modern techniques for site-specific nutrient management - dr. varinderpal singh

7/31/2019 Modern Techniques for Site-Specific Nutrient Management - Dr. Varinderpal Singh

1/56

Modern TechniquesModern TechniquesForFor

SiteSite--specificspecific

Nutrient ManagementNutrient Management

Dr.Dr. VarinderpalVarinderpal SinghSinghDepartment of Soil ScienceDepartment of Soil Science

PunjabPunjab AgriculturalAgricultural UniversityUniversity

LudhianaLudhiana--141 004 (INDIA)141 004 (INDIA)


2/56

Nutrient management

Nutrient management is the art of managing the

amount, form, placement, and timing of the

application of nutrients (as fertilizer, manure, crop

residues or any other form) to plants for optimum

forage and crop yields with minimal adverse effects

on water and air resources

Current fertilizer recommendations for croppingsystems based on rice and wheat typically consist of

blanket recommendations with fixed rates and

timings for large tracts


3/56


4/56

Nutrient management

The widely deficient nutrient is

NITROGEN


5/56

Important Things about Nitrogen

Non reactive N: N2, 78% of earths atmosphere

Reactive N (Nr): All biologically, chemically and

physically active N compounds in the atmosphere andbiosphere of the Earth

Natural Conversion: N2 is naturally converted to Nrprimarily by biological nitrogen fixation (BNF)

o


6/56

Nitrification

Nitrification

Ammonification

Nitrite NO2-

Soil organic nitrogen

Animal

protein

Rootuptake

Nitrate

NO3-

Plant

protein

2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

Ammonium NH4+

The Soil Nitrogen and Plants


7/56

Root uptake

NH4+ and NO3

-

Plant

protein

Soil organicnitrogen

Nitrogen from the atmosphere

Biologicalfixation

Atmospheric

fixationOut

gassing

Atmospheric Nitrogen

(Non reactive N2)


The Atmospheric N, Soil and Plants


8/56

Nitrate NO3-

Atmospheric

fixation

Out

gassing

Plant

protein

Atmospheric Nitrogen

(Non reactive N2)

Ammonium

NH4

+

Soil organicnitrogen

Biologicalfixation

Industrialfixation


The Human Impact in N Cycle


9/56

Sediments

Nitrification

Root

uptake

Biological

fixation

Nitrification

Ammonium NH4+

Ammonification

Nitrite NO2

-

Dissolved in water

Denitrification

LeachingNitrate

NO3-

Soil organic

nitrogen

Atmosphericfixation

Out

gassing

Industrial

fixation

Plant protein

Animalprotein

Atmospheric Nitrogen(Non reactive N2)


The N Cycle

Reactive Nitrogen


10/56

The N Production and Consumption


11/56

The N Production and Consumption


12/56

Human-Caused Global Nitrogen Emissions

Vitousek et al. (1997)


13/56

Percent increase in N flows in water bodies


14/56

Atmospheric transport and subsequent deposition has

become the dominant reactive N distribution process

Year Reactive N emitted as NOx and NH3 and

then deposited to the Earths surface as

NOy and NHx

1860 34 Tg N year-1

1995 100 Tg N year-1

2050 200 Tg N year

-1

N deposition to ecosystems in the absence of human influence is generally~0.5 kg N ha1 yr1 or less

Average N deposition rates exceeding 10 kg N ha1 yr1 are already beingobserved in large regions of the world


15/56

Estimated N deposition from global total N (NOy and NHx) emissions, totaling 105 Tg N y1. The

unit scale is kg N ha1 y1, modified from the original units (mg m2 y1) (Dentener et al., 2006)

1860

How extensive is Nr distribution?


16/56

There are significant effects of Nr accumulation

within the atmosphere, geosphere and biosphere

Increases in:

N2O

soil acidity and N concentrations coastal / surface water N concentrations

drinking water NO3 concentrations

Decreases in: stratospheric O3Leads to:

loss of biodiversity in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems

human health effects

changes in earths radiation balance

soil health effects


17/56

Atmospheric concentrations of nitrous oxide over the last 10,000 years (large panels) and since 1750 (inset

panels). Measurements are shown from ice cores (symbols with different colours for different studies) and

atmospheric samples (red lines). The corresponding radiative forcings are shown on the right hand axes of thelarge panels. (Source IPCC, 2007)


18/56

Fertilizer N and denitrification rate in soil

Brodbalk expt, Hirsch et al. (2007)


19/56

Pre-industrial

Human-derived

Total

InputsBiological nitrogen fixation 120 20 140Lightning 5 0 5

Industrial N-fixation 0 125 125Fossil fuel combustion 0 25 25

Totals 125 170 295Fates

Biospheric increment 0 9 9River flow 27 35 62

Groundwater 0 15 15Denitrification 92* 17 109

Atmospheric transport to the ocean 6 48 54Totals 125 124 249All values are Tg N yr-1. Unless otherwise indicated, preindustrial values and human-derived inputs are for the mid-1990s

from Galloway et al. (2004) and Duce et al. (2008). Fates of human-derived (anthropogenic) nitrogen are derived by

Schlesinger (2009)

* Calculated by difference in order to balance the N budget.

