mobile studio activity 7 report
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction
RL and RC Filters are first order linear circuits that respond to alternating current signals. The
response of these filters to different frequencies depends on the inductance/capacitance and resistanceused in the circuit. At certain determinable frequencies, the filter will attenuate the signal. These are the
filters cutoff frequencies.
Procedure
The protoboard configuration for this lab is show to the left. The blue
cylindrical device shown is a 100mH inductor. The Mobile Studio Desktop software is
used to take voltage readings across the 1k resistor and the 100mH inductor at 100Hz,
1kHz and 10kHz, and then the two devices are switched around and readings are taken
again. The same procedure is carried out for a 22mH inductor and a 1mH inductor.
Afterwards, a 100F is connected in series with a 1k resistor. Voltage readings are
taken, and then the two are swapped. Repeat this for a 1F and a 0.1F capacitor. All
readings are taken for both sinusoidal and square wave responses.
Analysis
RC and RL Filters respond to alternating current at different frequencies in different ways
depending on whether a capacitor or an inductor is used. Either way, the resistor and inductor/capacitor
both have impedance that acts in AC circuits just like resistance does in DC circuits. The voltage across
the resistor is the AC version of a DC voltage divider, for which impedance is used instead. The same is
true for the capacitor or inductor. Smaller capacitors will respond with larger voltage AC signals. The
opposite is true for inductors. Also, only certain frequency signals can make it through RC and RL Filters.
For RL circuits, the cutoff frequency is =
2, and any frequency lower than this will not pass through
the filter. The cutoff frequency for RC circuits is =1
2, and any frequency higher than this will not
pass through the filter.
ConclusionFirst order transient filters can be used in alternating current circuits to filter out specific
frequencies from signals. RL and RC Filters make good examples of high-pass and low-pass filters. They
also can be used to change input signals to different desirable peak to peak output voltages.
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Application
1. Varying the capacitor in an RC Filter while the resistor is kept at 1k will change the peak to
peak voltage of the resistor and capacitor responses. Decreasing capacitance will result in asmaller peak to peak voltage across the resistor. This also results in larger peak to peak voltages
across the capacitor. This is because voltage over a capacitor, = 0 +1
0
, is
inversely proportional to capacitance.
Capacitance (F) VR (mV) VC (mV)
100 498 0.690
1 479 79.7
0.1 263 411
2. Varying the inductor in an RL Filter while the resistor is kept at 1k will change the peak to peakvoltage of the resistor and inductor responses. Decreasing inductance will result in a larger peak
to peak voltage across the resistor. This also results in smaller peak to peak voltages across the
inductor. This is because voltage over an inductor, =
, is directly proportional to
inductance.
Inductance (mH) VR (mV) VL (mV)
100 414 382
22 482 67.5
1 495 3.15
3. Switching the location of the inductor/capacitor and the resistor in an RC or RL Filter doesnt
change the AC frequency response of the circuit. This is because the impedance of the inductor
or capacitor in both configurations of the filter is the same.
4. Connecting a Non-Inverting OpAmp to vL in an RC low-pass filter circuit will amplify the capacitor
voltage according to the gain of the OpAmp network. If the gain is 2, the s-Domain output of the
OpAmp network should be =2
+1 .
=
=1
=
+
=
+
=1
+ 1 =
+ 1
= 2
=2
+ 1
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5. RL Filters act as high-pass filters while RC Filters act as low-pass filters. High-pass filters reject
frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency, and low-pass filters reject frequencies higher than
the cutoff frequency. At the cutoff frequency, the gain of the circuit will be approximately 1 2 .
Data
Table 1 - Effective Time Constants for RL and RC Filters
Frequency
(kHz)
Capacitance
/Inductance
Experimental
(s)
Theoretical
(s)
1 100mH 92.4 110
1 22mH 18.2 25.3
10 1mH 1.47 1.12
1 100F 98.1 --
0.1 1F 988 1210
0.1 0.1F 121 227
Table 2 - Cutoff Frequencies for RL and RC Filters
Capacitance
/Inductance
Cutoff Frequency
(kHz)
100mH 1.592
22mH 7.234
1mH 159.2
100F 0.001592
1F 0.1592
0.1F 1.592
0
R1
1k
V1
FREQ = 1k
VAMPL = 1
VOFF = 0
L1
100mH
1
2
0
V1
FREQ = 1k
VAMPL = 1
VOFF = 0 R1
1k
L1
100mH
12
0
R1
1k
V1
FREQ = 1k
VAMPL = 1
VOFF = 0 C1
100uF
0
V1
FREQ = 1k
VAMPL = 1
VOFF = 0 R1
1k
C1
100uF
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Figure 1 - Mobile Studio: 1k/100mH RL Filter at 100Hz
Figure 2 - Mobile Studio: 100mH/1k LR Filter at 100Hz
