modern trends in mobile communication
TRANSCRIPT
Objectives Introduction Communication Devices Wireless System Evolution
1G - 5G Wireless Systems
Types of networks Wireless PAN Wireless LAN Wireless MAN Wireless WAN
Communication in India Conclusion
IntroductionTelecommunications
- is the key enabler of economic and social development of a nation
- increase the efficiency of commercial and administrative activities
- improve the effectiveness of social and emergency services
- distribute the social, cultural and economic benefits of the process of development more equitably throughout the country
- provides universal service for rural and remote communities
Commonly used Devices
Tablet PC
Watch mobile PhoneKindle- e book reader
Cell Phone
Handheld device
Communication Devices1)Fixed and Wired
(e.g.) desktop uses fixed networks
2)Mobile and Wired
(e.g.) Laptop connected using telephone and modem
3)Fixed and Wireless
(e.g.)a network in historical buildings
4)Mobile and Wireless
(e.g.) Cellular network
Wireless Characteristics
Communication without wires Wires are replaced by electromagnetic waves electromagnetic waves carry a signal through
atmospheric space use radio frequency RF waves, which ranges from
3 kHz to 300 GHz or infrared IR, which ranges from 3 THz to 430 THz
Electromagnetic SpectrumShowing Radio Frequency
What is mobility?Two types of mobility: i)Device portability
ii)User Mobility
no mobility high mobility
mobile wireless user, using same access point
mobile user, passing through multiple access point while maintaining ongoing connections
mobile user, connecting/ disconnecting from network
Mobility Spectrum
Degrees of Mobility
Walking UsersLow speedSmall roaming areaUsually uses high-bandwidth
Vehicles High speedsLarge roaming areaUsually uses low-bandwidthUses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones)
Wireless Devices
Wireless Icon
Wireless Router
Semi Parabolic AntennaData card
Wireless Network Stakeholders
1.Regulatory Authorities
2.The operator or the Service Provider
3.The user or the subscriber
4.Equipment Vendors (network equipment and user device)
5.Research Organizations
1G Wireless Systems-Characteristics
Appeared in late 1970s and deployed in early 1980s All based on analog techniques All used FDMA Operates at 450-900 MHz frequency band System capacity is low Data rate is <10 kbps
1G Wireless Systems The geographical area divided into cells
Each with own antenna Each with own range of frequencies Served by base station - Transmitter, receiver, control
unit to carry out actual radio communications with the device
Adjacent cells on different frequencies to avoid crosstalk
Mobile Switching Center Controls all calls attached to this device, Maintains billing information &Switches calls
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
1G FDMA cellular system
1G infrastructure
Mobile Switching Centre
PSTN
Base station
1G Wireless Systems-Some Standards
AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System
- by AT&T Bell Labs in 1970s deployed in 1983
-the number of users that can be supported was limited.
-used all over the world & popular in South America, China and Australia.
ETACS: European Total Access Communication Systems. - channel bandwidth is scaled to 25 kHz instead of 30 kHz as in AMPS.
2G Wireless Systems - Characteristics
Deployed in mid 1990s Fully Digital network elements TDMA/CDMA for spectrum sharing; Circuit switching Operates at 900-1800 MHz frequency band 3-times increase in overall system capacity. supported voice-centric services and limited data-service,
like short messages(SMS), FAX, etc. <9.6 kbps data rates
2G Wireless Systems- Some Standards GSM (Global System for Mobile communications)
- TDMA system, serves as the pan-European cellular service, provides a wide range of network service, including phone service, FAX, short message service. Support 24.7 kbps data rate.
USDC IS-136 (United States Digital Cellular)
-a TDMA system, similar to AMPS, it supports more users (6 times) with improved performance. Provides access to VPN, supports short messages. Support 48.6 kbps data rate.
IS-95 (United States Digital Cellular Standard )
-a CDMA standard also designed to be compatible with AMPS through using of CDMA/AMPS dual mode phones and base stations. Capacity is 8~10 times that of AMPS. Support 14.4 kbps data rate.
BSCBTS
Base transceiver station (BTS)
Base station controller (BSC)
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Mobile subscribers
Base station system (BSS)
Legend
2G (voice) network architecture
MSC
Public telephonenetwork
GatewayMSC
G
2G Wireless Systems - Challenges
2G is developed for voice communications We can send data over 2G channels by using
modem Increased data rates are required for internet
application
2.5 G Wireless Systems
Compared to 2G systems 2.5G provide high speed data communications and continuous connection to internet
Fully Digital <115kbps data rates GSM to GPRS; Analog AMPS to CDPD Services:
1.WAP(Wireless Application Protocol) access
2.MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service)
3.Internet communication service like web,email
2.5 G Wireless Systems-some standards CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data), a data service for 1st and 2nd
generation US cellular systems without additional bandwidth requirement, packet channels are dynamically assigned to idle voice channels. Support 48.6kbps data rate as in IS-136.
GPRS(General Packet Radio Service), based on GSM by allowing multiple slots of a GSM radio channel be dedicated to an individual user, promises data rate from 56 kbps to 114kbps---continuous connection to the Internet for mobile phone and computer users, easy access to VPN (Virtual Private Network).
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), providing 384kbps rate by using improved modulation and relaxed error control. Also referred to as EGPRS.
CDMA one (IS-95B): Providing high speed data access on a common CDMA radio channel by dedicating multiple orthogonal user channels for specific users or specific purposes. Support 115.2kbps.
