Cases

Three-Dimensional Objects

Environments and Installations





Lighting Functions

Damage Control

Lighting must be designed to enhance and illuminate 3Dartifacts as well as the surface qualities of 2D artifacts

Lighting must also be designed to control potential damage

to the artifacts with respect to amount of illumination and timeof exposure





Lighting Functions

Flat displays on Vertical Surfaces

Luminaires should be placed to provide the necessaryvertical illuminance while minimizing shadows anddirect/indirect glare





Lighting Functions

Exhibit Cases

Enclosed display cases may be lighted internally, externally,

or in combination

External lighting is usually from directly overhead andthrough a diffusing panel but take into consideration glare

problem

Internal lighting is more commonly used

Care should be taken to limit the heat inside the enclosure in

both eternal and internal lighting





Lighting Functions

3D Objects

Three dimensional forms usually require highlighting and

shadowing to reveal the contours of an object and should belighted from multiple directions using a key and fill approach


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Lighting Functions

Environment and Installations

Decorative Art

Lighting in character with the original purpose of the

space is desirable, within reason

Contemporary Installation Art

Many installation artists design their pieces to be self-illuminating, or include light itself as the subject





Lighting Techniques

Daylighting

Electric sources

Lighting Controls





Lighting Techniques

Daylighting

Historically popular means of illuminating artifacts inmuseums and galleries

Architectural forms and materials used to deliver daylight to

artifacts to limit direct sunlight and filter out damaging UVradiation:

Light wells

Light pipes

Clerestories

Low-emissivity glass





Lighting Techniques

Electric Sources

Electric sources should be chosen to render colorsappropriately while limiting the damage caused by bothinfrared (heat) and UV radiation

MR16 lamps with dichroic infrared coatings are often a goodoption for accent lighting

Light transport systems (fiber optics and light pipes) withlimited heat and UV radiation are also suitable for lightingartifacts





Lighting TechniquesLighting Controls

Specification and installation of special control devices canreduce both the lighting energy consumption and exposureto damaging radiation

Examples: Control via interface with a real time clock will limit the

lux-hours/year to the minimum necessary

Occupancy sensors maybe used to control lighting inless frequented spaces

Photocells can be used when the design combinesdaylight and electric light





Lighting Techniques

Accent Lighting

Very dramatic visual effect


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Lighting Functions

Creating the Appropriate Atmosphere in the Dining

RoomIntimate Type

Leisure Type

Quick-service Type

Service Areas

Hotel Lobbies




Restaurants and Hosp itality Spaces

Lighting Functions


AreaIntimate Type

Low lighting levels to create a relaxing atmosphere and asense of privacy

Standard or custom decorative luminaires maybe usedthroughout although color rendering at the dining table isimportant so that both patrons and food look appealing

while colored sources maybe used for dramatic effect





Lighting Functions


Area

Leisure Type

A higher and more uniform level of illuminance should beprovided to create a restful but interesting environment

where eating is the main objective





Lighting FunctionsCreating the Appropriate Atmosphere in the DiningArea

Quick-service Type

Higher light levels and uniform light distribution are thenorm

Lighted signage is often used to control traffic flow

Menu and counter should be adequately illuminated forthe given task

Menu maybe self-illuminating

Color rendering in these locations is not as critical as inthe seating area





Lighting Functions

Service Areas

Areas where money is exchanged, food is prepared or from

which food is served must be adequately illuminated for thegiven task

The designer must be knowledgeable about code

requirements for enclosed luminaires in food preparationareas and for damp location or wet location luminaires





Lighting Functions

Service Areas

Caf


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Lighting Functions

Hotel Lobbies

Lighting should complement the architecture and provide forsafe transition exterior to interior

Consideration should be given to adaptation time

A control system should provide for varying illuminance

levels and a change in mood from daytime to nighttime hours

The registration area must be illuminated for the seeing tasksinvolved with check in/out





