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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 9, Issue 2, February 2018, pp. 565–576, Article ID: IJCIET_09_02_055

Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=2

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

MODELING DISTRIBUTION OF BOD, DO,

PHOSPHATE, AND NITRATE OF BENGAWAN

SOLO RIVER IN UJUNG PANGKAH, GRESIK

EAST JAVA

Mahmud Mustain

Department of Ocean Engineering,

The Institute Technology of Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya 60111, Indonesia

Agus Sufyan

Marine Reseach Centre, BRSDM,

Ministry of Marine and Fisheries, Jakarta, Indonesia

Rudhy Akhwady

Marine Reseach Centre, BRSDM,

Ministry of Marine and Fisheries, Jakarta, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Bengawan Solo River is one of the major rivers that pass through several cities

and empties into Ujung Pangkah, Gresik East Java. The development of industry and

domestic sewage along the Solo River has affected the quality of water in the Ujung

Pangkah estuary. Estuary of the river is part of the coastal region that has an

important role in the economic, ecological, also areas with complex ecosystems. As a

result, the flow of Bengawan Solo River flowing into Ujung Pangkah estuary causing

changes in water quality, so it is necessary to model the distribution of water quality

to identify whether it is in accordance with the permitted quality standards.

Hydrodynamic models and water quality distribution were performed with the help of

Mike 21 software, with hydrodynamic module and Ecolab module used to calculate

and know the spread of BOD, DO, Phosphate and Nitrate. The tidal model of Mike 21

in this research has error 0.1%.

Key words: distribution, Mike21, Ujung Pangkah estuary, water quality.

Cite this Article: Mahmud Mustain, Agus Sufyan and Rudhy Akhwady, Modeling

Distribution of BOD, DO, Phosphate, and Nitrate of Bengawan Solo River in Ujung

Pangkah, Gresik East Java. International Journal of Civil Engineering and

Technology, 9(2), 2018, pp. 565-576.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=2

Mahmud Mustain, Agus Sufyan and Rudhy Akhwady


1. INTRODUCTION

Coastal areas are areas that have the potential of natural resources as well as areas that are

easily affected by landfill waste (Bengen 2004, Cleir 1994, Lenroy 2002, Michael 2003,

Ramadhani et.al. 2016, Supriyadi 2002, Utomo and Ridho 2010, Wibowo et.al. 2014) [2, 3, 6,

7, 16, 22, 24, 26]. The water quality of the coastal area is closely related to the river flow that

leads to the estuary and the sea in a region. Changes in the river nature due to human activities

will affect the quality of aquatic waters in estuaries and coastal areas (Mustain 2003, Mustain

2016, Mustain 2017, Mustain 2018, Steward 2008, Van Rijn 1993, Yoo and Boyd 1994) [10,

12, 13, 14, 23, 25, 27]. Gresik as one of the districts that has a geographically located

industries from 7 - 8 - 80 E and 112 E - 113 - E BT has coastal areas influenced by several

rivers (Bappeda, 2013) [1]. Figure 1 shows the Study area. One of the rivers on the coast of

Gresik is Ujung Pangkah. Ujung Pangkah is one of the rivers in Gresik which is the river of

Bengawan Solo from upper course in the Solo area. The Bengawan Solo River flows that

bring residential and industrial waste will affect the estuary of Ujung Pangkah, Gresik.

Research on water quality at the end of the trench is still very minimal, generally research.

The flow of the river that empties into Ujung Pangkah will result in a decrease of water

quality in Ujung Pangkah estuary if no control is done. The decrease of water quality in

Ujung Pangkah estuary will decrease water resources and economically disadvantageous.

Water quality research that has been done around the estuary of pangkah only describes the

water quality at the end of pangkah estuary (Supriyadi, 2002) [22]. Research on water quality

around the end of Ujung Pangkah estuary has only been focused on researching water quality

conditions at certain points. Therefore, this research continues to complement and describe

water quality in Bengawan Solo river until its spreading to Ujung Pangkah estuary and the

surrounding waters.