2.5G (voice+data) network architecture
BSC
MSC
SGSN
Public telephonenetwork
GatewayMSC
G
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
Public Internet
GGSN
G
The new cellular data network voice network & data network operates in parallel
The new cellular data network voice network & data network operates in parallel
3G Wireless Systems -Aim
Simultanous voice and data transmission Faster Internet access -Interactive web sessions Video calling Multimedia Content - voice, data & video Universal global roaming 384kbps while moving 2Mbps when stationary 3G phones
Apple I phone 3G,LG KF 750, Nokia 5800 express music, Blackberry bold 9000
Evolution to 3G Technologies
IS-95BCDMA
2G 3G
cdma2000
GSMFDD
TDD
W-CDMA
GPRS
IS-136TDMA
UWC-136
EDGE & 136HS outdoor
136 HSindoor
2.5G
3G Wireless Systems Some Standards
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) - 3GPP
-A wideband CDMA (5MHz) standard based on the network fundamentals of GSM/EDGE, is designed to provide backward compatibility with GSM, IS-136, GPRS and EDGE. Can support 2Mbps data rate. New RF equipment needed.
CDMA 2000 - 3GPP2 Use same bandwidth as IS-95 or 3 adjacent 1.25MHz channels (3-times bandwidth as that of IS-95) to provide instantaneous packet data access at 144kbps or 2Mbps. No additional RF equipment needed, changes are all made in software or baseband hardware.
TD-SCDMA (Time-division Synchronous CDMA) A standard proposed by CATT (China Academy and Telecommunications Technology) and Siemens Corporation. Relies on the existing GSM infrastructure and allows 3G data access by adding high data rate equipment (smart antennas) at each GSM station. Support up to 384kbps of packet data
3G Providers in India
4G Wireless systemsNext G or Beyond 3G
Highly integrated High bandwidth / high-speed wireless Highly compatible with wired network infrastructures provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access Integration of multi-networks using IP technology applications include mobile web access, IP telephony,
gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing and 3D television.
4G Wireless systems-Some standards
commercially deployed:
i) the Mobile WiMAX standard &
ii)Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard In Australia, Telstra launched the country's first 4G
network (LTE) in September 2011 claiming 2–40 Mbps speeds
In India, Bharti Airtel has launched India's first 4G service using TD-LTE technology in Kolkata on 10 April 2012.
4G Wireless Devices
4G Modem
4G smart phone
4G LTE Tablet
4G Wireless Service Providers
Types of Networks
Bluetooth-802.15Infrared, RFID
Low cost
Short distances
Cable Replacement,
Cordless telephony in
Emerging market
< 1 Mbps
PANPersonal
Area Network
GSM/(E)GPRSUMTS/3G
802.20
High cost
Long distances
10 to 384 Kbps+
Full mobility, ubiquitous cov., High security, Easy to use
WANWide
Area Network
Medium-High cost
Med-long
distances
Fixed, last-mile,
low mobility
22+ Mbps
802.11b/a802.16
LMDS/MMDS
MANMetropolitanArea Network
802.11b802.11a
LANLocal
Area Network
Medium cost
Medium distances
Computer-computer and to the
Internet, Low mobility, IT Intensive,
security issue, NRT services
2 to 54+ Mbps
Personal Area Network (PAN)Bluetooth
lower layers are standardized in 802.15 & network and application layers defined by Bluetooth SIG organization
Personal Area Networks(PAN)
RFID- Very short range (10 meters) sensor technology used
to supplement bar-code reader type applications Infrared
- Short range, usually line-of-sight, non-RF technology,- used mostly for wireless remote control, or wire
replacement applications Zig bee -Very low power (and low speed) short distance (10m)
transmission standard -Operates in 868-918 KHz, and 2.4GHz bands using
802.15.4 PAN standards
Wireless LAN Standards
Wireless LAN StandardizationWi Fi
IEEE 802.x Wireless LAN standards are known as WiFi Wireless Fidelity Short range wireless communications Highly utilized and very popular used in offices, airports, coffee shops, universities and
schools Two basic modes of operations:
i)Ad-hoc networking - computers send data to one another
ii)Access point - sending data to the base station
Wireless MAN Standardization
Wireless MAN is based on IEEE 802.16 standard. Wi MAX allows user to browse internet from
laptop computer without wall jack. Medium high cost Medium to long distance 22 Mbps LMDS -- Local Multipoint Distribution Service MMDS – Multichannel Multipoint Distribution
Service
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave AccessWIMAX
Indian Telephony
Indian Telephony
Telephone Subscribers (Total) (2012)
960.9 million (May 2012)
Fixed lines (May 2012) 31.53 million
Mobile phones (2012) 929.37 million
Monthly telephone additions (Net) (May 2012)
8.35 million
Teledensity (2012) 79.28 %
Rural Teledensity 33%
Projected teledensity by 2012 84 %
Courtesy: wikipedia.org
Internet Access in IndiaInternet access
Percent household access (total), 2012
10.2% of households (137 million))
Percent broadband household access 1.18% of households (14.31
million)
Broadband internet users 14.31 million (May 2012)
Internet Service Providers (2012)
155
country code top-level domain .in
Courtesy: wikipedia.org
Communication in India
Revenue
Revenue (Total) USD 33,350 million
Courtesy: wikipedia.org