modified from von rad et al., in press). basement depth and ...modified from von rad et al., in...

Highly generalized cross-section of the Cape Bojador continentalmargin from the Aaiun Basin to the shelf, slope, upper rise and CanaryIslands (seismic interpretation by G. Wissmann, BGR, Hannover; figuremodified from von Rad et al., in press). Basement depth and Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary is inferred from seismic refraction profiles (R-39and 41 from Roeseretal., 1971; R-Dfrom Dash and Bosshardt, 1969),and from single and multichannel seismic profiles (for more informa-tion see Site Report; Arthur et al.; Hinz; all within this volume). Indexmap shows location of profile, refraction seismic profiles, DSDP Sites,and offshore wells of the Aaiun Basin.

NW' CANARY ISLANDS

R-D (projected)

RISESOUTH CANARY ISLAND CHANNEL

SLOPE

dredges and cores in slope canyon(Aptian/Albian and Paleogene

coastlineI

47-A1,

AAIUN BASIN

43-1

NEOGENE^

SE

44-1 47-6

I I ILATE CRETACEOUS iLehlaiπafm.

EARLY CRETACEOUS

JURASSIC

7TRIASSIC

Jreibichat Fm.{continental elastics)

marine carbonates and elastics)

(evaporites)

(conglomerates)

— "

7FOLDED PALEOZOIC(Mauretanides)

REQUIBATMASSIF(metamorphic P€) _

^ • Location of profileA DSDP Siteθ On and offshore commercial well

Refraction seismic profile"Slope anticline"

Initial Reportsof the

Deep Sea Drilling Project

A Project Planned by and Carried Out With the Advice of theJOINT OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS FOR DEEP EARTH SAMPLING (JOIDES)

Volume XLVII, Part 1

covering Leg 47, Part 1 of the cruises of the Drilling Vessel Glomar ChallengerLas Palmas, Canary Islands to Vigo, Spain

March—April 1976

PARTICIPATING SCIENTISTS

Ulrich von Rad, William B. F. Ryan,Michael A. Arthur, Pavel Cepek, Maria B. Cita, Christopher Cornford,Linda Garifal, Norman Hamilton, Boris Lopatin, Gerhard F. Lutze,Floyd W. McCoy, Gregory Mountain, Michael Sarnthein, Oscar E. Weser,

Jean K. Whelan, and Frank H. Wind

Science Representative

Oscar E. Weser

Science Editors

Frederick H. Laughter and Evelyn M. Fagerberg

Prepared for theNATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATIONNational Ocean Sediment Coring Program

Under Contract C-482By the

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIAScripps Institution of Oceanography

Prime Contractor for the Project

This material is based upon research supported by the NationalScience Foundation under Contract No. C-482.

Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations ex-pressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do notnecessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

References to this Volume:

It is recommended that reference to whole or part of this volumebe made in one of the following forms, as appropriate:

von Rad, U., Ryan, W. B. F., et al, 1979. Initial Reports of theDeep Sea Drilling Project, v. 47, Part 1: Washington (U.S.Government Printing Office).

Lutze, G. F., 1979. Benthic foraminifers at Site 397: faunal fluctu-ations and ranges in the Quaternary. In von Rad, U., Ryan,W. B. F., et al., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project,v. 47, Part 1: Washington (U.S. Government Printing Office),p. 419-432.

Effective Publication Dates of DSDP Initial Reports

According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, thedate of publication of a work and of a contained name or statement affect-ing nomenclature is the date on which the publication was mailed to sub-scribers, placed on sale, or, where the whole edition is distributed free ofcharge, mailed to institutions and individuals to whom free copies are dis-tributed. The mailing date is the correct date, not the printed date.

Mailing dates of the more recent Initial Reports of the Deep Sea DrillingProject are as follows:

Volume 40—July, 1978Volume 41—April, 1978Volume 42—May, 1978

Volume 44—November, 1978Volume 45—December, 1978Volume 46—December, 1978

Supplement to Volumes 38-41—January, 1979Volume 49—March, 1979

Printed September 1979

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 74-603338

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfficeWashington, D.C. 20402 - Price $18.00

Stock Number 038-000-00415-8iv

Foreword

For the three and one-half years between1872 and 1876, the H.M.S. CHALLENGER—after which D/V GLOMAR CHALLENGERis named—undertook the workTs first majoroceanographic expedition. It is fitting that ourcentury should have its counterpart to that fa-mous ship a century ago whose voyages helpedestablished oceanography as a science. It isequally fitting that GLOMAR CHALLENGERshould be plying the same waters one centurylater seeking answers to new questions con-cerning the history of our planet and the life itsupports. The fundamental advancement ofour knowledge of the earth will lead to en-hanced capabilities to understand its processesand to use its natural resources intelligently.

The Deep Sea Drilling Project is beingundertaken within the context of the NationalScience Foundation^ Ocean Sediment CoringProgram. The Foundation is funding the proj-ect by means of a contract with the Universityof California, and the Scripps Institution ofOceanography is responsible for its manage-ment. The University has, in turn, subcon-tracted with Global Marine Incorporated forthe services of the drilling ship, GLOMARCHALLENGER.

Scientific planning is conducted under theauspices of the Joint Oceanographic Institutionsfor Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES). TheJOIDES consortium has convened advisorypanels for that purpose, consisting of a largenumber of distinguished scientists from the aca-demic institutions, Government agencies, andprivate industry of many countries. Altogether,the project has involved the active interest andparticipation of many of the world's best scien-tists and technologists.

The first ocean coring operations for theDeep Sea Drilling Project began on August 11,1968. During the ensuing years of drilling op-erations in the Atlantic, Pacific, and IndianOceans, the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, andMediterranean Sea, and Antarctic waters, thescientific objectives that had been set forth weresuccessfully accomplished. Primarily, the ageof the ocean basins and their processes of de-velopment were determined. Emphasis wasplaced on broad reconnaissance and on testingthe involvement of the mid-oceanic rise systemsin the development of the ocean basins.