Figure 1 Research Area of estuary of Ujung Pangkah, Gresik East Java

This study aims to determine and ensure changes in water quality due to the flow of

Bengawan Solo River through vicinity of Ujung Pangkah whether it is safe or even exceeds

the quality standards allowed (RME 2004, SNI 2004, SNI 1996) [17, 20, 21]. The study also

wanted to know the dispersion patterns of several water quality parameters, such as BOD

(Biochemical Oxygen Demand) (PESCOD,1973) [15], DO (Dissolved Oxygen) (SALMIN,

2000) [18], Phosphate (PO4) and Nitrate (NO3) using Mike 21 software with Hydrodynamic

Modeling Distribution of BOD, DO, Phosphate, and Nitrate of Bengawan Solo River in Ujung

Pangkah, Gresik East Java


and Ecolab modules (DHI 2012a, DHI 2012b, Mustain and Suroso 2016) [4, 5, 9]. This study

will provide information on pollution load given by the flow of Bengawan Solo River which

leads to Ujung Pangkah. Information from the output of this study is expected to be a good

reference for establishing policies on water management of coastal waters of Gresik. This is

also confirmed to the coastal planning and management in Madura Strait include Sidoarjo

Surabaya and Gresik coastal area (Mustain 2009, Mustain et al. 2015, Mustain 2016, Mustain

2017, Mustain 2018) [8, 11, 12, 13, 14].

2. BASIC THEORY OF HYDRODYNAMICS

2.1. Pollution Distribution Model in Waters

Disguise coverage in Ujung Pangkah estuary is done by numerical modeling using MIKE21

Ecolab software (DHI 2012a, DHI 2012b) [4, 5]. This model is used to simulate the

distribution of water quality for parameters: BOD, DO, Phosphate and Nitrate.

MIKE21 Ecolab uses volume methods to solve mathematical equations for hydrodynamic

parameters. These are as the main drivers of water quality distribution and advection-

dispersion parameters of each modeled water quality parameters.

2.2. Mike21 EcoLab Method

MIKE21 Ecolab is used to simulate the distribution of chemical parameters which is an

indicator of water quality in Ujung Pangkah estuary waters. From modeling MIKE21 Ecolab,

can be obtained information distribution of parameters DO, BOD, Phosphate, and Nitrate in

study area.

MIKE21 Ecolab uses the following general equation (DHI 2012a, DHI 2012b) [4, 5]:

cczyx PSz

cD

z

cD

z

cD

z

cw

y

cv

x

cu

t

c

2

2

2

2

2

2

(1)

where:

C : concentration of Ecolab variable

u, v, w : the current component

Dx : Disperse coefficient in x direction

Dy : Disperse coefficient in y direction

Dz : Disperse coefficient in z direction

Sc : source and sink components

Pc : Ecolab Process

While the transport equations for each parameter are generally written as follows,

cc PADt

c

(2)

Where ADc is a change in concentration due to advection and dispersion effects.

3. MODELING METHODOLOGY

3.1. Geometry Modeling (Bathymetry)

The study is geographically located between 7⁰ to 8⁰ South Latitude and 112⁰ Up to 113⁰ East

Longitude (Figure 1). The used research method is modeling. In this study the



Hydrodynamics and Ecolab Model MIKE21 were have been conducted with the following

inputs:

- Ups and downs. These two parameters are the main factors for the occurrence of ocean

currents. Tidal data were obtained from Global MIKE21 model, while wind data was obtained

from local Meteorological institution.

- Batimetry: bathymetry secondary data obtained from several related institutions namely;

KKP, Dishidros-AL and BIG. Bathymetry data is converted in mesh format for MIKE21

calculation. Figure 2 shows the bathimetry that have been inputed.

- The pollution load as an input on the model is assumed to come only from the river.

- River flow is obtained based on secondary data analysis of PT. Jasa Tirta East Java.

Figure 2 Batimetry of Ujung Pangkah vicinity for input MIKE21

3.2. Model Scenario

Modeling is done with two scenarios that are considered to represent the seasons in Indonesia,

i.e. modeling in the West season and East season. Both seasons are representations of the

rainy season and dry season respectively. Here are the scenarios to be done in current

modeling and water quality:

- Flow model at Ujung Pangkah estuary.

- Water Quality Model of Ujung Pangkah estuary namely: BOD, DO, Phosphate and Nitrate.

- Model simulation is done for 15 days with time step of 300 seconds.

3.3. Data Measurement and Model Validation

Measurement of water quality data has been done for 9 points in the study area (Figure 1),

where the measurement data is given in the table below. Table 1 shows Data Measuring water

quality around the Ujung Pangkah estuary. Table 2 gives the burden of Polluters at the mouth

of Ujung Pangkah as the result of Laboratorium test analysis. Water quality distribution is

simulated for 15 days in west season and east season with point number 5 used as validation.