Lighting Techniques

General Pattern Illumination


Specialty Lighting

Lighted Signage





Lighting Techniques

General Pattern Illumination

Uniform pattern of illumination maybe appropriate in leisureand quick-service restaurants as well as in hospitality spacessuch as hotel lobbies and ballrooms

Recessed downlights with high CRI sources (eitherincandescent of compact fluorescent) are often theluminaires of choice

Even in an intimate-type restaurant, a general pattern ofluminaires maybe used if the sources are well shielded and

have a narrow beam distribution to produce a pattern of light

shadow to create a sense of privacy





Lighting Techniques


Custom designed decorative luminaires can heighten theimage of an intimate-type restaurant or a hotel lobby orballroom

In more moderately priced leisure-type restaurants, off-the-shelf decorative luminaires may be suitable





Lighting Techniques

Specialty Lighting

Lighting package for multi-use spaces of some restaurants

and hotel meeting rooms and ballrooms may include avariety of theatrical luminaires (usually ellipsoidal reflectorspotlights and PAR units) as well as control system

integrated with the permanent architectural system or a

separate theatrical-style console





Lighting Techniques

Lighted Signage

Lighted signage, often neon, is often used for customer

attraction as well as control of circulation at quick-servicerestaurants


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Casinos and Gaming Facil ities

Lighting Functions

Attraction

Lighting for Customer Comfort

Lighting to Enhance Safety and Surveillance

Lighting for Seeing Tasks





Lighting Functions

Attraction

Lighting of a casino should help to attract and visually focusthe customers attention toward the gaming area(s) withoutover-stimulating the visual sense much like the ways in which

lighting must function to attract a customer to a merchandisedisplay





Lighting Functions

Lighting for Customer Comfort

The lighting should create a pleasant atmosphere and makethe customer feel relaxed and welcome





Lighting Functions

Lighting to Enhance Safety and Surveillance

Unique to casinos is the need for the lighting to provideadequate illumination for the operation of surveillance videocameras





Lighting Functions

Lighting for Seeing Tasks

Adequate illumination must be provided at each gaming

areas

Some games require vertical illuminance while others requirehorizontal illuminance sometimes at a distance from the

customer e.g. Bingo, Race and Sports Book





Lighting Techniques

Diffuse Lighting and Direct Lighting

Visually Subordinate Lighting Systems

Sparkle and Glitter


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Lighting Techniques

Diffuse Lighting and Direct Lighting

diffuse lighting is appropriate in most work areas to preventdistracting shadows from the work itself (IESNA RP-26,Recommended Practice on Lighting for Casinos and Gaming

Facilities)

Direct lighting can be used for accent purposes and to createvisual focus

Combination of diffuse and direct lighting is the bestillumination system for people at the gaming tables





Lighting Techniques

Visually Subordinate Lighting Systems

IESNA Committee on Casino and Gaming Lightingrecommends minimizing the potential for the lighting systemitself to be distracting and place visual focus on the gaming

area

Indirect systems and direct lighting systems withconcentrating distribution patterns are useful design tools





Lighting Techniques

Sparkle and Glitter

Enhancing reflection and glitter are useful techniques forattraction of the customer and care must be taken to light theindividual gaming areas so that the operator, the customer,

and video and live surveillance can view the game withoutglare




Houses of Worship

Lighting Functions

Light for Reading

Accent Lighting

Celebration Lighting

Architectural Lighting




Houses of Worship

Lighting Functions

Light for Reading

Lighting must provide adequate light for reading prayer books

and hymnals throughout the congregation seeing area

Light should be uniform, not only for the paper reading tasks,but also to enable the congregates to see one another

comfortably




Houses of Worship

Lighting Functions

Accent Lighting

Accent lighting provides visual focus on the leadership area

of the space as well as on religious objects

Modeling of the speaker/leader as well as of three-dimensional objects is important, as is color rendering

7/27/2019 Module 5 Lighting Application

module 5 lighting applications

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