modeling and simulation of nodes in wireless personal area networks

Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 13 (6): 720-727, 2013ISSN 1990-9233© IDOSI Publications, 2013DOI: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.13.6.1920

Corresponding Author: Jahangir Khan, Department of Computer Science and IT, Sarhad University of Science and InformationTechnology Peshawar 25000, Pakistan.

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Modeling and Simulation of Nodes in Wireless Personal Area Networks

Jahangir Khan, Abou Bakar Nauman, Khisro Khan and Fariha Atta1 1 2 3

Department of Computer Science and IT Sarhad University of Science and1

Information Technology Peshawar 25000, PakistanDirectorate of Science and Technology, TF 250, 2

Deans Trade Center Sadder Cantt, Peshawar 25000 PakistanDepartment of Computer Science, 3

University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan

Abstract: A wireless personal area network (WPAN), which virtually, a synonym since almost any personalarea network would need to function wirelessly. Conceptually, the difference between a PAN and a wirelessLAN is that the former tends to be centered around one person while the latter is a local area network (LAN)that is connected without wires and serving multiple users. In another usage, a personal area network (PAN)is a technology that could enable wearable computer devices to communicate with other nearby computers andexchange digital information using the electrical conductivity of the human body as a data network. Here weinvestigate a PAN encounter problems of ping-pong effect and network instability when two or more PAN’Senter the same boundaries to establish a larger PAN in an ad-hoc fashion i-e piconet and scatternat. Toovercome these we propose a novel algorithm to select the Master Device in a Personal Area Network,communicating with other PANs in an ad-hoc manner, by considering Reach-ability & Stability as the two primeselection criteria along with other factors to solve the problems of ping pong effect and the WPAN instabilitydue to the handovers between devices by using OPNET simulator.

Key words: Wireless Personal area network Performance OPNET modeler

INTRODUCTION could enable wearable computer devices to communicate

A personal area network (PAN) is the interconnection information using the electrical conductivity of the humanof information technology devices within the range of an body as a data network. A wireless WPAN consists of aindividual person, typically within a range of 10 meters. dynamic group of less than 255 devices that communicateFor example, a person traveling with a laptop, a personal within about a 33-foot range. Unlike with wireless LANs,digital assistant (PDA) and a portable printer could only devices within this limited area typically participateinterconnect them without having to plug anything in, in the network and no online connection with externalusing some form of wireless technology. Typically, this devices is defined. One device is selected to assume thekind of personal area network could also be role of the controller during wireless PAN initializationinterconnected without wires to the Internet or other and this controller device mediates communication withinnetworks. A wireless personal area network (WPAN), the WPAN. The controller broadcasts a beacon that letswhich virtually, a synonym since almost any personal area all devices synchronize with each other and allocates timenetwork would need to function wirelessly. Conceptually, slots for the devices. Each device attempts to join thethe difference between a PAN and a wireless LAN is that wireless PAN by requesting a time slot from the controller.the former tends to be centered around one person while The controller authenticates the devices and assigns timethe latter is a local area network (LAN) that is connected slots for each device to transmit data. The data may bewithout wires and serving multiple users. In another sent to the entire wireless PAN using the wireless PANusage, a personal area network (PAN) is a technology that destination address, or it may be directed to a particular

