modelos arch aplicados dr. luís miguel galindo. “i have heard it said that too much academic...

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MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo

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Page 1: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS

MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS

Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo

Page 2: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

“I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant questions”

Carol Alexander (2001)

“I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant questions”

Carol Alexander (2001)

Page 3: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

“In finance theory the concept of the correct price is determinated by the nature of the modeler. The British, being practical and empirical, might say that the market is right and their model is wrong. The French –rationalist and theoreticians- might say that their model is right and the market is wrong. However, the Americans, pragmatic and diplomatic as they are, would most likely say that both the market and the model are wrong…

“In finance theory the concept of the correct price is determinated by the nature of the modeler. The British, being practical and empirical, might say that the market is right and their model is wrong. The French –rationalist and theoreticians- might say that their model is right and the market is wrong. However, the Americans, pragmatic and diplomatic as they are, would most likely say that both the market and the model are wrong…

Page 4: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

• Volatilidad y correlación son parámetros del proceso estocástico utilizados para modelar variaciones en los precios de activos financieros

1. Volatilidad anual:

A = Factor de anualización (el número de ganancias al año)

A = 250 ó 252

VOLATILIDAD Y CORRELACIÓN:

Dr. Galindo

)%100( AVA

Page 5: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Comparar volatilidades

La volatilidad anual es

VOLATILIDAD Y CORRELACIÓN:

Dr. Galindo

252

Page 6: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Conceptos básicos:

(1.1)

(1.2)

(1.3)

VOLATILIDAD Y CORRELACIÓN:

Dr. Galindo

222 XEXE

YX YXEYX ,cov

YvXv

YXYXcorr

,cov,

Page 7: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

MCO:

(2) β = v

v = volatilidad relativa Y (variable dependiente)

VOLATILIDAD Y CORRELACIÓN:

Dr. Galindo

Page 8: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

La volatilidad se mide con la varianza:

Mejor desviación estándar a varianza (unidades de medida)

VOLATILIDAD Y CORRELACIÓN:

Dr. Galindo

T

trT22

1

1

Page 9: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

La volatilidad no es el riesgo porque la solo mide la desviación pero no la forma de la distribución

La volatilidad genera procesos de memoria larga

La volatilidad de diversos activos no se mueve junta

VOLATILIDAD Y CORRELACIÓN:

Dr. Galindo

Page 10: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Volatilidad: • La volatilidad y la correlación no es observada

directamente en el mercado como los precios

• Volatilidad implícita: el pronostico de la volatilidad que iguala el precio de mercado con el precio del modelo de una opción

• Volatilidad estadística: es una serie de tiempo y depende del modelo especifico

VOLATILIDAD Y CORRELACIÓN:

Dr. Galindo

Page 11: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Modelos de volatilidad constante y variable:

• Una serie estacionaria tiene una varianza condicional constante

• Una volatilidad variable en el tiempo se describe por una volatilidad condicional

• Una distribución condicional determina la ganancia en un momento particular en el tiempo

VOLATILIDAD Y CORRELACIÓN:

Dr. Galindo

Page 12: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

• La volatilidad condicional en el tiempo t es la raíz cuadrada de la varianza condicional en el tiempo t

Los valores actuales en vez de los valores esperados del pasado se utilizan para estimar la volatilidad condicional

VOLATILIDAD Y CORRELACIÓN:

Dr. Galindo

Page 13: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

AR(1):

(3.1)

et es ruido blanco

MARCO GENERAL: ARCH

Dr. Galindo

1110

1

ttt eyy

2vartete

Page 14: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

= la varianza condicional de

Ello se debe a que un yt-1 fijo implica que la única variación de et es

MARCO GENERAL: ARCH

Dr. Galindo

2e

1t

ty

yE

2e

Page 15: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

(3.2)

(3.3)

MARCO GENERAL

Dr. Galindo

1101

tt

t yyyE

1101

ttt

t yyye

Page 16: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

(3.4)

Si la varianza condicional de et es homocedastica:

MARCO GENERAL

Dr. Galindo

1

2

1var

t

t

t

ty

eEyy

Page 17: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

(4.1)

La varianza pronosticada de yt no depende de los valores pasados de et o

ARCH relaja este supuesto

MARCO GENERAL

Dr. Galindo

2

1var e

t

ty

y

2te

Page 18: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

La varianza incondicional es:

(4.2)

MODELO GENERAL: ARCH

Dr. Galindo

2221

2

121

110

eyy

tt

ttt

evaryvar

eyvaryvar

Page 19: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Despejando:

(4.3)

(4.4) varianza no

condicional

MODELO GENERAL: ARCH

Dr. Galindo

22211 ey

)1( 21

22

ey

Page 20: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Suponiendo a la heterocedasticidad como función de otra variable:

(4.5)

Como xt-1 es exógena:

(4.6)

La varianza depende de

MODELO GENERAL: ARCH

Dr. Galindo

1 ttt xey

221

1var et

t

t xxy

21tx

Page 21: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Engle (1992):

(4.7)

(4.8)

MODELO GENERAL: ARCH

Dr. Galindo

ttt uy

2

2110

2

tt

tt

h

y

Page 22: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Normalización: var(ut) = 1

La varianza condicional de yt depende de sus valores rezagados al cuadrado

MODELO GENERAL: ARCH

Dr. Galindo

22

1varvarvar ttttt

t

t uuyy

Page 23: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Modelo simple:

(4.9)

Para que el modelo ARCH implique el término de error:Media condicional

(4.10)

MODELO GENERAL: ARCH

Dr. Galindo

22110

2 ... qtqtt yy

tt

t xxyE

Page 24: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Varianza condicional:

(4.11) Como :

(4.12)

MODELO GENERAL: ARCH

Dr. Galindo

2var tt

tx

y

ttt exy

ttt

ttt xyx

yEye

Page 25: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

es una función de

ut es ruido blanco

(4.13)

ARCH(1):

(4.14)

MODELO ARCH GENERAL

Dr. Galindo

2t 22

1 ,..., qtt ee

ttt ue

22110

2 ... qtqtt ee

2110

2 tt e

Page 26: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

AR(1):

(5.1)

Media condicional:

(5.2)

Varianza condicional (yt-1 es conocida en el tiempo t):

(5.3)

VOLATILIDAD Y CORRELACIÓN

Dr. Galindo

ttt eyy 1

11 tttt yeEyEyE

21 ttt evyvyv

Page 27: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Media incondicional:

(5.4)

Varianza incondicional:

(5.5)

VOLATILIDAD Y CORRELACIÓN

Dr. Galindo

0tyE

)1( 2

2

tyv

Page 28: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

• Los modelos de volatilidad condicional supone distribución normal y por tanto esta determinado por la media y la varianza

• Correlación incondicional:

(6.1)

VOLATILIDAD Y CORRELACIÓN

Dr. Galindo

tt

tttt

vvcor

11

2121

,cov,

Page 29: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

La correlación condicional permite que la distribución conjunta sea diferente en cada punto en el tiempo

VOLATILIDAD Y CORRELACIÓN

Dr. Galindo

Page 30: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

El precio se determina como un movimiento browniano:

(7)

Rt = tasa de interés del activo sin riesgoZt = Proceso Wiener

Proceso Wiener: dZt es independiente y normalmente distribuida con media cero y varianza dt

VOLATILIDAD IMPLICITA Y CONDICIONAL

Dr. Galindo

dZtRdtts

tds )(

)(

Page 31: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Volatilidad y correlación histórica:

1.Varianza incondicional:

(8.1)

2 ganancias al cuadrado

2. Correlación incondicional:

(8.2)

MODELOS MA

Dr. Galindo

n

iit

t n1

22ˆ

22

21

1 21ˆ

itit

n

i itit

t

Page 32: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Exponentially Weighted Moving Averages (EWMA):

EWMA pone más peso en información reciente y por tanto considera el orden de la dinámica de las ganancias

(9.1)

MODELOS MA

Dr. Galindo

12

13

221

...1

...

n

ntn

ttt xxxx

Page 33: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

0 < < 1 Un valor de mayor se le pone mas peso a las observaciones pasadas y por tanto la serie se hace mas suave

Como 0 < < 1 n 0 con n

Converge a:

MODELOS MA

Dr. Galindo

)1(

1

Page 34: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

MA infinito se puede escribir como:

(9.2)

Varianza:

(9.3)

Correlación:

(9.4)

MODELOS MA

Dr. Galindo

it

i x11

212 1ˆ iti

t

ititi

t 211

12 1

Page 35: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Estimación recursiva:

(9.5)

(9.6)

= determina la intensidad de la reacción de la volatilidad a los eventos de mercado

MODELOS MA

Dr. Galindo

21

21

2 ˆ1ˆ tt

2)(11211

2 ˆ1ˆ ttt

211 t

Page 36: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Con error existe una mayor volatilidad como reacción a la información de mercado

