MODULE 5: Traditional Approaches, Methods and Techniques of TeachingA. Direct ApproachB. Indirect ApproachC. Time Tested Methods of Teaching

C.1. DeductiveC.2. LectureC.3. ExpositoryC.4. DemonstrationC.5. InductiveC.6. Type StudyC.7. LaboratoryC.8. Problem SolvingC.9. Project MethodC.10. Other Methods

PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF TEACHINGModular ApproachBY: PROF. GENARA B. PACANA

MODULE 5: APPROACHES, METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF TEACHINGI. Introduction

One essential element in teaching is the execution of the formulated objectives in the actual classroom setting. This is the implementing phase of the instructional plan which requires the use of different learning activities and instructional approaches, methods and techniques needed for an effective lesson presentation, discussion, application and integration.

II. Objectives1. Differentiate traditional from modern approaches, methods and techniques of teaching.2. React on the move of modern educators to make all educational activities learner centered.3. Make a lesson plan according to a specific method and technique of teaching.

III. Instructions 1. Read thoroughly the discussion/power point presentation.2. Research on other approaches, methods, and techniques used in teaching.3. Answer the pre-test and post-test.4. Perform the requested activities efficiently.

IV. Pretest Directions: Indicate whether these sentences are TRUE or FALSE. Write your answer on the blank provided for. _________1. Teaching method is good when it is based on the psychology of learning and sound educational philosophies. _________2. Traditional methods of teaching are characterized by mastery of learning following a fixed start. _________3. The progressive method of teaching is subject-centered. _________4. The educational aim of the teacher will largely determine the teaching method to be used. _________5. In the integration method of teaching, learning activities are organized in terms of assigned isolated tasks. _________6. It is generally accepted that there is but one best procedure in developing a lesson. _________7. Project method is actually an offshoot of lecture. _________8. Social traits can be best developed in starting in an individualized instruction.

________9. Real learning comes when students can answer all the questions regarding the lesson. _______10. In any method preparation is the basic step. This means the teacher should prepare himself/herself for teaching.

V. Discussion The Approaches, methods and techniques of teaching that are employed by the teacher in the

classroom are basically founded on the guiding principles. Psychological studies reveal that mental processes involve sense-perception, memory, imagination, judgment and reason. These processes are involved in every learning situation but are not applied with some degree of intensity in learning

different types of subject-matter. Approaches, methods or strategies can be classified into traditional or modern. The old or traditional approaches or methods are characterized by the students’ mastery of subject-matter through drill, repetition, lectures, demonstration, and other activities prepared by an authoritarian teacher based on the fixed standards of curriculum and instruction. Over-all these processes can be described as expository.

The modern approaches, methods or strategies are basically focused on the learner, the center of the educative process. These processes are based on the educational philosophy postulated by John Dewey that education is life, growth and reconstruction of experiences and social activities. These modern methods place more emphasis on thinking and less in memorizing, more on understanding and less in acquiring facts and information. The principal aim of these methods and approaches is the total growth and development of the child. Instead of being a lecturer or explainer, the teacher using modern approaches and methods of teaching is considered as a facilitator of learning. This means he only needs to stimulate, guide and help the children perform the given task, solve the given problem, investigate and explore a lot of possibilities in order for them to learn on their own.

As facilitator, the teacher must be knowledgeable of alternative approaches to teaching. The teacher has to bear in mind that there is no single perfect approach to teaching which will help every student learn everything in every way. There are many kinds of learning and learners with different learning styles which for the most part require different methods to teaching.

Illustration of the Shift in the Focus of Education Process from Traditional to Modern

Emphasis on:Specific Facts Concepts & GeneralizationsKnowledge & Understanding Attitudes & ValuesNation View World View or Sub-cultural ViewNon-Problematic Area Problematic AreaExpository InquiryLow Level Questioning High Level Questioning

Superficial Treatment of Many Topics In-Depth Study of Topics Unnecessary Duplication of Subject Matter Spiral CurriculumThe Use of Textbook The Use of Multiple Instructional MaterialsFormulating Non-Behavioral Objectives Formulating Behavioral ObjectivesThe Authority of the Teacher Freedom & Capacity of the Learners to Learn