with other nearby computers and exchange digital

Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 13 (6): 720-727, 2013

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device. The term Ad-hoc networks are often characterized Furthermore we have proposed a novel algorithm byby a dynamic topology due to the fact that nodes change focusing with new network dimensions and systemtheir physical location by moving around. This favors boundaries. Our proposed novel algorithm acts efficientlyrouting protocols that dynamically discover routes over when ever two or more PAN network interact in an ad-hocconventional routing algorithms like distant vector and basis by means of using relay/salve device which linkslink state. Another characteristic is that host/node has two or more PANs or by PANs itself merge for anvery limited CPU capacity, storage capacity, battery temporary/permanent basis, either of the situation, in bothpower and bandwidth, also referred to as a “thin client”. scenarios, 3 meters/second mobility was enabled andThis means that the power usage must be limited thus maximum PAN vicinity was assumed to have a range ofleading to a limited transmitter range. The access media, 10 meters. Our proposed novel algorithm will demonstratethe radio environment, also has special characteristics stable and eliminate the ping pong effect created by otherthat must be considered when designing protocols for algorithms if used under such scenario. Hence we canad-hoc networks. One example of this may be conclude that the both factors Reach ability and Stabilityunidirectional links. These links arise when for example are very important in selecting the master device.two nodes have different strength on their transmitters,allowing only one of the hosts to hear the other, but can Model of Reach Ability and Stability: Following are thealso arise from disturbances from the surroundings. details working models and concepts of Reach ability andMultihop in a radio environment may result in an overall Stability which are used in our thesis model.transmit capacity gain and power gain, due to the squaredrelation between coverage and required output power. Reach Ability Concept: Reach ability in Personal AreaBy using multi hop, nodes can transmit the packets with Network means range in which all devices, which are ina much lower output power. Working with a WPAN PAN, are directly reachable by the Master Device. Thererequires having a master-slave relationship to buildup are different techniques to indicate whether a device isthe WPAN. Whereas when we consider ad-hoc networks, reachable. In one such technique when a device entersthey require only peer-to-peer relationship between two PAN it will broadcasts the beacon every 5 seconds, ifor more devices to create a network to share resources. master device receives the beacon it means that theThis gives rise to a new problem domain as far as the device is within the range. Reach ability factor introduceselection of master device is considered. So when two or node detection and internetworking mechanism betweenmore WPANs communicate with each other to establish different PANs, whereas it also provide informationa larger PAN in an ad-hoc fashion, it fails to respond to exchange between different wireless networks by senddynamic devices to select any of them as a master device beacon message to allow them to enter into their network.because currently there is no scheme to cater this By using Reach ability element for the master devicesituation. This paper investigates the master device selection will give edge to the PAN where it can able toselection performance based on two main criteria which act in an ad-hoc fashion to work in mobile dynamicare Reach ability & Stability and comparing the results environment.with standard battery power selection algorithm. The Figure 1. we can see that there are two circles,

The paper proceeds as in pattern of sections: section the red circle shows that there are three devices in a PAN,2 briefs for the methodology, Section 3 describes connected to each other with a Temporary Masterselection of master devices in PAN. Section 4 proceeds Device(TM) is connected to two Slave devices (SD). Thefor the model of reachability and stability, 2 last vicinity of PAN is only 10 meters. In this scenario we arend

describes results and last one section concludes the using short distance wireless medium like WLAN withpaper. very low amount of power such as 7.4 e-8 watts. The blue

MATERIALS AND METHODS other, but have no connectivity with the red circle as they

In this paper, we are trying to solve is that how to devices in red circle can communicate betweenselect master device when PAN acts as an ad-hoc nature themselves on ad hoc basis, but would not be able toand to solve this new network environment, we consider communicate with the devices in PAN as no device isthe previous two schemes (Stability & Reach ability) as present between then, which can act as a medium orprimary selection algorithms for a master device. source of communication between the red and blue circle.

circles shows only two mobile devices connected to each

are not within the vicinity of PAN. The two mobile


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Fig. 1: Scenario of Reach ability in PAN without Fig. 3: Shows scenario of Stability in PAN with candidateconnectivity master devices during mobility

Fig. 2: Shows a mobile node enables extension in PAN and the device with highest stability time becomewith its Reach ability and become MD MD

The red circle shows the vicinity of PAN for TM, as High: The devices which stay in PAN for more than 80the two slave devices are out of the vicinity of TM. In seconds are considered to be reliable and have bettersimulation we enabled a mobile node which joins the chance to act as master device.PAN. Firstly, this node acts as slave device. In meanwhile, it is seen that this mobile node has a capability to Medium: The devices which stay in PAN for 50 secondsreach the two devices outside the vicinity of last TM are considered to be not very reliable because 50 secondssetup access. TM handovers the mastership to the as being part of PAN is not sufficient, so such devices doincoming node coz of its reach ability feature to maximum not have great chance of becoming the master device.number of nodes. New master device has maximum reachability in the network as shown in Figure 2. Low: The devices which stay in PAN for less than