= determina la persistencia de la volatilidad sin importar lo que sucede en t-1 en el mercado

Con un mayor existe una mayor persistencia

Un alto implica una lata persistencia y una baja reacción de mercado (los parámetros no son independientes)

MODELOS MA

Dr. Galindo

21ˆ t

Page 37: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Regla de dedo del EWMA:

• La volatilidad en los mercados es = 0.75 (alta volatilidad o poca persistencia) o = 0.98 (alta persistencia y no muy reactivo)

• Para pronósticos:

MODELOS MA

Dr. Galindo

Page 38: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Valores bajos de para pronósticos de CP

Valores altos de para pronósticos de LP

• EWMA equivale a un I – GARCH sin constante

MODELOS MA

Dr. Galindo

Page 39: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

(10.1)

La volatilidad de los pronósticos es:

(10.2)

Con 2 constante

MODELOS MA

Dr. Galindo

tntntR lnln

11111 ... ntttnt

2 nv nt

Page 40: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Con A ganancias al año entonces el número de días de ganancias al año (n) es A/n:

(10.3) Volatilidad del día

= un día de volatilidad

MODELOS MA

Dr. Galindo

)(/100 2nnAn

2100 A

Page 41: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Las series de tiempo muestran volatilidad en clusters Heterocedasticidad condicional autoregresiva

ARCH

Volatilidad implica una fuerte autocorrelación en el cuadrado

MODELOS GARCH

Dr. Galindo

Page 42: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Detección de la volatilidad en clusters

(10.4)

MODELOS GARCH

Dr. Galindo

T

tt

T

ttt

2

4

2

21

2

Page 43: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

El efecto de leverage:

Hecho: la volatilidad es mayor en un mercado de caída que en alza

Prueba:

(10.5)

Si el estadístico es negativo y el BP es estadísticamente

significativo asimetría

MODELOS GARCH

Dr. Galindo

T

tt

T

tt

T

ttt

2

2

2

4

21

2

Page 44: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Modelo GARCH incluye:

1.Variable dependiente (ganancias)

2.Primera ecuación de la media condicional

et = ganancia inesperada

Opción: Media autoregresiva condicional: AR(1)

3.Segunda ecuación es la varianza condicional

MODELOS GARCH

Dr. Galindo

tt eR 0

Page 45: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

ARCH():

(11.1)

MODELOS GARCH

Dr. Galindo

210

22110

2

0

00

tt

t

ttt

,NIe

,,,

e...e

Page 46: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

GARCH Simétricos:

(12.1)

GARCH(1,1):

(12.2)

MODELOS GARCH:

Dr. Galindo

00 110

2211

22110

2

q

qtqttt

,,,,,,

ee

00

211

2

w

zew ttt

Page 47: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Describirlo como:

(12.3)

MODELOS GARCH:

Dr. Galindo

23

222

21

23

22

21

21

21

2

1 ttt

ttt

ttt

eeew

ewewew

ew

Page 48: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

La varianza de L.P. se obtiene igualando en la ecuación (12.2):

(12.4)

MODELOS GARCH:

Dr. Galindo

2t

1

12

w

Page 49: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

IGARCH:

Con y suponiendo que :

(13.1)

Tipo de cambio: media y varianza no estacionariaCon w = 0 IGARCH similar a EWMA

MODELOS GARCH:

Dr. Galindo

1

10

1 21

21

2

ttt ew

Page 50: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Modelo GARCH de componentes permite una variación de largo plazo en la volatilidad:

GARCH(1,1):

(14.1)

MODELOS GARCH:

Dr. Galindo

22

122

12

21

21

22 1

tt

ttt

e

e

Page 51: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

1. Modelo de GARCH de componentes (cambio de parámetros)

2. EGARCH (asimétrico)

3. N-GARCH (no lineales)

4. t- GARCH

MODELOS GARCH:

Dr. Galindo

Page 52: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Regla de dedo de la varianza es la raíz cuadrada del tiempo para diferentes periodicidades (no sirve):

Donde α y β so las estimaciones del GARCH

MODELOS GARCH:

Dr. Galindo

nn

n

112

11

2211

Page 53: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Pruebas de GARCH:

Los errores estandarizados al cuadrado no tengan autocorrelación:

(15.1)

Ello equivale que βρ:

(15.2)

MODELOS GARCH:

Dr. Galindo

2

22

t

t*t

2nT D

Page 54: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Coeficiente de autocorrelación del cuadrado de los errores estandarizados

(15.3)