From these concepts come major interpre-tations of the results of the drilling as they bearon patterns of sedimentation and physical andchemical characteristics of the ancient oceans.

As a result of the success of the Deep SeaDrilling Project, the National Science Founda-tion extended its contract with the Universityof California to encompass an additional 36months of drilling, allowing GLOMAR CHAL-LENGER to continue operations throughoutthe oceans of the world in exploring the deepocean floors for a period presently extendingone full decade. Scientific interest will involvemajor effort in drilling deeply into the oceaniccrustal igneous rocks to study the processes andmechanisms leading to the formation of theoceanic crust.

These reports contain the results of ini-tial studies of the recovered core material andthe associated geophysical information. Thecontribution to knowledge has been exceedinglylarge and future studies of the core materialover many years will contribute much more.

The importance of the work of the DeepSea Drilling Project and D/V GLOMARCHALLENGER is internationally recognized.In response to this recognition, a number ofnations are providing partial support. EffectiveJanuary 1974, the USSR and the Federal Re-public of Germany entered into agreementswith the United States for participation andsupport. Similar arrangements were agreed toby Japan in July 1975, the United Kingdom inSeptember 1975, and France in January 1976.

All people, in their lives, activities, andindustry, should benefit greatly from the project—from the technological advances that are be-ing made and through the information beingobtained on natural resources.

Richard C. AtkinsonDirector

Washington, D. C.October 1976

Recognizing the need in the oceanographiccommunity for scientific planning of a programto obtain deep sedimentary cores from theocean bottoms, four of the major oceano-graphic institutions that had strong interestsand programs in the fields of marine geologyand geophysics, formed in May 1964, the JointOceanographic Institutions for Deep EarthSampling (JOIDES). This group, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory; RosentielSchool of Marine and Atmospheric Science,University of Miami; the Scripps Institution ofOceanography, University of California at SanDiego; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic In-stitution, expressed an interest in undertakingscientific planning and guidance of the sedi-mentary drilling program. It was the purposeof this group to foster programs to investigatethe sediments and rocks beneath the deepoceans by drilling and coring. The membershipof this original group was later enlarged in1968 when the University of Washington be-came a member, and again in 1975 when Uni-versity of Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, theOregon State University School of Oceanog-raphy, the University of Rhode Island Gradu-ate School of Oceanography, and Texas A&MUniversity Department of Oceanography be-came members. In accordance with interna-tional agreements, institutions of participatingnations became members of JOIDES. Thus,during 1974 to 1976, the Bundesanstalt fürGeowissenschaften und Rohstoffe of the Fed-eral Republic of Germany, the Centre Nationalpour FExploitation des Oceans of France, theNational Environmental Research Council ofthe United Kingdom, the University of Tokyoof Japan, and Academy of Sciences of theUSSR became JOIDES members.

Through discussions sponsored by theJOIDES organization, with support from theNational Science Foundation, Columbia Uni-versity^ Lamont-Doherty Geological Observa-tory operated a drilling program in the summerof 1965, on the Blake Plateau region off Jack-sonville, Florida.

vn

With this success in hand, planning beganfor a more extensive deep sea effort. Thisresulted in the award of a contract by theNational Science Foundation to the Scripps In-stitution of Oceanography, University of Cali-fornia at San Diego for an eighteen-monthdrilling program in the Atlantic and PacificOceans, termed the Deep Sea Drilling Project(DSDP). Operations at sea began in August1968, using the now-famous drilling vessel,the Glomar Challenger.

The goal of the Deep Sea Drilling Projectis to gather scientific information that will helpdetermine the age and processes of develop-ment of the ocean basins. The primary strategyis to drill deep holes into the ocean floor, rely-ing largely on technology developed by thepetroleum industry.

Through the efforts of the principal or-ganizations and of the panel members whichwere drawn from a large cross section of lead-ing earth scientists and associates, a scientificprogram was developed.

Cores recovered from deep beneath theocean floor provide reference material for amultitude of studies in fields such as biostratig-raphy, physical stratigraphy, and Paleomag-netism, that afford a new scope for studies ofthe physical and chemical aspects of sedimentprovenance, transportation, deposition, anddiagenesis. In-hole measurements,, as feasible,provide petrophysical data to permit inferenceof lithology of intervals from which no coreswere recovered.

A report, describing the core materials andinformation obtained both at sea and in lab-oratories on shore, is published after the com-pletion of each cruise. These reports are acooperative effort of the scientists participatingin the cruise and are intended primarily to bea compilation of results which, it is hoped, willbe the starting point for many future new andexciting research programs. Preliminary in-terpretations of the data and observations takenat sea, are also included.

Core materials and data collected on eachcruise will be made available to qualifiedscientists through the Curator of the Deep Sea

Drilling Project, following a Sample Distribu-tion Policy (p. xvii) approved by the NationalScience Foundation.

The advent of Glomar Challenger, with itsdeep-water drilling ability, is exceedinglytimely. It has come when geophysical investi-gation of the oceans has matured through 20to 30 years of vigorous growth to the pointwhere we have some knowledge about much ofthe formerly unknown oceanic areas of ourplanet. About one million miles of traverseshad been made which tell us much about theglobal pattern of gravity, magnetic and thermalanomalies, and about the composition, thick-ness, and stratigraphy of the sedimentary coverof the deep-sea and continental margin. Thecoverage with such data has enabled the siteselection panels to pick choice locations fordrilling. The knowledge gained from each holecan be extended into the surrounding area.Detailed geophysical surveys were made formost of the selected locations prior to drilling.

The earth sciences have recently maturedfrom an empirical status to one in which sub-stantial theories and hypotheses about majortectonic processes are flourishing. Theoriesabout the origin of magnetic fields and mag-netic reversals, about ocean floor spreadingand continental drift, and about the thermalhistory of our planet, have led to specific pre-dictions that could be tested best by an en-lightened program of sampling of deep-sea andcontinental margin sediments and underlyingrocks.