Stability Concept: Stability is list of all the devices within device, as they are considered totally unreliable.a PAN, which were connected to the Master Device, We The scenarios in Figure 3. Show the stability criteriacan define stability as the history of all the devices joining in PAN. We can see different mobile devices in the PANand leaving the PAN. Stability is considered as one of the vicinity with the time indicating they are part of PAN.main factors for selecting the master device in PAN as it The simulations have been carried the TM initiates thecovers the reach ability and history of all other devices in PAN as the most stable device in network and stay masterPAN and updates the Master Device about them. We throughout the simulation.have divided the stability into the following grades for In Figure 4. we can see that TM initiates the PAN butMaster selection. during mobility, different nodes joined the PAN and their

High > 80sec become a slave and the more stable node becomes newMedium >= 50sec Master of the PAN. This continues till end of mobility asLow < 30sec long as it does not find higher stable time period for

Fig. 4: During mobile trajectory TM handovers to CMD

30 seconds have minimum chance of becoming the master

stability time is higher than the TM. In such case TM


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another node in PAN such as candidate master deviceCMDs with different stability times. So the highestprobability to become master device is a function ofhighest stability time.

Wpan Model and Simulation ScenarioModel Structure: In the proposed model, we haveconfigured three independent Pans which have differentnumbers of nodes communicating with each other.The system environment is configured according tostandard mobile devices such as Laptops, PDAs andMobile Phones. By using existing tools available inOPNET 8.1 Version, we have successfully constructed themention scenarios, further more we have also introducesnew communication interfaces to make more scenario Fig. 5: Architecture of Wireless station in Opnet v11.1more realistic. This thesis is based on the performancecomparison of existing algorithm.

Node Architecture in OPNET: Node models of somecommonly used Wireless LAN objects in Opnet v11.1 areas follows:

The Wireless PAN modeling of the MAC and thephysical layer is comprised of the wireless lan_macprocess, transmitter, receiver and the channel streams(as shown by the box in Figure 5. The ARP (AddressResolution Protocol) is an interface between the MACand the higher layers. To study the WPAN MACwithout a higher-layer stack (such as TCP/IP andapplications), use the station node model that uses Fig. 6: Our defined model layer in WPANsource and sink models to simulate higher layers. Thehigher layers are replaced by a source and a sink Our Defined Model Layer in PAN: For the master deviceprocess. There is a MAC interface that is equivalent to selection, we will describe the function of link layer whichthe ARP in the client/server model. The WPAN MAC we have created in WLAN node in Opnet Modeler v10.0.process is independent of the higher layer as long as In Figure 6. We can see an added model layer in theit has an appropriate interface. The IEEE 802.11b WPAN node model, this layer is above the link layer andstandard is an amendment to 802.11 that adds support we will discuss about it in detail later on.for a high-speed physical layer (PHY) extension in the2.4 GHz band. Master Device Selection Criteria in PAN: Existing

The node model can be used to do the following: schemes for the Selection of Master Device in PAN haveGenerate controlled traffic in the WPAN network and many conflicts related to their work scope and systemevaluate the performance of MAC, Simulate the effect of boundaries, as we move forward to more complex andWPAN attributes independent of the higher layer, multi-ad-hoc network environments, many problems ariseObtain shorter simulation time for large networks. when two or more ad-hoc networks enter same boundaries

The node model has the following station limitations: to establish a larger PAN network forcing to choseBridges can be used to connect the BSSs of WPAN Single Master Device to Manage the PAN networkstations. A station can act as an access point, but it will entities. In such situation need to be solve to validate thefunction only as a relay within the BSS. We cannot Master Device among different Master Deviceobserve the impact of MAC on the higher layer WPAN Candidates. According to different schemes andlink layer additives. methodologies, the main criteria for selecting a Master


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(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)

Fig. 7: Selection Master Devices Model in WPAN for simulation

Device are Bandwidth, Processing power, Battery Power, description of master devices as well as handoverStability, Reach ability. The following Figure 7. and technique outperforms other techniques for the selectionTable [1-4] of wireless personal area networks gives brief of Master Device.


