module 2 exchange and transport 1.2.8 control of the cardiac cycle
TRANSCRIPT
Module 2Exchange and transport
1.2.8 Control of the cardiac cycle
Learning Objectives Success Criteria
• To explain the control of the cardiac cycle
• Explain the terms myogenic, sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node and purkyne tissue(Grade E - D)
• Describe how heart action is coordinated with reference to the sinoatrial node (SA), atrioventricular node (AVN) and Purkyne tissue (Grade C –B)
• Interpret and explain ECG traces, with reference to normal and abnormal heart activity (Grade B – A)
Lub dup
The sound heard through a stethoscope is described as a lub and a dup.
• Lub – caused by closing of atrioventricular valves
(bicuspid and tricuspid).• Dup – caused by closing of semilunar valves.
Heart Rate –beats/min
Sinoatrial node
Atrio – ventricular node
Purkyne
Tissue
Control of the Heart Beat• Cardiac muscle is myogenic.• However, have to be controlled.• Sinoatrial node: specialised patch of muscle• SAN is the pacemaker: each time they contract
send a wave of electrical activity over whole of atrial walls: both atria contract at same time.
•Explain the terms myogenic, sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node and purkyne tissue
(Grade E - D)
Control of Heart Beat
• There is a band of fibres between atria and ventricles which don’t conduct the wave.
• Only route through is the atrio-ventricular node. This picks up the excitation.
• AVN passes wave onto conducting fibres called the Purkyne Tissues (after a delay of 0.1 sec), causing the ventricle walls to contract from the base upwards
The heart has a natural pacemaker
SAN
AVN
1. The SAN sends waves of electrical activity which spread
through the muscle of the atria, causing it to contract.
(Blood is forced into ventricles)
ATRIAL SYSTOLE
2. The waves of electrical activity reach the AVN . Here there is a slight delay-making
sure the atria have emptied before
venticles contract
3. AVN passes activity onto the bundle of His, and these muscle fibres conducted the waves of
excitation along the Purkyne fibres. Once the impulses reach the walls
of the ventricles they cause the muscles to
contract, forcing blood out of the heart
VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE
4. The atria relax (atrial diastole), blood enters the
atria from the pulmonary veins or vena cava
5. The ventricles relax (ventricular diastole). Bicuspid and tricuspid valves open and
the next pumpful of blood enter the ventricles from the
atria
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•Describe how heart action is coordinated with reference to the sinoatrial node (SA), atrioventricular node (AVN) and Purkyne tissue (Grade C –B)
Heart relaxed Atrio-Ventricular valves are open
Deoxygenated blood from vena cava flows into Right AtriumOxygenated blood from pulmonary vein flows into Left Atrium
Blood passes into ventricles passively
Sino Atrial node sends impulses through atriaAtria contract (top downwards) – forces additional blood into ventricles through Atrio
Ventricular valvesBlood from Right Atrium to Right Ventricle; blood from LA to LV
Ventricles receive impulses from AVN via Purkyne fibres – ventricles contract (bottom upwards) – force of blood causes Atrio Ventricular valves to close (lub)– prevents blood
flowing back into atria
Blood is forced from Right Ventricle into Pulmonary Artery through pulmonary semilunar valves and from Left Ventricle into aorta through aortic semi lunar valves
Heart relaxes – semilunar valves close due to force of blood (dub)- prevent backflow from pulmonary artery and aorta into heart – Atrio Ventricular valves open
Atria fill with blood again to start cycle again
Cardiac Cycle
Electrocardiograms (ECG)Checks heart function using an electrocardiograph, it records
the electrical activity of the heart- The heart muscle depolarises (loses electrical charge) when it
contracts, and repolarises (regains charge) when it relaxes.- Patches with wires are placed on the patients chest and wires
are connected to a monitor.- Electric charges are recorded by an electrocardiograph, as a
electrocardiogram/ECG which shows the patients normal heart rhythm.
Electrocardiograms [ECGs](record the electrical activity of the heart)
The P wave is caused by contraction (depolarisation) of atria
The QRS complex is caused by contraction (depolarisation) of ventricles. Larger than P due to more muscle.
The ST wave is caused during ventricular diastole. (repolarisation of ventricles
http://anatimation.com/cardiac-cycle/cardiac-cycle.html
Terms not to be confused by• Tachycardia – fast heart rate
• Bradycardia – a slow heart rate
• Arrhythmia – abnormal heart rhythm
• Fibrillation – rapid contraction of heartmuscles
TASK – Identify each ECG and explanation
•Interpret and explain ECG traces, with reference to normal and abnormal heart activity (Grade B – A)
Sinus TachycardiaRapid fire of the SAN, the heart’s natural pacemaker, defined as a rate greater than 100 beats/min in an average adult.
It’s the normal response to exercise, excitement, anxiety and also stimulants, fever, dehydration, hypothermia & shock, hypoxia
Bradycardia
Bradycardia occurs when the heart is beating more slowly than fifty to sixty times a minute. The impulses that control a steady heartbeat, are blocked, delayed, or slowed down.
It can occur as a result of age, AVN or SVN problems, metabolic disturbances, as a result of taking certain medications, drug abuse, or as a result of a pre-existing heart disease.
Trained athletes tend to have slow resting heart rates, and resting bradycardia in athletes is not abnormal if no symptoms.
Sinus ArrhythmiaThe normal increase in heart rate that occurs during inspiration (when you breathe in).
Ventricular Fibrillation
Uncoordinated contraction of the cardiac muscle of the ventricles in the heart. As a result, the heart fails to adequately pump the blood,
During ventricular fibrillation, cardiac output drops to nil, and, unless terminated promptly, death usually ensues within minutes.
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