In October 1975, the International Phaseof Ocean Drilling (IPOD) began. This in-ternational interest, and the true participationof both the scientists and governments of anumber of nations, is elegant testimony of theimportance of the work being done by the DeepSea Drilling Project.

The members of JOIDES and DSDP andthe scientists from all interested organizationsand nations who have served on the variousadvisory panels are proud to have been ofservice and believe that the information andcore materials that have been obtained will beof value to students of earth sciences and allhumanity for many years to come.

Vlll

Deep SeaDrilling Project

MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS OF THE JOINTOCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS FORDEEP EARTH SAMPLING (JOIDES):*

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften and Rohstoffe,Federal Republic of Germany

Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, ColumbiaUniversity

Rosenstiel School of Marine and AtmosphericScience, University of Miami

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University ofCalifornia

USSR Academy of Sciences

University of Washington

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

OPERATING INSTITUTION:

W. A. Nierenberg, DirectorScripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, California

DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT

Dr. David G. MooreProject Chief Scientist

M. N. A. PetersonPrincipal Investigator and Project Manager

* Includes member organizations during time of thecruise.

SENIOR PROJECT PERSONNEL

Mr. Frank C. MacTernanPrincipal Engineer andDeputy Project Manager

Dr. Stan M. WhiteAssociate Chief Scientist forScience Operations

Dr. John L. UsherAssociate Chief Scientist forScience Services

Mr. William R. RiedelCurator

Mr. Stanley T. SerockiProject Development Engineer

Mr. Valdemar LarsonOperations Manager

Mr. William T. SoderstromFinance Administrator

Mr. Robert OlivasLogistics Officer

Mr. Robert S. BowerContracts Officer

Ms. Sue StrainPersonnel Officer

IX

Participants Aboard

GLOMAR CHALLENGER for LegForty Seven, Part 1

Dr. Ulrich von RadCo-Chief Scientist

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschajtenund Rohstoffe

3 Hannover 51, Post jack 510153Federal Republic of Germany

Dr. William B.F. RyanCo-Chief Scientist

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryPalisades, New York 10964

Mr. Michael A. ArthurSedimentologist

Princeton UniversityDepartment of Geological SciencesPrinceton, New Jersey 08540

Dr. Pavel CepekPaleontologist (Nannofossils)

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaftenund Rohstoffe

3 Hannover 51, Postfach 510153Federal Republic of Germany

Dr. Maria B. CitaPaleontologist (Foraminifers)

Department of Geology and PaleontologyUniversity of MilanPiazzale Gorini 15MilanItaly

Dr. Christopher CornfordGeochemist/Sedimentologist

Programmgruppe für Erdol und OrganischeGeochemie

P.O.Box 1913,D-5170Jülich 1Federal Republic of Germany

Ms. Linda GarifalAssistant Curator

Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031Scripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92093

Dr. Norman HamiltonPaleomagnetist

Department of GeologyThe UniversitySouthampton SO9 5NHEngland

Dr. Boris LopatinSedimentologist

Research Institute of Arctic GeologyLeningradUSSR

Dr. Gerhard F. LutzePaleontologist (Foraminifers)

Geologishches Insütut der Universitat-KielD-23 KielOlshausenstrasse 40/60Federal Republic of Germany

Dr. Floyd W. McCoySedimentologist


Mr. Gregory MountainPhysical Properties Specialist


Dr. Michael SarntheinSedimentologist

Geologisches Insütut der Universitat-KielD-23 KielOlshausenstrasse 40/60Federal Republic of Germany

Mr. Oscar E. WeserSedimentologist & Science Representative


Dr. Jean K. WhelanOrganic Geochemist

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods Hole, Massachusetts 02543

Mr. Frank H. WindPaleontologist (Nannofossils)

Florida State UniversityDepartment of GeologyTallahassee, Florida 32306

Mr. Glen FossCruise Operations Manager


XI

Mr. Melvin FieldsWeatherman

NO A ANational Weather Service439 West York StreetNorfolk, Virginia 23510

Captain Loyd DillCaptain of the Drilling Vessel

Global Marine, Inc.Los Angeles, California 90017

Mr. Cotton GuessDrilling Superintendent

Global Marine, Inc.Los Angeles, California 90017

Mr. Ted GustafsonLaboratory Officer


Ms. Anne G. GrahamChemist


Mr. Paul LaughlinElectronics Technician

Deep Sea Drilling Project, A^031Scripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92093

Mr. Michael GliptisMarine Technician


Mr. George HohnhausMarine Technician

Ocean Research DivisionScripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92093

Mr. Kevin ReidMarine Technician


Mr. Frederick Van WoyMarine Technician


Mr. William BrennanPhotographer


Ms. Lorraine BanyraResearch Assistant


Ms. Lou HenryYeoperson


Deep Sea Drilling Project Publications Staff

Dr. Ansis G. KanepsScience EditorMs. Paula WorstellScience EditorMr. James ShambachScience Editor

Mr. Ray SilkProduction Manager

Ms. Virginia L. RomanArt SupervisorMr. Fred LaughterScience Editor

Ms. Mary A. YoungProduction Coordinator

Ms. Janice E. BowmanProduction Coordinator

Xll

JOIDE3S AdvisoryGroups

Executive Committee

Dr. Maurice Rattray, Jr.University of Washington

Professor Dr. F. BenderBundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoße

Dr. John V. ByrneOregon State University

Dr. Paul M. FyeWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Dr. William W. HayRosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric

ScienceSir Peter Kent, F.R.S.