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Table 1: Simulation parameters Step 1: WPAN1 and WPAN2 are within vicinity of each

Table 2: WPAN configuration parameter 2 Step 4: WPAN 3 now moves to join larger WPAN and

Table 3: WPAN configuration parameter 3

Table 4: WPAN configuration parameter 4 considerable distance and having different number of

This section entirely deals with the simulation carried becomes the candidate device. This happens because theout in OPNET 8.1 to evaluate the performance of stability of MD1 is more than MD2.proposed master device selection algorithm usingstandard power selection method and proposed stability- Step 2: WPAN3 also comes in the system boundary ofreach ability algorithm. WPAN1 and the MD1 remains the primary master device

Figure 7. shows the simulation for model scenario as. because of its stability factor.In this scenario there are three different WPAN, which Simulation result gives a graphical representation, ashave no connection with each other. This simulation will shown in Figure 8. and Figure 9 respectively. Threeexecute 5 steps, in step1 the MD2 will interact with MD1 different WPAN interact with each other and differentafter 105sec, in step2 the MD1 and MD2 will undergoes timing and goes off the network at different timing but duemaster device selection according to batter power to the selection criteria of the WPAN master device theselection criteria, in step3 MD3 will interact with MD1 and master device which have more stability in concern ofin step4 MD3 will join MD1 after 375sec and in step5 MD3 timing remain the primary master device and other masterleave MD1 after. devices becomes secondary master device. The Figure 9.

other and now the both master device will communicate toselect the primary master device.

Step 2: MD1 handover all its attached nodes to MD2 andacts as candidate master device because the MD2 hasmore battery power.

Step 3: Due to sudden loss of battery power of MD2, theprimary master device handover to MD1.

now MD1 will compare its status with MD3 for masterdevice selection.

Step 5: Now MD3 becomes the primary master device andMD1 becomes the candidate master device.

Step 6: Now MD3 went away and the pervious MD1becomes the primary master device.

WPAN Stability and Reach ability Results: This sectionhighlights the discussion on the results of secondimportant factor for master device selection criteriaapproach used in this research. Stability of WPANdevices means the time, which the device spends as a partof WPAN.

In this scenario there are three WPANs at a

devices. This scenario will also follows the samesequence as the previous one but this time the masterdevice will be selected according to stability and reachability parameters. This simulation will also have 2 stepsat different timings.

Step 1: When the WPAN1 and WPAN2 interact with eachother, the MD1 remains the primary master and MD2


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Fig. 8: System Model Simulation

Fig. 9: Graphical representation of simulation result

results shows that MD1 remains the master device for TM, which could readily handover to the acquired PAN700 sec even when MD2 enters the system at 100 sec node which meets the MD selection criteria. We assumedand MD3 at 375 sec of the simulation and leave the several parameters such as data rate, radio coverage,system at 525 sec but the system was un-effected. architecture of PAN as well as piconet and scatternet andThis shows that our propose algorithm provides very also Master/Slave relation. A novel handover techniquestable results and system is also not effect by the ping is introduced for the selection of Master Device. Thepong effect. advantage of this new handover technique is the

CONCLUSION results show that the proposed handover technique

This research paper reviews the most important Device. The simulation analysis also briefs for the WPANfactors on master device selection in personal area 1, WPAN2 andWPAN3 for the battery power of 65%, 75%networks. Simulation results presented in this research to and 90% respectively in two, three and four nodes accessprove that the initiation of a PAN can be started with a ability environment.

capability of choosing the Master device in PAN. The

outperforms other techniques for the selection of Master


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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 5. Tuduce, C. and T. Gross, 2005. A mobility model

Our thanks to ZTE giving us the opportunity of 2005. 24 Annual Joint Conference of the IEEEpractical implementation of the whole work, we thanks Computer and Communications Societies.also thanks Sarhad university for providing us a research Proceedings IEEE, 1: 13-17.environment, lastly we are grateful to our family for their 6. Benny Bing, 2000. High-Speed Wireless ATM andpray and support. LANs, Artech House, UK.

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