Net of human activities.

U.S. Geological Survey (2008) for 2007.

Budgets for N on the global land surface


20/56

What can we do

under the emerging

N cycling scenario ?


21/56


22/56

In 1970, Delwiche stated, The ingenuity that has been

used to feed a growing world population will have to be

matched quickly by an effort to keep the nitrogen cycle inreasonable balance

Thirty-five years later, Dobermann and Cassman (2005)

pointed out, Failure to arrest the decrease in cereal crop

area and to improve nitrogen use efficiency in the worlds

most important agricultural systems will likely cause

severe damage to environmental services at local,

regional, and global scales due to a large increase in

reactive N load in the environment.

Scientific Alerts !


23/56

Scientific Discussions !


24/56

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

F

ertilizerNconsumptio

n(Mt

) Developed Countries

Developing Countries

Fertilizer N Consumption in the World


25/56

The Farmers Practice to

manage fertilizer Nin the most important

agricultural systems of

developing countries ?


26/56

Temporalvariability

Field to

fieldvariability

Application of excess fertilizer N in theApplication of excess fertilizer N in thequest of higher yields andquest of higher yields and

to avoid riskto avoid risk

Soil/organic N supplySoil/organic N supply


27/56

Variability at farmers field


28/56


The soil test can ensure potentialyield but with the application of

fertilizers in excess of croprequirements


29/56


The best fertilizer management forhigh profit and high yield demandssite-specific need-based decisionsthat would vary among fields

The soil test can ensure potentialyield but with the application of

fertilizers in excess of croprequirements


30/56

Soil N Supply

Plant N Demand

SynchronizeSynchronize

Mineral

Fertilizer

MineralMineral

FertilizerFertilizer

OrganicResidueGM

OrganicResidue

GM

Congruence between N supply and demand


31/56

How do we know when plant needs

nitrogen ?


32/56

The fertilizer N management tools


33/56



34/56



35/56

LeafColourChart

(LCC)

R l ti N t

h l i


36/56

Real-time N management

Plant N uptake

Days after transplanting (DAT) or sowing (DAS)

Basal 25kgurea peracre

The Real Time N management

1) Apply low N doses at all stages

R l ti N t

Th R l Ti N


37/56



2) Monitor leaf colour starting from 15 DAT to initiation of flowering

PlantNu

ptake


Monitor leafcolor at 7-10

day intervals



R l ti N t

Th R l Ti N t


38/56



2) Monitor leaf colour starting from 15 DAT to initiation of flowering

3) Apply N when LCC reading is below LCC shade 4

P

lantNu

ptak

e


Monitor leafcolor at 7-10

day intervals

LCC reading below critical value


25 kg urea per acre


Average Fertilizer N and Rice Grain Yield


39/56

Fertilizer N and grain yield of rice in 461 on-farm trials in Punjab (2000-2009)

Average Fertilizer N and Rice Grain Yield

(461 on-farm trials in Punjab (2000-2009)

U i LCC i i


40/56

Using LCC in maize

Evaluation of LCC based fertilizer N management in


41/56


maize during 2010 at on-farm locations

LocationFert. N (kg/ha) N

saving(kg/ha)

Yield (q/ha) Yieldbenefit(q/ha)

Blanket LCC Blanket LCC

Langroya 120 120 0 58.7 66.5 7.8Jalandhar 1 120 90 30 59.1 59.6 -Jalandhar 2 120 150 -30 41.7 51.1 9.4Hoshiarpur 1 150 120 30 59.0 61.9 2.9

Hoshiarpur 2 120 120 0 62.3 61.4 -

Hoshiarpur 3 120 120 0 60.5 63.3 2.8Hoshiarpur 4 120 90 30 60.1 62.2 2.1

Nawanshahr 1

120 120 0 60.0 63.1 3.1



42/56


maize during 2010 at on-farm locations

LocationFert. N (kg/ha) N

saving(kg/ha)

Yield (q/ha) Yieldbenefit(q/ha)