Natural Environment Research CouncilDr. John A. Knauss

University of Rhode IslandMonsieur Yves La Prairie

CNEXODr. William A. Nierenberg

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. M.N.A. Peterson (Ex-officio)

Scripps Institution of OceanographyAcademician A. V. Sidorenko

Academy of Sciences of the USSRDr. Manik Talwani

Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Planning Committee

Dr. Joe S. Creager*University of Washington

Dr. Helmut BeirsdorfBundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe

Dr. William R. BryantTexas A&M University

Mr. John I. Ewing*Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Dr. Stefan Gartner*Texas A&M University

Dr. C.G.A. Harrison*Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric

ScienceDr. William W. Hay

Rosenstiel School of Marine and AtmosphericScience

*Alternate

Dr. Dennis E. Hayes*Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. James R. HeirtzlerWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Dr. James P. KennettUniversity of Rhode Island

Dr. LaVern D. KulmOregon State University

Dr. Yves Lancelot*CNEXO

Dr. Anthony S. LaughtonInstitute of Oceanographic Sciences

Dr. Xavier Le PichonCNEXO

Dr. Dean A. McManus*University of Washington

Dr. David G. Moore (Ex-officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. M.N.A. Peterson*Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. Jean-Guy Schilling*University of Rhode Island

Dr. George Shor*Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. Gleb UdintsevAcademy of Sciences of the USSR

Dr. E. L. WintererScripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. George P. WoolardHawaii Institute of Geophysics

Advisory Panel on Sedimentary Petrologyand Physical PropertiesDr. G. R. Heath

University of Rhode IslandDr. Wolfgang Berger

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. W. Bryant

Texas A&M UniversityDr. S. E. Calvert

Institute of Oceanographic SciencesDr. C. J. Clausen

Norges Geotekniske InstituttDr. G. H. Keller

Oregon State UniversityDr. A. P. Lisitzin

Academy of Sciences of the USSR

Xlll

Dr. Frederic MélièresUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie

Dr. G. MüllerLaboratorium für Sedimentfarschung, Heidelberg

Dr. A. RichardsLehigh University

Advisory Panel on Organic GeochemistryDr. Keith Kvenvolden

U.S. Geological SurveyDr. Earl W. Baker

Northeast Louisiana UniversityDr. Ellis E. Bray

Mobil Oil Company, Inc.Dr. Egon T. Degans*

Universitat HamburgDr. Geoffrey Eglinton

University of BristolDr. J. Gordon Erdman

Phillips Petroleum CompanyDr. N. A. Eremenko

Institute of Geology and Exploration ofCombustible Mineral Resources, USSR

Dr. A. Geodekjan*P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology

Dr. William W. HayRosentiel School of Marine and

Atmospheric ScienceDr. John M. Hunt

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. Richard D. Mclver

Esso Production Research LaboratoryDr. Erwin Suess

Oregon State UniversityDr. B. Tissot

Institut Français du PétroleDr. Dietrich Welte

Lehrstuhl fur Geologie, Geochemie, undLaggerstratten des Erdols und der Kohle

Advisory Panel on Information HandlingDr. M. A. Rosenfeld

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. D. W. Appleman

Smithsonian InstitutionMr. J. G. Barr

Standard Oil Company of CaliforniaDr. T. A. Davies

Middlebury College

*Alternate

Dr. H. GlashoffBundesansta.lt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe

Mr. P. GrimEnvironmental Data Service

Dr. J. C. KelleySan Francisco State College

Dr. A. Loeblich, Jr.University of California, Los Angeles

Dr. W. RiedelScripps Institution of Oceanography

Professor L. SitnikovAcademy of Sciences of the USSR

Dr. J. Usher (Ex-officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. T. WorsleyUniversity of Washington

Advisory Panel on Pollution Preventionand SafetyDr. Hollis Hedberg

Princeton UniversityDr. George Claypool

U.S. Geological SurveyDr. Joseph R. Curray

Scripps Institution of OceanographyMr. John I. Ewing

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. Louis E. Garrison

U.S. Geological SurveyDr. H. Grant Goodell

University of VirginiaDr. Arthur E. Green

Exxon Production Research LaboratoryDr. A. Mayer-Gurr*

Eichhaldestrasse 79/3D-7417 Urach, Federal Republic of Germany

Dr. Manik TalwaniLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. Seiya UyedaUniversity of Tokyo

Mr. Oscar E. WeserScripps Institution of Oceanography


Advisory Panel on Inorganic GeochemistryDr. Joris M. Gieskes

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. G. N. Baturin*

Academy of Sciences of the USSR

xiv

Dr. Wallace S. BroeckerLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. D. S. CronanRoyal School of Mines, London

Mr. John I. EwingLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. Heinrich D. HollandHarvard University

Dr. Ira R. KaplanUniversity of California, Los Angeles

Dr. Frank T. ManheimU.S. Geological Survey

Dr. Erwin SuessOregon State University

Dr. K. K. TurekianYale University

Dr. I. M. VarentsovAcademy of Sciences of the USSR

Dr. K. H. WedepohlGeochemisches Institut der Universitat, Gottingen

Industrial Liaison PanelMr. W. A. Roberts

Phillips Petroleum CompanyMr. Fred C. Ackman

Esso Exploration, Inc.Mr. Melvin J. Hill

Gulf Oil CorporationDr. John D. Moody

Mobil Oil CorporationMonsieur Gilbert Rutman

Societé Nationale des Petroles d'Aquitaine

Advisory Panel on Ocean CrustDr. J. R. Cann

University of East AngliaDr. Claude J. Allegre

Universites de Paris 6 et 7Dr. Leonid V. Dimitriev

Academy of Sciences of the USSRDr. Stanley R. Hart

Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyDr. James R. Heirtzler

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. Ikuo Kushiro

University of TokyoDr. William G. Melson

Smithsonian Institution

*Alternate

Dr. W. Jason MorganPrinceton University

Dr. H. U. Schmincke*Ruhr-Universitat, Bochum

Dr. W. SchreyerRuhr-Universitat, Bochum

Dr. John C. SclaterMassachusetts Institute of Technology

Dr. Manik TalwaniLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. Gleb UdintsevAcademy of Sciences of the USSR