The calculation of pollutant load along the Bengawan Solo River uses upstream water

quality data. The data is then analyzed to obtain pollutant loads along the Bengawan Solo

River which leads to Ujung Pangkah which will be used as input in the water quality model

with Mike21 software.




The polluted load parameters focused on this study were dissolved residues or BOD, DO,

Nitrite, and Phosphate (Clair N. Sawyer, 1994) [3]. An indication that waste containing

organic substances is obtained by measuring the amount of oxygen required to decompose

organic components into other more stable components (Michael R. Penn, 2003) [7].

Table 1 Data Measuring water quality around the Ujung Pangkah vicinity

Sampel Easting Northing BOD

(mg/l)

DO

(mg/l)

NO3

(mg/l)

PO4

(mg/l)

UP 1A 674951 9244855 6 4,6 0,37 0,6

UP 2A 673804 9245453 4 4,8 0,17 0,54

UP 3A 674385 9246367 6 4,4 0,02 0,17

UP 4A 670361 9243733 6 4,4 0,07 0,14

UP 5A 669230 9242846 4 4,4 0,16 0,17

UP 6A 667873 9243120 4 4,6 0,04 0,78

UP 7A 671410 9246975 4 4,8 0,07 0,76

UP M1 674622 9241279 4 4,6 0,15 0,13

UP M3 672229 9240412 6 4,3 0,23 0,67

Source: Result of Laboratory Analysis of Environmental Quality of ITS Surabaya (2015)

Table 2 The burden of Polluters at the mouth of Ujung Pangkah river

No Parameter Unit Lab

Result Debit

Load

(ton/month)

1 DO mg/L 4,57 640 7.581,08

2 BOD mg/L 4,86 640 8.062,16

3 Nitrate (NO3) mg/L 0,12 640 199,07

4 Phosphate (PO4) mg/L 0,45 640 746,5

Source: Results of The Analysis

4. RESULT OF MODELING

The results of the load simulation input made polluters for 15 days for the West season and

the East season are have been given in the the table 3. Table 3 gives the comparison of results

of measurements and Model to point UP 5A.

Table 3 Comparison of results of measurements and Model to point UP 5A

Sample

Coordinat (utm) BOD (mg/l) DO (mg/l) NO3 (mg/l) PO4 (mg/l)

Easting Northing Lab Model Lab Model Lab Model Lab Model

UP 5A 669230 9242846 4 3,96 4,4 4,8 0,16 0,11 0,17 0,44

4.1. The Results of Modeling of Hydrodynamics

Current modeling MIKE21 Ecolab is one of the causes of the occurrence of water chemistry

parameters on the distribution of the water. In this study, the current in the MIKE21

generated by completing the equation of continuity of the parameter depth waters as well as

two parameters the prime mover that is tide-ebb and wind. The results of numerical modeling

of flow in the West and East season of the area Ujung Pangkah shown in Figure 3 and Figure

4 below. Figure 3 shows the result of current model for West season in the time of tide (left)

and ebb (right). Figure 4 shows the result of current model for East season in the time of tide

(left) and ebb (right).



Figure 3 The West season current in the time of tide (left) and ebb (right)

Figure 4 The East Season current in the time of tide (left) and ebb (right)

Modeling results showed mainstream West season has the range of 0.02 to 0.36 m/s, while

the current of East season has the range of 0.02 to 0.34 m/s. In each season, based on the

picture above, the current is moving East toward the dominant at the time of install and at the

time of the downs, dominant moving currents to the West. At the speed of current East

season, slightly higher than the West season, especially at a time when receding. The matter is

possible because the speed of the wind at higher East season. Mainstream modelling results

with extract data that have been confirmed to the tide model at one point. This is also be

compared to the data revenue of predicted model of TMD (Tide Model Drivers) at the same

coordinates. This have error 0.1 % and it shows in Figure 5. Figure 5 shows the comparison

between predicted model of TMD MIKE21 and served on the picture below. Mustain 2018

[14] also confirms in the tide modeling of RMA2.