Blanket LCC Blanket LCC

Nawanshahr 2 120 90 30 59.6 60.4 -Noormehal 150 120 30 42.0 40.5 -Ropar 1 125 90 35 53.0 51.0 -Ropar 2 125 120 5 47.0 47.3 -

Roprar 3 120 90 35 50.8 50.0 -

Gurdaspur 1 120 90 30 62.5 63.0 -Gurdaspur 2 120 90 30 42.4 42.0 -

Gurdaspur 3

150 120 30 44.5 46.0 -

Handheld Optical Sensors


43/56

Handheld Optical Sensors

Stress = plant reflect more red light (VIS) and reflects lessnear infrared (NIR)

Results in values between 1 and 1; increasing positivevalues indicating increasing vegetation biomass and vigor

Optically estimates plant biomass, total nitrogen in the crop,

and plant stress

Normalized Difference Vegetative IndexNormalized Difference Vegetative IndexNDVI = (NIRref- Redref) / (NIRref+ Redref)

Holland sensor:59010 and 88010 nm

GreenSeeker sensor:67010 and 78010 nm

Using GreenSeeker in rice


44/56

Using GreenSeeker in rice

Optical sensors and Plant Reflectance


45/56

Optical sensors and Plant Reflectance

Wavelength (nm)

Refle

ctance(%)

Refle

ctance(%)

0.25

0.50VisibleVisible Near InfraredNear Infrared

450 550 650 750 850 950 1050500 600 700 1000900800

0.00

PhotosyntheticPotential

Measure of living

plant cells abilityto reflect infraredlight

Indicator ofAvailableChlorophyl


46/56

1

2

Predict RI

Predict YP0

Predict YPN based on RI

Fertilizer N = (GNUPYPNGNUPYP0)/0.5

3

4

1

2

3

4

Nitrogen Fertilization Optimization Algorithm

INSEY-grain yield relationship for rice at 49


47/56

DAT

-gra n y e re a ons p or r ce a


48/56

DAT

Evaluation of GS based N management in rice


49/56

Evaluation of GS based N management in rice

Treat-

ment

Fertilizer N applied (kg N/ha ) at DAT Grain yield

(t/ha)

AE (kg grain /

kg N applied)0 7 21 28 42 49 Total

1 20 40 28* 88 6.23 27.1

2 20 60 12* 92 6.83 32.3

3 30 30 32* 92 5.63 19.4

4 30 50 14* 94 6.28 25.8

5 40 40 24* 104 6.34 24.0

6 20 40 29* 89 5.97 23.87 20 60 19* 99 6.59 27.7

8 30 30 32* 92 5.66 19.7

9 30 50 17* 97 6.25 24.7

10 40 40 20* 100 6.50 26.5

Recomm. 40 40 40 120 6.19 19.5

No-N 0 3.85 -

LSD (p=0.05) 0.774

* GreenSeeker guided N dose

P and K management


50/56

g

Full

fertilization -N -P -K

+NPK +PK +NK +NP

Nutrient omission plot indicates how much fertilizer P and K is needed

Set target yield Yield with full fertilization (NPK)

Use good management

Estimate P-limited yield Yield in P omission plot

Determine P fertilizer rate

Yield without P

P fertilizer

+NPK yield


51/56

Recommended K2O rates at medium straw input


52/56

Target yield

(t/ha)4 5 6 7 8

Yield in 0-K

plots (t/ha)Fertilizer K

2

O rate (kg/ha)

3 30 60 90

4 0 35 65 95

5 0 20 50 80 110

6 0 0 35 65 95

7 0 0 0 50 80

8 0 0 0 0 65

Plant-based SSNM in nutshell


53/56

Plant-based SSNM in nutshell

A plant need-based approach for feeding cropswith nutrients as needed

Adjust fertilizer rates and timing to field andseason-specific conditions

Dynamically apply N based on leaf color, as ameasure of plant need for N

Determine P and K needs based on anticipatedcrop performance.

Carry Home Message for Agriculturists


54/56


Avoid indiscriminate use of reactive N inagriculture because it leads to N deposition,

global warming, soil health deterioration,

and environmental degradation.



55/56

y g g

Avoid indiscriminate use of reactive N inagriculture because it leads to N deposition,

global warming, soil health deterioration,

and environmental degradation.

Accept the responsibility of developingfarmers friendly SSNM strategies, and

ensuring the adoption of technology atfarmers level.


56/56

Feed My NeedsFeed My Needs

Thank YouThank You

modern techniques for site-specific nutrient management - dr. varinderpal singh

Documents