Advisory Panel on Ocean Margin (Active)Dr. Seiya Uyeda

University of TokyoDr. Rene Blanchet

Centre de Recherche en GéologieDr. Creighton Burk

Marine Sciences InstituteDr. Joe S. Creager

University of WashingtonDr. Kazuo Kobayashi

University of TokyoDr. I. P. Kosminskaya

Academy of Sciences of the USSRDr. Loren W. Kroenke

Hawaii Institute of GeophysicsDr. Laverne D. Kulm

Oregon State UniversityDr. Keith Kvenvolden

U.S. Geological SurveyDr. William J. Ludwig

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryAcademician A. V. Pieve

Academy of Sciences of the USSRDr. Gordon Packham

University of SydneyDr. David W. Scholl

U.S. Geological SurveyDr. Roland von Huene

U.S. Geological Survey

Advisory Panel on Ocean Margin (Passive)Dr. Joseph A. Curray

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. A. W. Bally

Shell Oil CompanyProfessor Dr. D. Bernoulli

Geologisch-Palaontologisches Institut, Basel

xv


Dr. K. HinzBundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe

Dr. J. M. HuntWoods Hole Oceonographic Institution

Dr. H. KagamiUniversity of Tokyo

Dr. L. MontadertInstitut Français du Pétrole

Dr. D. G. RobertsInstitute of Oceanographic Sciences

Professor Dr. E. SeiboldUniversitat Kiel

Dr. J. ThiedeOregon State University

Dr. Von Stackleberg*Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe

Advisory Panel on Ocean PaleoenvironmentDr. Yves Lancelot

CNEXODr. Wolfgang Berger

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. W. Berggren

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. P. L. Bezrukov

Academy of Sciences of the USSRDr. P. Cepek

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und RohstoffeMonsieur J. Debyser

CNEXOProfessor B. M. Funnell

University of East AngliaDr. William W. Hay


Dr. Kenneth HsüEidg. Technische Hochschule

Dr. J. KennettUniversity of Rhode Island

Dr. V. KrasheninnikovAcademy of Sciences of the USSR

Dr. A. LisitzinAcademy of Sciences of the USSR

Dr. T. C. MooreUniversity of Rhode Island

Dr. I. Premoli-SilvaIstituto di Paleontologie

^Alternate

Dr. W. R. RiedelScripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. H. SchraderUniversitat Kiel

Dr. N. ShackletonUniversity of Cambridge

Dr. Y. TakayanagiTohoku University

Dr. H. ThiersteinScripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. Tj. H. van AndelOregon State University

Dr. T. WorsleyUniversity of Washington

Advisory Panel on Site SurveyingDr. Brian T.R. Lewis

University of WashingtonDr. Mahlon Ball


Dr. Elizabeth T. BunceWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Dr. Edgar S. DriverGulf Global Exploration Company


Dr. Davis A. FahlquistTexas A&M University

Dr. K. HinzBundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe

Dr. Donald M. HussongHawaii Institute of Geophysics

Dr. L. KoganSouthern Branch of the Institute of Oceanology,

USSRDr. I. P. Kosminskaya

Academy of Sciences of the USSRDr. Marcus G. Langseth

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. Shozaburo Nagumo

University of TokyoDr. Vince Renard

Centre Océanologique de BretagneDr. Roland Schlich

Observatoire Géophysique du Pare St.-MaurDr. G. Stober

Deminex, DusseldorfDr. Gleb Udintsev

P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, USSR

xvi

Dr. Roland von HueneU.S. Geological Survey

Dr. Joel WatkinsUniversity of Texas


Stratigraphic Correlations PanelDr. R. H. Benson

Smithsonian InstitutionProfessor Dr. H. M. Bolli

Eidg. Technische Hochschule, ZurichDr. D. Bukry

U.S. Geological SurveyDr. P. ëepek

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und RohstoffeDr. R. G. Douglas

University of Southern CaliforniaDr. S. R. Hammond

Hawaii Institute of GeophysicsDr. C. Helsley

Hawaii Institute of GeophysicsDr. N. Hughes

Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge

Dr. M. PetrushevskayaAcademy of Sciences of the USSR

Dr. W. R. RiedelScripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. T. SaitoLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. J. B. SaundersNaturhistorisches Museum Basel

Downhole Measurements Panel

Dr. R. HyndmanVictoria Geophysical Observatory

Mr. R. E. Boyce (Ex-officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. N. ChristensenUniversity of Washington

Dr. J. R. HeirtzlerWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Dr. A. F. RichardsLehigh University

Dr. O. SerraELF-ERAP

xvn

Deep Sea Drilling ProjectSAMPLE DISTRIBUTION POLICY

Distribution of Deep Sea Drilling samples for investi-gation will be undertaken in order to (1) providesupplementary data to support GLOMAR CHAL-LENGER scientists in achieving the scientific objec-tives of their particular cruise, and in addition toserve as a mechanism for contributions to the InitialReports; (2) provide individual investigators withmaterials that are stored with samples for referenceand comparison purposes.

The National Science Foundation has established aSample Distribution Panel to advise on the distribu-tion of core materials. This panel is chosen in accor-dance with usual Foundation practices, in a mannerthat will assure advice in the various disciplines lead-ing to a complete and adequate study of the coresand their contents. Funding for the proposed researchmust be secured separately by the investigator. Itcannot be provided through the Deep Sea DrillingProject.

The Deep Sea Drilling Projects Curator is respon-sible for distributing the samples and controlling theirquality, as well as preserving and conserving corematerial. He also is responsible for maintaining arecord of all samples that have been distributed,shipboard and subsequent, indicating the recipient,and the nature of the proposed investigation. Thisinformation is made available to all investigators ofDSDP materials as well as other interested research-ers on request.

The distribution of samples is made directly from oneof the two existing repositories, Lamont-DohertyGeological Observatory and Scripps Institution ofOceanography, by the Curator or his designatedrepresentative.