Figure 5 Water elevation in Ujung Pangkah during 15 days (01-15/11/2015) measurement (TMD) and

result of Mike21 model (Mike21)

Verification results show that there is a pattern of conformity between the model

predictions of TMD and MIKE21. Therefore, it can be inferred that the model has a pretty

good accuracy. The small difference is likely to occur due to local factors such as depth and

river discharge input cause an increase in the face of the water.




4.2. Pattern of Distribution

Patterns of spread of water quality Parameter based on the results of the modelling of water

quality Modeling done by two scenarios, i.e. scenario for East season and West seasion. These

are a representation of the rainy season and the dry season respectively. Simulation of water

quality parameters with the input style of hydrodynamics and load the Ujung Pangkah estuary

polluters, acquired the distribution parameters of water quality at the location of the study

presented on the pictures below as subheading for each parameter.

4.2.1. BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)

BOD was much oxygen micro-organism to dissociate wide by organic materials that are

easily separate. Figure 6 shows the modeling result of West Season of BOD distribution in

tide time (left) and ebb (right). Figure 7 shows the modeling result of Eeast Season of BOD

distribution in tide time (left) and ebb (right).

These modeling results indicate that the contents of the BOD at the location of the study is

on the range to below 0.03 up to 3.7 mg/L in the West season, and it reached 3.8 mg/L in East

season. During the East season, distribution of BOD smaller than in the West season. It is

probable that due to the speed of currents, a difference where the speed of currents at higher

West season compared to East season that brings water to dilute the concentration of BOD.

These difference currents are also be confirmed to Mustain (2017) [13].

Figure 6 West Season of BOD distribution in tide time (left) and ebb (right)

Figure 7 East Season of BOD distribution in tide time (left) and ebb (right)

4.2.2. DO (Dissolved Oxygen)

Dissolved Oxygen or DO that one of the chemical parameters is very vital. Almost all aquatic

biota need DO to the process of oxidation and reduction of organic and inorganic materials.

Figure 8 shows the result of modeling for West Season of DO distribution in tide time (left)

and ebb (right). Figure 9 shows the result of modeling for East Season of DO distribution in

tide time (left) and ebb (right).

These modeling results indicate that the content DO on location study is in the range of

4.9 mg/L for East season and 3.7 mg/L for West season. The result was still below the raw

quality of the sea water that is desirable for marine aquaculture i.e. above 5 mg/L according to

the decisions of Men. LH No. 51 Year 2004 about raw sea water quality guidelines for marine

life, these waters can be categorised so unfavourable to support cultivation of the sea (SNI

2004) [20].



Figure 8 West Season of DO distribution in tide time (left) and ebb (right)

Figure 9 East Season of DO distribution in tide time (left) and ebb (right)

4.2.3. Phosphate (PO4)

The element phosphorus is found in nature in the form of phosphate ions, either in the form of

organic or inorganic. The main organism that requires the presence of phosphate in the water

element is the fitoplakton play an important role in determining the fertility of a waters

(Santoso, 2007) [19]. Figure 10 shows the result of model for West season of PO4 distribution

in tide time (left) and ebb (right). Figure 11 shows the result of model for East season of PO4

distribution in tide time (left) and ebb (right).

These modeling results indicate that the deposits of Phosphate on the location of the study

are in the range of 0.03 to 0.55 mg/L in West season, while in the East season have a lower

range of 0.01 to 0.34 mg/L. The high concentration of phosphate of West season made

possible by the phosphate nutrient runoff from land and the river is higher due to more

intensive agricultural activities in the rainy season.

Figure 10 West Season of PO4 distribution in tide time (left) and ebb (right)

Figure 11 East Season of PO4 distribution in tide time (left) and ebb (right)

4.2.4. Nitrate (NO3)

Nitrates (NO3) is the main form of nitrogen in natural waters. This is a key nutrient for the

growth of plants and algae. Nitrates very easily soluble in water and a stable. Figure 12 gives




the result of modeling in West Season of NO3 distribution in tide time (left) and ebb (right).

Figure 13 gives the result of modeling in East Season of NO3 distribution in tide time (left)

and ebb (right).

These modeling results indicate that the content of nitrates on site study achieve 0.09 up

0.23 mg/L at the time of the East season. On the other hand, at the time of the West season

natural nitrate at site has the range to smaller i.e. 0.01 to 0.15 mg/L. Nitrate content in this

district study high enough that possibility because of the availability of the aktivitas causeway

around site study. Yoo and Boyd (1994) [27] stated that the availability of aquaculture

activities can provide so many of organic material that has the compound of nitrates.