Examples of Reflective and Creative Strategies of TeachingA. Inquiry TeachingB. Multiple Intelligences TeachingC. Cooperative LearningD. Constructivist LearningE. Experiential Approach of TeachingF. Multi-sensory Approach of TeachingG. Cognitive and Metacognitive TeachingH. Values Clarification Approach of teachingI. Modular Approach of TeachingJ. Synectics Teaching

Learning Activities in the Different Phases of InstructionA. Introductory/Opening Activities

A.1. K-W-LA.2. Video Clip from a news storyA.2. Editorial from a News Paper or MagazineA.3. Posing a Scientific ProblemA.4. Comic Strip

A.5. Song/Poem AnalysisA.7. By line SessionA.8. GamesA.9. SimulationA.10. PuzzleA.11. Brain Teaser

Understanding Approaches, Methods & Techniques of Teaching

APPROACHESPhilosophical & Logical& Psychological

METHODSProcedural & Scientific

TEACHNIQUESPersonal & Practical

- is axiomatic- an enlightened

viewpoint- a philosophy- a set of principles

- a systematic way of doing things according to a definite instructional plan

- procedural, a strategy

- a specific way to carry out the steps of the method

- a tactic, a personal trick or style

Examples:1. Inquiry2. Discovery3. Conceptual4. Interdisciplinary5. Integrated6. Multidisciplinary7. Thematic8. Mastery Learning9. Multimedia10. Constructivist11. Experiential12. Cooperative Learning13. Values Clarification14. Process

Examples:Direct Instruction

1. Lecture2. Expository3. Deductive4. Demonstration

Indirect Instruction 1. Inductive2. Project3. Problem Solving4. Type Study

1. The use of graphic organizers

2. Buzz session3. Brain Storming4. Simulation5. Role Playing6. Pantomine7. Dramatization8. Panel Discussion9. Modified

Symposium10. The use of Venn

Diagram

Note: Research on the techniques for motivation, discussion, application and integration. Study again the different levels of cognitive skills, affective and psychomotor.

VI. Activity:

A. Give the appropriate approach, method, or technique to be employed in giving a task to these kinds of learners. Briefly explain your answer. 1. Kinesthetic/Dynamic 5 pts.2. Global/Holistic 5 pts.3. Analytical/Linguistic 5 pts.4. Intuitive/Reflective 5 pts.5. Logical-Mathematical 5 pts.6. Musical 5 pts. 7. Naturalist 5 pts.

B. THE TEACHING CYCLE 10 pts.

Directions: Study the seven steps/tasks that should be taken into consideration in planning for teaching. Write numbers 1-7 on the blank inside the circle to indicate the specific step. Reconstruct the presentation of the seven tasks following the correct sequence. Connect the circles using an arrow to indicate the beginning and ending of the tasks. Explain the reconstructed figure that you have illustrated.

Following Through

____________________

Measuring/Evaluating

__________________Diagnosing Needs, Interests and Abilities

_________________

Preparing the Setting for Learning & Selecting Appropriate Instructional Strategies___________________

Motivating Students & Guiding Learning Activities

_____________________

Planning Instructional Units and Making Lesson Plans

_____________________

Setting up Objectives and Selecting Content

___________________

VII. Post TestMultiple Choice: Read the situations/questions thoroughly. Tick the CIRCLE of the correct answer from the given choices describing the specific step of the process of teaching.

1. After the prayer, the teacher showed to the students the portrait of Pres. Marcos.O Introduction O Presentation O. Application O. Generalization

2. The teacher asked:”Based on the discussion, what were the three significant events that took place on June 12, 1898 in Kawit, Cavite?

O Introduction O Presentation O Application O Generalization 3. The teacher instructed the students to examine closely the data on the chart. O Preparation O Presentation O Comparison & O Generalization Abstraction 4. The teacher guided the students to solve the word problems in Math after showing and explaining to them the process. O Approach O Presentation O Application O Generalization 5. After the review, the teacher facilitated the talk show about social institutions. O Preparation O Presentation O Comparison & Abstraction O Application 6. After raising the problem, Teacher Che asked the students to state the law of supply and demand. O Introduction O Generalization O Exemplification O Illustration 7. The teacher said, “I’ll watch you do it”. O Guided Practice O Independent Practice O Lesson Demonstration O Feedbacking 8. During the exhibit the students were showing their best output. O Introduction O Development of the lesson O Conclusion O Evaluation 9. The teacher asked the students the possible causes of pollution. O Opening Activity O Hypothesizing O Gathering of Data O Testing the Hypothesis 10. The teacher let the students read silently the information written on the Venn diagram. O Preparation O Presentation O Comparison & Abstraction O Application

Part II. Applying Learned Concepts (Note: These questions are patterned from PRC LET Exam) Write the letter of the correct answer.

