Modern Engine Modern Engine TechnologyTechnology

CHE 384CHE 384

Ted KaneTed Kane

17 November 200517 November 2005

Modern Engine TechnologyModern Engine Technology

• Engine TechnologyEngine Technology PFIPFI GDIGDI Advanced DieselAdvanced Diesel HEDGEHEDGE

• Modeling ToolsModeling Tools• Federal RegulationsFederal Regulations

Passenger CarsPassenger Cars Heavy-Duty TrucksHeavy-Duty Trucks

Port Fuel InjectionPort Fuel Injection• Allows more precise Allows more precise

fuel/air mixture controlfuel/air mixture control• Allows the use of the Allows the use of the

the 3-way Catalystthe 3-way Catalyst Provides a 96% Provides a 96%

reduction in HC and reduction in HC and COCO

Provides a 88% Provides a 88% reduction in NOxreduction in NOx

• Typically about 34% Typically about 34% peak efficiencypeak efficiency

Gasoline Direct InjectionGasoline Direct Injection

• Provides more flexibility Provides more flexibility with fuel injection timingwith fuel injection timing

• 20% Fuel Economy 20% Fuel Economy Increase over PFIIncrease over PFI

• Engine out emissions are Engine out emissions are better than PFI better than PFI

• Tailpipe Emissions are Tailpipe Emissions are worse than PFIworse than PFI

• Produces Particulate Produces Particulate MatterMatter

Advanced Diesel ControlAdvanced Diesel Control

• Required to meet 2007 StandardsRequired to meet 2007 Standards• Particulate FiltersParticulate Filters• Lean NOx CatalystLean NOx Catalyst

• Drops peak efficiency to ~37%Drops peak efficiency to ~37%

Advanced Diesel SchematicAdvanced Diesel Schematic

HEDGEHEDGE

• High Efficiency Durable Gasoline EngineHigh Efficiency Durable Gasoline Engine

• High Compression Otto Cycle EngineHigh Compression Otto Cycle Engine

• Can attain Diesel Like Efficiency (~40%)Can attain Diesel Like Efficiency (~40%)

HEDGE Flow SchematicHEDGE Flow Schematic

HEDGE OperationHEDGE Operation

Diesel vs OttoDiesel vs Otto

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

0 5 10 15 20

Compression Ratio

Th

eore

tica

l E

ffie

ncy

Otto Diesel

Typical S

I Otto

Com

pression Ratio

Typical C

I Diesel C

ompression R

atio

EPA Car Emission StandardsEPA Car Emission Standards

useful life NMHC CO NOx - SI NOx - CI PM - CImi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi

Tier 0 100k 0.8 10 1.2 - -Tier 1 100k 0.31 4.2 0.6 1.25 0.1Tier 2 100k 0.087 4.2 0.15 0.15 0.01

Federal Passenger Cars and Light Light-Duty Trucks

Fed Std

EPA Truck Emissions EPA Truck Emissions StandardsStandards

HC CO NOx PMg/hp-hr g/hp-hr g/hp-hr g/hp-hr

1988 1.3 15.5 10.7 0.61990 1.3 15.5 6 0.61991 1.3 15.5 5 0.251994 1.3 15.5 5 0.11998 1.3 15.5 4 0.12004 1.3 15.5 1.1 0.12007 0.14 15.5 0.2 0.01

Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Engines

Year

EPA Truck Emissions EPA Truck Emissions StandardsStandards

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

NOx (g/hp-hr)

PM

(g

/hp

-hr)

1988

1991

1998 2007

ModelingModeling

• DOE ANL Transportation TechnologyDOE ANL Transportation Technology GREETGREET PSATPSAT

• Combined to provide Well-to-Wheel Combined to provide Well-to-Wheel Estimate of emissions and fuel economyEstimate of emissions and fuel economy

GREETGREET((Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation)Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation)

Well-to-Pump Emissions ToolWell-to-Pump Emissions Tool

GREETGREET((Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation)Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation)

PSATPSAT((Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit)Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit)

• Produced by ANLProduced by ANL• Allows for simulated emissions test drive Allows for simulated emissions test drive

cyclescycles• Can be converted into prototype control Can be converted into prototype control

systemsystem• Pump-to-Wheel Emissions EstimatesPump-to-Wheel Emissions Estimates

University of Texas InvolvementUniversity of Texas Involvement

Sponsored by ANL and GMSponsored by ANL and GM

• UT Attempting to implement first HEDGE UT Attempting to implement first HEDGE engine in a vehicleengine in a vehicle Potential 40% increase in Fuel EconomyPotential 40% increase in Fuel Economy Potential to meet 2006 Tier 2 standardsPotential to meet 2006 Tier 2 standards

ConclusionConclusion

• Engine Technology has greatly reduced Engine Technology has greatly reduced emissions leading to Ozone and COemissions leading to Ozone and CO

• Modeling allows designers to analyze full Modeling allows designers to analyze full system impact, while reducing cycle time system impact, while reducing cycle time and including Wheel-to-Well emissionsand including Wheel-to-Well emissions

• Government regulations continue to drive Government regulations continue to drive technologytechnology

ReferencesReferences• Leet, J., S. Simescu, K. Froelund, L. Dodge, C. Roberts. “Emissions Solutions for 2007 and 2010 Leet, J., S. Simescu, K. Froelund, L. Dodge, C. Roberts. “Emissions Solutions for 2007 and 2010

Heavy-Duty Diesel Enginer”. SAE 2004-01-0124Heavy-Duty Diesel Enginer”. SAE 2004-01-0124• Matthews, R.D., (2001), Matthews, R.D., (2001), Internal Combustion Engines and Automotive Engineering, Spring 2001 Internal Combustion Engines and Automotive Engineering, Spring 2001

DraftDraft, Harper-Collins., Harper-Collins. • GREET GREET http://www.transportation.http://www.transportation.anlanl..govgov/software/GREET/index.html/software/GREET/index.html • PSAT PSAT http://www.transportation.http://www.transportation.anlanl..govgov/software/PSAT/index.html/software/PSAT/index.html • Iwamoto, Y., K. Noma, O. Nakayama, T. Yamauchi and H. Ando, (1997), “Development of Iwamoto, Y., K. Noma, O. Nakayama, T. Yamauchi and H. Ando, (1997), “Development of

Gasoline Direct Injection Engine”, SAE Paper 970541. Gasoline Direct Injection Engine”, SAE Paper 970541. • Pirault, J., T. Ryan, T. Alger, C. Roberts, (2005), “Performance Prediction for High Efficiency Pirault, J., T. Ryan, T. Alger, C. Roberts, (2005), “Performance Prediction for High Efficiency

Stoichiometric Spark Ignited Enginer”, SAE Paper SAE 2005-01-0995 Stoichiometric Spark Ignited Enginer”, SAE Paper SAE 2005-01-0995 • Alger, T., S. Hanhe, C. Roberts, T. Ryan, (2005), “The Heavy Duty Gasoline Engine – A Multi-Alger, T., S. Hanhe, C. Roberts, T. Ryan, (2005), “The Heavy Duty Gasoline Engine – A Multi-

Cylinder Study of a High Efficiency, Low Emissions Technology”, SAE Paper SAE 2005-01-1135 Cylinder Study of a High Efficiency, Low Emissions Technology”, SAE Paper SAE 2005-01-1135 • Heavy Duty Emissions Regulations http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/us/hd.html Heavy Duty Emissions Regulations http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/us/hd.html