1. Distribution of Samples for Research Leading toContributions to Initial Reports

Any investigator who wishes to contribute a paper toa given volume of the Initial Reports may write tothe Chief Scientist, Deep Sea Drilling Project (A-031)Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University ofCalifornia at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093,U.S.A., requesting samples from a forthcomingcruise. Requests for a specific cruise should bereceived by the Chief Scientist two months in advanceof the departure of the cruise in order to allow timefor the review and consideration of all requests andto establish a suitable shipboard sampling program.The request should include a statement of the nature

of the study proposed, size and approximate numberof samples required to complete the study, and anyparticular sampling technique or equipment thatmight be required. The requests will be reviewed bythe Chief Scientist of the Project and the cruiseco-chief scientists; approval will be given in accor-dance with the scientific requirements of the cruiseas determined by the appropriate JODIES AdvisoryPanel(s). If approved, the requested samples willbe taken, either by the shipboard party if the work-load permits, or by the curatorial staff shortly follow-ing the return of the cores to the repository. Pro-posals must be of a scope to ensure that samplescan be processed and a contribution completed intime for publication in the Initial Reports. Exceptfor rare, specific instances involving ephemeral prop-erties, sampling will not exceed one-quarter of thevolume of core recovered, with no interval beingdepleted and one-half of all core being retained asan archive. Shipboard sampling shall not exceedapproximately 100 igneous samples per investigator;in all cases co-chief scientists are requested to keepsampling to a minimum.

The co-chief scientists may elect to have specialstudies of selected core samples made by other inves-tigators. In this event the names of these investi-gators and complete listings of all materials loaned ordistributed must be forwarded, if possible, prior tothe cruise or, as soon as possible following the cruise,to the Chief Scientist through the DSDP Staff ScienceRepresentative for that particular cruise. In suchcases, all requirements of the Sample DistributionPolicy shall also apply.

If a dispute arises or if a decision cannot be reachedin the manner prescribed, the NSF Sample Distribu-tion Panel will conduct the final arbitration.

Any publication of results other than in the InitialReports within twelve (12) months of the comple-tion of the cruise must be approved and authoredby the whole shipboard party and, where appropriate,shore-based investigators. After twelve months, indi-vidual investigators may submit related papers foropen publication provided they have submitted theircontributions to the Initial Reports. Investigationsnot completed in time for inclusion in the InitialReports for a specific cruise may not be published inother journals until final publication of that InitialReport for which it was intended. Notice of sub-mission to other journals and a copy of the articleshould be sent to the DSDP Chief Science Editor.

* Revised October 1976

x ix

2. Distribution of Samples for Research leading toPublication other than in Initial Reports

A. Researchers intending to request samples forstudies beyond the scope of the Initial Reportsshould first obtain sample request forms fromthe Curator, Deep Sea Drilling Project(A-031), Scripps Institution of Oceanogra-phy, University of California at San Diego,La Jolla, California 92093, U.S.A. On theforms the researcher is requested to specifythe quantities and intervals of the corerequired, make a clear statement of the pro-posed research, state time required to com-plete and submit results for publication,specify the status of funding and the availa-bility of equipment and space foreseen forthe research.

In order to ensure that all requests for highlydesirable but limited samples can be con-sidered, approval of requests and distributionof samples will not be made prior to 2 monthsafter publication of the Initial Core Descrip-tions (LCD.) . ICD's are required to bepublished within 10 months following eachcruise. The only exceptions to this policywill be for specific instances involving ephem-eral properties. Requests for samples can bebased on the Initial Core Descriptions, copiesof which are on file at various institutionsthroughout the world. Copies of original corelogs and data are kept on open file at DSDPand at the Repository at Lamont-DohertyGeological Observatory, Palisades, NewYork. Requests for samples from researchersin industrial laboratories will be handled inthe same manner as those from academicorganizations, with the same obligation topublish results promptly.

B. (1) The DSDP Curator is authorized to dis-tribute samples to 50ml per meter of core.Requests for volumes of material in excess ofthis amount will be referred to the NSFSample Distribution Panel for review andapproval. Experience has shown that mostinvestigations can be accomplished with 10mlsized samples or less. All investigators areencouraged to be as judicious as possible withregard to sample size and, especially, fre-quency within any given core interval. TheCurator will not automatically distribute anyparts of the cores which appear to be in par-ticularly high demand; requests for such partswill be referred to the Sample DistributionPanel for review. Requests for samples from

thin layers or important stratigraphic bound-aries will also require Panel review.

(2) If investigators wish to study certainproperties which may deteriorate prior to thenormal availability of the samples, they mayrequest that the normal waiting period notapply. All such requests must be reviewedby the curators and approved by the NSFSample Distribution Panel.

C. Samples will not be provided prior to assur-ance that funding for sample studies eitherexists or is not needed. However, neitherformal approval of sample requests nor dis-tribution of samples will be made until theappropriate time (Item A) . If a samplerequest is dependent, either wholly or in part,on proposed funding, the Curator is preparedto provide to the organization to whom thefunding proposal has been submitted anyinformation on the availability (or potentialavailability) of samples that it may request.

D. Investigators receiving samples are respon-sible for:

(1) publishing significant results; howevercontributions shall not be submitted for pub-lication prior to 12 months following thetermination of the appropriate leg;

(2) acknowledging, in publications, thatsamples were supplied through the assistanceof the U.S. National Science Foundation andothers as appropriate;

(3) submitting five (5) copies (for distri-bution to the Curator's file, the DSDP Reposi-tories, the GLOMAR CHALLENGERSLibrary, and the National Science Founda-tion) of all reprints of published results tothe Curator, Deep Sea Drilling Project(A-031), Scripps Institution of Oceanogra-phy, University of California at San Diego,La Jolla, California 92093, U.S.A.;

(4) returning, in good condition, the remain-ders of samples after termination of research,if requested by the Curator.

E. Cores are made available at repositories forinvestigators to examine and to specify exactsamples in such instances as may be neces-sary for the scientific purposes of the sam-pling, subject to the limitations of B (1 and2) and D, above, with specific permission ofthe Curator or his delegate.

xx

Shipboard-produced smear slides of sedi-ments and thin sections of indurated sedi-ments, igneous and metamorphic rocks, willbe returned to the appropriate repository atthe end of each cruise or at the publicationof the Initial Reports for that cruise. Thesesmear slides and thin sections will form areference collection of the cores stored ateach repository and may be viewed at therespective repositories as an aid in the selec-tion of core samples.