11. Teacher Lei gives his students opportunities to be creative because of his conviction that much learning comes from the need to express creativity. Which of these questions develop creativity?

A. Which do you prefer, folk dancing or ballroom dancing? B. How many uses can you think of a fan? C. How does pollution affect the lives of the city dwellers? D. What is money?

12. Which of these strategies describes what the teacher is doing in the class? The teacher let the students dance as they hold the different shapes, color the different objects, read sentences about shapes and count the number of objects having different shapes.

A. Value Clarification B. Conflict Resolution C. Integrated Teaching D. Group Dynamics13. Which technique in cooperative learning is used when new information is divided equally among all group members and each student teaches his/her portion to the other group members?

A.Roundrobin B. Jigsaw C.Think-Pair-Share D. roundtable14. A master teacher, the re source speaker in an in-serving training, presented the situated learning theory and encouraged her colleagues to apply the same in class. Which did she NOT encourage her colleagues to do?

A..Apprenticeship C. Learning as it normally occursB. Authentic problem solving D. Decontextualized teaching

15.Which instructional material/s is/are MOST fit in contextualized learning?A.Pictures B. Slides C.Television D. Field trip

16.The students of Ms Cruz speak English the way she does. This demonstrates how the teacher serves as a _______. A. counselor B. model C. motivator D. manager

17. In an organizational arrangement of teaching activities, which of these is the correct sequence? 1.) an instructional phase 3. ) a measuring phase

2. ) curriculum planning phase 4. ) an evaluating phase

A. 1, 3, 4, 2 B. 2,1, 4. 3 C. 2, 1, 3, 4 D. 1,2,3,4

18. What is the best way to handle a child who cannot seem to stay put in one place? A. ignore him C. give him more work than the others B. find out if he has a learning difficulty D. tell him to go back to his seat

19.Which statement on spaced and massed learning is CORRECT? A. both massed and spaced learning are not effective C. massed learning is better than spaced learning B. massed learning is as effective as spaced learning D. spaced learning is better than massed learning

20.Which factor hampers mastery of development tasks? A. creativity C. make use of laboratory apparatus B. lack of motivation D. high level of intelligence

21.Mrs. Omamalin provides reading material of varying levels of difficulty to her students. What principle is demonstrated by her move? A. provision of information feedback C. recognition of individual needs B. stimulating student’s interest D. assistance to each student to attain goals22. In which strategy, can students acquire information from different perspectives, be led to reflective thinking and finally come with consensus together with other students? A. debate C. symposium B. panel discussion D. small group discussion23. Which assumption underlies apprenticeship learning like field study and practice teaching? A. Practice gets tested in theory B. What is taught in the classroom is pure theory C. What is observed outside the classroom contradicts what is seen within. D. Theory gets tested in practice.24.A teacher is very strict with his students, yet he smokes inside the classroom. His students even see him in a drinking spree with his barkada. If you were the principal, how would you deal with him? A. Explain to the students that smoking is bad fro the young but not for the adults. B. Be tolerant about the teacher’s behaviour for he is responsible for it. C. In writing, express disapproval of what the teacher did. D. Talk to him about the importance of being consistent in one’s action and the rules imposed. 25. The teacher in Social Studies agreed with Rizal on how one can contribute to the nation’s redemption. Which one should he work for or encourage students/citizens to do? A. Operating our doors to foreign influence B. Upgrading the quality of Filipino through education C. Helping the government stabilize D. Gaining economic recovery26. One’s approach to teaching is influenced by Howard Gardner’s MI theory. What is HE/SHE challenged to do? I. To come up with 9 different ways of approaching a lesson to cater to the 9 multiple intelligences II. To develop all student’s skills in all nine intelligences III. To provide worthwhile activities that acknowledge individual differences in children.