Figure 12 West Season of NO3 distribution in tide time (left) and ebb (right)

Figur 13 East Season of NO3 distribution in tide time (left) and ebb (right)

4.3. Water Quality

The changes in water quality and that based on the water quality Standards for waters of the

estuary of Ujung Pangkah are figured here. The model gives four componens as the result. It

is be seen in Table 4.

Modeling water quality of the estuary of Ujung Pangkah conducted for 15 days with the

time of 300 seconds. The results of the analysis of the change of water quality are analyzed

based on Standard Quality for Raw sea life issued the decision of the Minister-LH 51 Th

2004. Appendix III of the raw quality of sea water for sealife (RME, 2004) [17] are presented

in the Table 4. This Table 4 shows that the quality of water in the estuary of Ujung Pangkah

after the Bengawan Solo River basin varies at the end of Ujung Pangkah river. There are some

criteria for each parameter, i.e. for BOD still meets, while the parameters DO, Phosphate and

Nitrates do not meet the standards set.

Table 4 Analysis of changes in water quality of the estuary of Ujung Pangkah

Water

Quality

Parameters

The maximum value of the results of the

modeling of the Western and the West

Season and East Season (mg/L)

The raw Quality standards

based on Kepmen-LH 51 Th

2004. Appendix III (mg/L)

BOD 3,7 (West season) & 3,8 (East Season) 20

DO 3,7 (West season) & 4,9 (East Season) >5

Phosphate 0,55 (West season) &0,34 (East Season) 0,015

Nitrate 0,15 (West season) & 0,23(East Season) 0,008



5. DISCUSSION

Data measurement of water quality around the Ujung Pangkah estuary in Table 1 varies

except DO that shows relatively constant from each sample position. This reasonable due the

measurement in the same season, while the water quality paramtere as the result of model are

also relatively constan for each season. For instance, the difference between Figure 6 and

Figure 7 is very-very clearly differed due to difference season i.e. West season wider

distribution than Esat season even little bit difficule di distinguis between ebb and tide

periode. This is reasonable that West season more windy thane East season, then affect to the

current pattern and distribution.

The results of modeling with MIKE21 show that is a difference with the measurement

results field. The result of model shows with a lower value on all parameters except for water

quality parameters DO. This is possible because only the input comes from the mouth of the

river of the coast, when in fact, the conditions there are a load of waste from small rivers or

the coast. However, the modeling results show mostly difference between simulation results

and field measurements do not differ greatly. These results of this modeling can be used to

predict the distribution of water quality of rivers, estuaries and waterways around the Ujung

Pangkah.

The model results of most water quality parameters give same patternt of distribution. The

result of West season absolutly more wider distribution the East season model. This is well

confirmed by Mustain (2017) [13], how the longshore current in West season bigger than in

East season. Mustain (2018) [14] notes in the case of short term period, tidal term. The current

of tide time, forward to costline direction, has speed faster than the current ebb time. In this

research this case little bit difficult to distinguse. This is due to too short time or not enaugh

time for making significancy difference distribution for water quality parameters.

6. CONCLUSIONS

Modeling of the distribution of water quality in the Bengawan Solo River going down to the

Ujung Pangkah has been conducted. The results obtained that the water quality in the estuary

of Ujung Pangkah after the Bengawan Solo River basin that converge at the end of

Pangkah.There are several criteria to each parameter, i.e. for BOD still meets with a

maximum spread of values of 3.8 mg/L BOD. While parameters DO, Nitrate and Phosphate

do not meet the standards established by the value distribution of 5.6 mg/L to DO, 0.56 mg/L

for Phosphate and 0.23 mg/L for Nitrate. For standard Quality Raw based on Kepmen-LH 51

Th 2004. Appendix III at the mouth End Pangkah was 70 mg/L for TSS, 20 mg/L for BOD, >

5 mg/L to DO, 0.015 mg/L for Phosphate and 0.008 mg/L for Nitrate.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank the Directorate Pendayagunaan smaller islands, Directorate Jenderal

Kelautan and Small Islands of the Ministry of Fisheries on support of provided data up to this

paper then could be finished very well. This research was also supported by the Minister of

Risearch and Technology (Indonesia) and LPPM-ITS. Therefore, the authors thank and

appresiate both institutions for the funds.

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