G. The Deep Sea Drilling Project routinely pro-cesses by computer most of the quantitativedata presented in the Initial Reports. Spacelimitations in the Initial Reports preclude thedetailed presentation of all such data. How-ever, copies of the computer readout areavailable for those who wish the data forfurther analysis or as an aid on selectingsamples. A charge will be made to recoverexpenses in excess of $50.00 incurred infilling requests.

3. Other Records

Magnetics, seismic reflection, downhole logging, andbathymetric data collected by the GLOMAR CHAL-LENGER will also be available for distribution atthe same time samples become available.

Requests for data may be made to:

Associate Chief Scientist, Science ServicesDeep Sea Drilling Project (A-031)Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, California 92093

A charge will be made to recover the expenses inexcess of $50.00 in filling individual requests. Ifrequired, estimated charges can be furnished beforethe request is processed.

4. Reference Centers

As a separate and special category, samples will bedistributed for the purpose of establishing up to fivereference centers where paleontologic materials willbe available for reference and comparison purposes.The first of these reference centers has been approvedat Basel, Switzerland.

xxi

CONTENTS

Chapter Page

DEDICATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . 1

Chapter Page

10. LATE NEOGENE 391Maria Bianca Cita and Maria Rosa Colombo

PART I: INTRODUCTION AND SITE REPORT

1. INTRODUCTION AND EXPLANATORYNOTESShipboard Scientific Party

2. SITE 397Shipboard Scientific Party

5

17

PART II: PALEONTOLOGICAL STUDIES 219

3. LOWER CRETACEOUS CALCAREOUSNANNOPLANKTON FROM DSDP HOLE397A (NORTHWEST AFRICAN MARGIN) 221Frank H. Wind and Pavel Cepek

4. LOWER CRETACEOUS FORAMINI-FERAL BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, PALEO-ECOLOGY, AND DEPOSITIONALENVIRONMENT AT DSDP SITE 397,LEG 47A 257Arif Butt

5. SOME CRETACEOUS PLANKTONICFORAMINIFERS (FAVUSELLA) OF DSDPSITE 397 (EASTERN NORTH ATLANTIC) 273Wolfgang Rosier, Gerhard F. Lutze, and UwePflaumann

6. EARLY CRETACEOUS MOLLUSKS FROMDSDP HOLE 397A OFF NORTHWESTAFRICA 283Jost Wiedmann

7. NEOGENE AND QUATERNARYCALCEREOUS NANNOPLANKTON FROMDSDP SITE 397 (NORTHWEST AFRICANMARGIN) 289Pavel Cepek and Frank H. Wind

8. MIOCENE FORAMINIFERALSTRATIGRAPHY, DSDP SITE 397 (CAPEBOJADOR, NORTH ATLANTIC) 317Gianfranco Salvatorini and Maria Bianca Cita

9. CALIBRATION OF LATE NEOGENECALCEREOUS PLANKTON DATUMPLANES WITH THE PALEOMAGNETICRECORD OF SITE 397 ANDCORRELATION WITH MOROCCAN ANDMEDITERRANEAN SECTIONS 375Roberto Mazzei, Isabella Raffi, Domenico Rio,Norman Hamilton, and Maria Bianca Cita

11. BENTHIC FORAMINIFERS AT SITE 397:FAUNAL FLUCTUATIONS AND RANGESIN THE QUATERNARY 419Gerhard F. Lutze

12. OXYGEN AND CARBON ISOTOPESTRATIGRAPHY OF BENTHICFORAMINIFERS AT SITE 397: DETAILEDHISTORY OF CLIMATIC CHANGEDURING THE LATE NEOGENE 433N. J. Shackleton and M. B. Cita

13. LATE NEOGENE ENVIRONMENTALEVOLUTION 447Maria Bianca Cita and William B. F. Ryan

PART III: PALEOMAGNETIC STUDIES 461

14. A PALEOMAGNETIC STUDY OFSEDIMENTS FROM SITE 397NORTHWEST AFRICAN CONTINENTALMARGIN 463Norman Hamilton

15. VALIDATION OF MIDDLE PLIOCENE TOPLEISTOCENE PALEOMAGNETICREVERSAL RECORD USING DIATOMAND SILICOFLAGELLATE DATUMLEVELS 479Lloyd H. Burckle

16. PRELIMINARY MAGNETIC FABRICSTUDIES OF LOWER CRETACEOUSSEDIMENTS FROM DSDP SITE 397,NORTHWEST AFRICAN CONTINENTALMARGIN 481Norman Hamilton

PART IV: GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES 483

17.

18.

SEISMIC SEQUENCES OF CAPEBOJADOR, NORTHWEST AFRICAK. Hinz

485

CAPE BOJADOR SLOPE, AN EXAMPLEFOR POTENTIAL PITFALLS IN SEISMICINTERPRETATION WITHOUT THEINFORMATION OF OUTER MARGINDRILLING 491G. Wissmann

xxiii

Chapter Page Chapter Page

PART V: GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES 501 28.

19.

20.

21

22.

23.

24.

25.

ORGANIC DEPOSITION AT ACONTINENTAL RISE: ORGANICGEOCHEMICAL INTERPRETATION ANDSYNTHESIS AT DSDP SITE 397, EASTERNNORTH ATLANTIC 503Chris Cornford

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF DSDPLEG 47A, SITE 397 EASTERN NORTHATLANTIC: ORGANIC PETROGRAPHYAND EXTRACTABLE HYDROCARBONS 511C. Cornford, J. Rullkötter, and D. Welte

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOMEORGANIC-RICH SHALES FROM DSDPSITE 397, LEG 47A, EASTERN NORTHATLANTIC 523G. Deroo, J. P. Herbin, J. Roucaché, and B.Tissot

Ci TO C7 HYDROCARBONS FROM IPODHOLES 397 AND 397A 531Jean K. Whelan

SEARCH FOR EOLIAN LIPIDS IN THEPLEISTOCENE OFF CAPE BOJADORAND LIPID GEOCHEMISTRY OF ACRETACEOUS MUDSTONE, DSDP/IPODLEG 47ABernd R. T. Simoneit and Monica A. Mazurek

29.