A.I. II. & III B.II. III C. II only D.III only27. Teacher Joy is known to be an effective teacher in the campus. She is known for

the following desirable behaviors, EXCEPT: A. warm B. tolerant C. sociable D. hypercritical

28. What relates to the principle that good teaching diagnosis difficulty? The teacher A. understands the learner. B. provides positive and constructive learning environment C. recognizes the students’ needs D. is knowledgeable about the subject matter29. In cognitive development, the basic level is A. application B. knowledge C. comprehension D. evaluation30.Mr. Cruz is using different materials such as TV, cassette recorder, books and charts in the presentation and the development of the lesson. What approach did Mr. Cruz use? A. discovery B. inquiry C. multi-media D. mastery learning31. What is emphasized in the process approach?

A. content B. skill C. attitude D. values32. In using discovery approach to teaching, what practice should the teacher minimize? A. telling information or the lesson C. relating experiences B. the giving of many examples D. asking questions

33. What would best lead the students to the discovery of concepts? A. the study of important details C. the use of effective motivation B. the art of questioning D. the use of appropriate visual aids34. Which of these objectives show overt behavior? A. to appreciate the value of democracy B. to understand the importance of the constitution C. to recite the preamble of 1987 constitution D. to show love to one’s country35.Mr. K is using a topic that is rich in content for detailed examination or study. What method is appropriate for the topic? A. inductive B. deductive C. type-study D. project 36. Mr. M introduced first to his students the law of supply and demand then he gave examples for the students to try out the rules. What method did Mr. Mendoza use in teaching the concept of supply and demand?

A. inductive B. deductive C. problem solving D. lecture37.After presenting the picture of a sickly old man, Miss Lopez guided the students to identify

the topic, raise questions about it, and look for the answers to the question using the basal text. What approach was emphasized in the process? A. inquiry B. conceptual C. mastery learning D. interdisciplinary

38. A “Telling Teacher” used to do one of the following tasks: A. allows the students to describe the presented pictures B. supplies essential information for the students to internalize C. guides students to arrive at a generalization or conclusion D. gives the students the chance to understand through examples39. Which illustrates vicarious punishment? A.Out of comparison, we volunteer to get punished in place of a friend B. We feel so much for classmates who get punished, so we convince them to go to school on time C.When we see someone gets punished for habitual tardiness, we are less likely to be tardy D.We charge to experience our being punished40. Which factor hampers mastery of development tasks? A. creativity C. make use of lab. apparatus C. lack of motivation D. high level of intelligence41.Which of the statements below is not a function of the teacher’s summary of a lesson? A. It links the parts of the lesson B. It brings together the information that has been discussed C. It makes provisions for full participation of the students D. It clinches the basic ideas or concepts of the lesson42. If a teacher clears his throat to imply disapproval towards a student’s behavior, then he shows what specific influence technique? A. Signal interference B. Interest boosting C. Direct Appeal D. Proximity Control43. After reading the bulletin board display of the Educator’s Club, the education students expressed how they were touched by its message. This indicates that the bulletin board display has________. A. balance B. legibility C. effective communication D. attractiveness44.After a thorough consultation on how to improve the quality of education in “Talisay Technological Institute”, goals were set for the school year. How would this move culminate? A. Planning of activities C. Formulation of objectives B. Identification of elective courses D. Planning for an effective evaluation45. In evaluating students’ performance, schools must use non-discriminatory tool to evaluate ____students. A. special education B. non-divers C. diverse D. all46.*To draw the map of the Philippines with the right positioning of 7,107 islands. The itallized word is a

A. standard of performance C. criterion in making objectives B. terminal behavior D. condition for learning47. In the culminating activity, the social studies teacher lets the students develop the theme orally on stage “ Onwards the Filipino Youth Shall Go”. What kind of assessment does the teacher use? A. traditional B. criterion referenced test C. authentic D. norm-referenced test48. Which of these classroom environments primarily needs the support of the administrator?

A. social B. emotional C. intellectual D. physical49. The immediate result when the teacher does not prepare the lesson well is A.loss of respect then to discipline problem C. inefficiency of service rendered to the school B.overburdened responsibility D. dismissal from the teaching profession50. In Understanding by Design, how does the teaching start? A. Identifying assessment procedures C. Identifying desired results B. Identifying Learning Experiences D. Identifying Essential Questions