Si no existe autocorrelación en las ganancias estandarizadas al cuadrado del GARCH se considera al modelo bien especificado

MODELOS GARCH:

Dr. Galindo

4

22

*t

r

*nt

*tn

n

Page 55: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Time-varyiny correlation:

La correlación condicional implica variaciones en los parámetros

Bivariate GARCH:

(16.1)

(16.2)

MODELO GARCH MULTIVARIADO:

Dr. Galindo

2111

21111

21 ttt ew

2122

21222

22 ttt ew

Page 56: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

(16.3)

e1, e2 son ganancias inesperadas de las dos ecuaciones de las medias condicionales

Problema: no se incluyen en la ecuación de la covarianza la que implica que no se captura la correlación asociada con la mayor volatilidad

MODELO GARCH MULTIVARIADO:

Dr. Galindo

212

211 tt ,

2133

21333

23 t,tt ew

Page 57: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Coeficiente de correlación variable:

(17.1)

Un beta cambiante es:

(17.2)

Pt = correlación condicional

covarianza condicional

varianza condicional

MODELO GARCH MULTIVARIADO:

Dr. Galindo

tt

ttn

ˆˆ

ˆP̂

21

12

ttxt

xytt vP

2

2

2xy

2xt

Page 58: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

1. Especificar el modelo:

(18.1)

(18.2)

ESTIMACIÓN ARCH-GARCH:

Dr. Galindo

111 ,GARCHAR

21

0 t

ttt

,N

eyy

21

2110

2 ttt e

Page 59: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

2. Especificar la función de máxima-verosimilitud de los errores bajo el supuesto de normalidad

(18.3)

3. El programa maximiza la función para obtener los parámetros y sus error- estándar

ESTIMACIÓN ARCH-GARCH:

Dr. Galindo

2

212

21

21

22

ttt

T yyloglogT

L

Page 60: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

ARCH:

(18.1)

(18.2)

Nota: es un estimador insesgado pero impreciso de , Ding, Granger y Engle (1993) sugieren medir la volatilidad directamente del valor absoluto de las ganancias

MODELOS GENERALES:

Dr. Galindo

tt

tt

n,Ne

e

0~

222

211 ttt eewn

2te 2̂

Page 61: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Estimar más robusto a asimetrías o no-normalidad

Efecto Taylor: Las ganancias absolutas tienen memoria más largo que las ganancias al cuadrado

MODELOS GENERALES:

Dr. Galindo

Page 62: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Inclusión de Dummys:

(19.1)

(19.2)

MODELOS GENERALES:

Dr. Galindo

ttt

ttt

zne

eD

1

1211 tttt Dehwh

Page 63: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Opciones:

1. Eliminar “aditive dummys” excluyendo los datos

2. Incluir multiplicative outliers que producen un impacto en la volatilidad

MODELOS GENERALES:

Dr. Galindo

ladootroen

fechaunaenD t 0

1

Page 64: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

1. ARCH(q):

(20.1)

(20.2)

MODELOS GENERALES:

Dr. Galindo

tt e

blancoRuido

t

t

ttt

z

,Dz

zne

10

Page 65: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

El proceso zt es escalado por ht (la varianza condicional) que es función de los valores pasados del cuadrado de los residuales de las ganancias

(20.3)

Varianza incondicional:

(20.4)

MODELOS GENERALES:

Dr. Galindo

q

jjtjt ewh

1

2

q

j j

w

1

2

1

Page 66: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

2. GARCH

(21.1)

Varianza incondicional:

(21.2)

MODELOS GENERALES:

Dr. Galindo

1 1

2

i

q

jjtjitit ehwh

positivoeshcon

w

t

ji

0

1

11

2

Page 67: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

El GARCH es estacionario:

Como entonces:

(21.3)

MODELOS GENERALES:

Dr. Galindo

1 1

1i

q

jji

ttt zhe

tttt hzEheE 22

Page 68: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

3. Integrated GARCH : IGARCH

Con

La varianza incondicional es infinita

MODELOS GENERALES:

Dr. Galindo

1 1

1i

q

jji

Page 69: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

4. Exponential GARCH : EGARCH

(22.1)

ht depende del signo y del tamaño de et

MODELOS GENERALES:

Dr. Galindo

t

tt

kktkktk

jtjq

t

heu

ee

hlnhln

1

0

2

Page 70: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

5. GJR-GARCH: (Glosten, Jagannathan Runkle, 1993):

(23.1)

MODELOS GENERALES:

Dr. Galindo

00

01

1

11

1 1

21

2

t

tt

i

q

jjtjttjtjitit

esi

esiD

eDehwh

Page 71: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

6. Threshold GARCH : TGARCH :

(24.1)

7. Quadratic GARCH : QGARCH

(25.1)

MODELOS GENERALES:

Dr. Galindo

1 110

i

q

jjtjititiitit eDe

12

1 ttt hewh

Page 72: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

8. FIGARCH

9. GARCH con cambio estructural:

(26.1)

10. Components GARCH : CGARCH:

(27.1)

mt = cambios ocasionales de nivel

MODELOS GENERALES:

Dr. Galindo

11211111 tt!RRt heDwDwh

ttt umv

Page 73: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

(27.2)

MODELOS GENERALES:

Dr. Galindo

1adprobabilidcon1

adprobabilidcon01

t

tttt

q

qmm

Page 74: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

(27.3)

mt = tendencia variable en el tiempo o el componente permanente en volatilidad

MODELOS GENERALES:

Dr. Galindo

1

211

1112

1

tttt

tttttt

hePmwm

mhmemh

Page 75: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

11. Regime Switching GARCH : RS-GARCH

(28.1)

MODELOS GENERALES:

Dr. Galindo

régimen111

21111

t

tttttttt

s

shseswssh

Page 76: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

12. Asymmetric Dynamic covariance (Abc)

(29.1)

(29.2)

(29.3)

MODELOS GENERALES:

Dr. Galindo

t1

h0,N~t

ttt

e

mee

iitiith

ijtijjjtiitijtijt hhPh

Page 77: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

(29.4)

1.VECH: P12= 0

2. BEKK

3. FARCH

MODELOS GENERALES:

Dr. Galindo

jttittijtiijtijt ghhgeeabHbw '11

''11

'1

'

10 1212 P

Page 78: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

1. GARCH(1,1):

(30.1)

La varianza condicional es función de:

• Contante•• Noticias sobre la volatilidad del periodo previo

• La varianza pronosticado del periodo anterior:

MODELOS APLICADOS:

Dr. Galindo

21

21

2 ttt ew

21:ARCH te

21:GARCH t

Page 79: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

2. GARCH(ρ,q):

(30.2)

MODELOS APLICADOS:

Dr. Galindo

q

j iitijtjt ew

1 1

222

Page 80: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

3. GARCH-M:

(30.3)

4. Regresores en la ecuación de varianza:

(30.4)

MODELOS APLICADOS:

Dr. Galindo

tttt exy 2' log

'

1

22

1

2t

iitijt

q

jjt zew

Page 81: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

Opciones

1. ARCH-M:• None

• Std Dev.• Variante• Log(var)

2. GARCH-TARCH

• EGARCH• PARCH

• Component-GARCH

MODELOS APLICADOS:

Dr. Galindo

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3. Error distribution

4. Bollersler y wooldrige

Los residuales no son distribuidos condicionalmente como normales

5. Métodos de optimización

MODELOS APLICADOS:

Dr. Galindo

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6. Variante regressors:

• Incluye una constante• Serie positiva

7. Views: pruebas 8. ARCH model procedures: residuales

MODELOS APLICADOS:

Dr. Galindo

Page 84: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

8. TARCH

(30.5)

Con γ1>0 malas noticias incrementan la volatilidad(leverage effect)

MODELOS APLICADOS:

Dr. Galindo

casootroen00si1

1 1 1

2222

yeI

Ieew

tt

q

j i kktktkitijtjt

Page 85: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

9. EGARCH:

(30.6)

Leverage effect:

El impacto es asimétrica si

MODELOS APLICADOS:

Dr. Galindo

11 1

22 loglogk kt

ktk

q

j i it

itijtjt

eew

0i

0i

Page 86: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

10. PARCH:

(30.7)

MODELOS APLICADOS:

Dr. Galindo

0

11

con

eewi

itiiti

q

jjtjt

0Asimetría

0:Simetría

i

i

Page 87: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

11. CGARCH

(30.8)

Variables transitorias = Impacto en el C.P. en volatilidadVariables permanentes = Impacto en el nivel del L.P. de la volatilidad

Efecto asimétrico TARCHqt = es la volatilidad de L.P.

MODELOS APLICADOS:

Dr. Galindo

2

12

11

21

21

2

tttt

tttt

ewmwm

wwewm

Page 88: MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo. “I have heard it said that too much academic research is focused on finding very precise answers to irrelevant

MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS

MODELOS ARCH APLICADOS

Dr. Luís Miguel Galindo