30.

31.

CHLOROPHYLL DIAGENESIS IN IPODLEG 47A, SITE 397 CORE SAMPLES . .F. W. Baker and S. E. Palmer

BORON GEOCHEMISTRY AT THEMIOCENE/PLIOCENE BOUNDARY . .N. Coradossi and E. Corazza

PART VI: SEDIMENTOLOGICAL ANDMINERALOGICAL STUDIES

541

547

553

557

32.

CLAY MINERALOGY OF SITE 397,SOUTH OF CANARY ISLANDS (DSDPLEG 47A) 595Hervé Chamley and Ghislaine Giroud d'Argoud

EARLY NEOGENE BASE-OF-SLOPESEDIMENTATION AT SITE 397, DSDPLEG 47A: SEQUENTIAL EVOLUTION OFGRAVITATIVE MASS TRANSPORTPROCESSES AND REDEPOSITION ALONGTHE NORTHWEST AFRICAN PASSIVEMARGIN 603Michael A. Arthur and Ulrich von Rad

UPPER MIOCENE TO PLEISTOCENECLIMATES IN NORTHWEST AFRICADEDUCED FROM TERRIGENOUSCOMPONENTS OF SITE 397 SEDIMENTS(DSDP LEG 47A)Hervé Chamley and Liselotte Diester-Haass

641

DSDP SITE 397: CLIMATOLOGICAL,SEDIMENTOLOGICAL AND OCEANO-GRAPHIC CHANGES IN THE NEOGENEAUTOCHTHONOUS SEQUENCEL. Diester-Haass

647

33.

LATE NEOGENE PALEOENVIRONMENTSTUDIES ON CARBONATE CONTENT,GRAIN SIZES, AND DISSOLUTION,CORES 1-57 (DSDP SITE 397) 671Maria Bianca Cita and Giuseppe Spezzibottiani

GRAIN SIZE AND GRAIN MORPHOLOGYOF THE LOWER AND MIDDLE MIOCENESANDY SEDIMENTS OF THECONTINENTAL RISE OFFNORTHWESTERN AFRICA 683Dmitrij S. Kashik, Olga A. Miklukho-Makley,Galina M. Romm, and Alexander E. Rybalko

26. FACIES PALEOENVIRONMENT OFLOWER CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTS ATDSDP SITE 397 AND IN THE AAIUNBASIN (NORTHWEST AFRICA)Gerhard Einsele and Ulrich von Rad

559

34. PETROGRAPHY AND PETROCHEM-ISTRY OF MIOCENE VOLCANICLASTICSANDSTONES (HOLE 397) 699B. G. Lopatin

27. LOWER CRETACEOUS LITHOSTRATIG-RAPHY OF THE CONTINENTAL RISEOFF THE WESTERN SAHARA 579V. A. Basov, B. G. Lopatin, I. S. Gramberg,A. I. Danyushevskaya, V. Ya. Kaban'kov,V. M. Lazurkin, and D. K. Patrunov

35. NEOGENE EVOLUTION OF CANARYISLAND VOLCANISM INFERRED FROMASH LAYERS AND VOLCANICLASTICSANDSTONES OF DSDP SITE 397(LEG 47A) 703Hans-Ulrich Schmincke and Ulrich von Rad

xxiv

Chapter Page Chapter Page

36. METEOR CORES 12309: LATE 38.PLEISTOCENE REFERENCE SECTIONFOR INTERPRETATION OF THENEOGENE OF SITE 397 727Gerhard F. Lutze, Michael Sarnthein, BernhardKoopman, Uwe Pflaumann, Helmut Erlen-keuser, and Jörn Thiede 39.

37. DIAGENESIS OF SILICA, ZEOLITES, ANDPHYLLOSILICATES AT SITES 397AND 398 741Volker Riech

SIMULATION OF GEOLOGIC, HYDRO-DYNAMIC, AND THERMODYNAMICDEVELOPMENT OF A SEDIMENTARYBASIN—A QUANTITATIVE APPROACH 761M. Arif Yükler, C. Cornford, and D. Welte

EVOLUTION AND SEDIMENTARYHISTORY OF THE CAPE BOJADORCONTINENTAL MARGIN,NORTHWESTERN AFRICA 773Michael A. Arthur, Ulrich von Rad, ChrisCornford, Floyd, McCoy, and Michael Sarn-thein

INDEX 817

XXV

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We sincerely thank Captain Joseph Clark and his crew, Operations ManagerGlen Foss, Drilling Superintendent Jim Ruddell and the GMI crew, and TedGustafson and the Deep Sea Drilling Project Marine Technician staff for theircooperation and constant high level of performance during Leg 47 A.

The Deep Sea Drilling Project Art Department, and Editors Fred Laughter andEvelyn Fagerberg are acknowledged for their important respective contributionstowards illustrating, organizing, and editing the papers in this volume.

We appreciate the advice and preparation of site proposals by the JOIDESPassive Margin Panel, the Safety Panel, and the Planning Committee. We alsothank the scientists from Kiel University, Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaftenund Rohstoffe, Hannover and other institutions who proposed sites and con-tributed geological and geophysical data for presite surveys, especially Dr. E.Seibold (Kiel), Dr. K. Hinz and Dr. G. Wissmann (Hannover), A Brown (GSI,London), Dr. G. Einsele (Tubingen), and Dr. H. U. Schmircke (Bochum). Ac-knowledgment is made to all of those scientists who provided valuable contri-butions to this volume but were not participants on the cruise.

A number of colleagues contributed reviews of various papers; we specificallythank Dr. H. Bolli (Zurich), Dr. H. Thierstein (La Jolla), Drs. K. Hinz, G.Wissmann, E. Kempter, U. Ranks, and P. Kehrer (BGR, Hannover), and H. U.Schmincke (Bochum) for reviews of parts of the Site Chapter.