Figure 3 - Mobile Studio: 1k/100mH RL Filter at 1kHz
Figure 4 - Mobile Studio: 100mH/1k LR Filter at 1kHz
Figure 5 - Mobile Studio: 1k/100mH RL Filter at 10kHz
Figure 6 - Mobile Studio: 100mH/1k LR Filter at 10kHz
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Figure 7 - Mobile Studio: 1k/22mH RL Filter at 100Hz
Figure 8 - Mobile Studio: 22mH/1k LR Filter at 100Hz
Figure 9 - Mobile Studio: 1k/22mH RL Filter at 1kHz
Figure 10 - Mobile Studio: 22mH/1k LR Filter at 1kHz
Figure 11 - Mobile Studio: 1k/22mH RL Filter at 10kHz
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Figure 12 - Mobile Studio: 22mH/1k LR Filter at 10kHz
Figure 13 - Mobile Studio: 1k/1mH RL Filter at 100Hz
Figure 14 - Mobile Studio: 1mH/1k LR Filter at 100Hz
Figure 15 - Mobile Studio: 1k/1mH RL Filter at 1kHz
Figure 16 - Mobile Studio: 1mH/1k LR Filter at 1kHz
Figure 17 - Mobile Studio: 1k/1mH RL Filter at 10kHz
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Figure 18 - Mobile Studio: 1mH/1k LR Filter at 10kHz
Figure 19 - Mobile Studio: Effective time constant of 100mH RL Filter at 1kHz
Figure 20 - Mobile Studio: Effective time constant of 100mH LR Filter at 1kHz
Figure 21 - Mobile Studio: Effective time constant of 22mH RL Filter at 1kHz
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Figure 22 - Mobile Studio: Effective time constant of 22mH LR Filter at 1kHz
Figure 23 - Mobile Studio: Effective time constant for 1mH RL Filter at 10kHz
Figure 24 - Mobile Studio: Effective time constant for 1mH LR Filter at 10kHz
Figure 25 - Mobile Studio: Cutoff freq 1.58kHz for 100mH/1k RC Filter
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Figure 26 - Mobile Studio: Cutoff freq 4.477kHz for 1k/100mH RL Filter
Figure 27 - Mobile Studio: 1k/100F RC Filter at 100Hz
Figure 28 - Mobile Studio: 100F/1k CR Filter at 100Hz
Figure 29 - Mobile Studio: 1k/100F RC Filter at 1kHz
Figure 30 - Mobile Studio: 100F/1k CR Filter at 1kHz
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Figure 31 - Mobile Studio: 1k/100F RC Filter at 10kHz
Figure 32 - Mobile Studio: 100F/1k CR Filter at 10kHz
Figure 33 - Mobile Studio: 1k/1F RC Filter at 100Hz
Figure 34 - Mobile Studio: 1F/1k CR Filter at 100Hz
Figure 35 - Mobile Studio: 1k/1F RC Filter at 1kHz
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Figure 36 - Mobile Studio: 1F/1k CR Filter at 1kHz
Figure 37 - Mobile Studio: 1k/1F RC Filter at 10kHz
Figure 38 - Mobile Studio: 1F/1k CR Filter at 10kHz
Figure 39 - Mobile Studio: 1k/0.1F RC Filter at 100Hz
Figure 40 - Mobile Studio: 0.1F/1k CR Filter at 100Hz
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Figure 41 - Mobile Studio: 1k/0.1F RC Filter at 1kHz
Figure 42 - Mobile Studio: 0.1F/1k CR Filter at 1kHz
Figure 43 - Mobile Studio: 1k/0.1F RC Filter at 10kHz
Figure 44 - Mobile Studio: 0.1F/1k CR Filter at 10kHz
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Figure 45 - Mobile Studio: Effective time constant of 100F RC Filter at 1kHz
Figure 46 - Mobile Studio: Effective time constant of 100F CR Filter at 1kHz
Figure 47 - Mobile Studio: Effective time constant for 1F RC Filter at 100Hz
Figure 48 - Mobile Studio: Effective time constant for 1F CR Filter at 100Hz
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Figure 49 - Mobile Studio: Effective time constant for 0.1F RC Filter at 100Hz
Figure 50 - Mobile Studio: Effective time constant for 0.1F CR Filter at 100Hz
Figure 51 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across Potentiometer in RL or LR Filter with 100mH Inductor
Time0s 0.2ms 0.4ms 0.6ms 0.8ms 1.0ms 1.2ms 1.4ms 1.6ms 1.8ms 2.0ms 2.2ms 2.4ms 2.6ms 2.8ms 3.0ms
V(R1:1,L1:1)-300mV
-200mV
-100mV
0mV
100mV
200mV
300mV
R=1k
R=500
R=100
(1.8567ms, -207.372mV)
(1.3168ms, 206.216mV)
(836.785s, -208.415mV)
(356.804s, 210.390mV)
(1.9167ms, -151.047mV)
(1.3768ms, 151.911mV)
(896.782s, -151.327mV)
(356.804s, 168.957mV)
(1.9767ms, -33.049mV)
(1.4968ms, 46.628mV)
(956.780s, -23.348mV)
(476.799s, 62.236mV)
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Figure 52 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across 100mH Inductor in RL or LR Filter with Potentiometer
Figure 53 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across Potentiometer in RL or LR Filter with 22mH Inductor
Time0s 0.2ms 0.4ms 0.6ms 0.8ms 1.0ms 1.2ms 1.4ms 1.6ms 1.8ms 2.0ms 2.2ms 2.4ms 2.6ms 2.8ms 3.0ms
V(V1:+,L1:1)-300mV
-200mV
-100mV
0mV
100mV
200mV
300mV
(1.7862ms, -242.300mV)
(1.2462ms, 240.019mV)
(766.226s, -243.076mV)
(286.245s, 242.292mV)
(1.7862ms, -237.713mV)
(1.3062ms, 237.217mV)
(766.226s, -234.468mV)
(286.245s, 237.759mV)
(1.9062ms, -144.920mV)
(1.4262ms, 143.409mV)
(886.221s, -142.290mV)
(406.240s, 163.532mV)
R=1k
R=500
R=100
Time0s 0.2ms 0.4ms 0.6ms 0.8ms 1.0ms 1.2ms 1.4ms 1.6ms 1.8ms 2.0ms 2.2ms 2.4ms 2.6ms 2.8ms 3.0ms
V(L1:1)-300mV
-200mV
-100mV
0mV
100mV
200mV
300mV
(1.6168ms, -130.740mV)
(1.0768ms, 132.091mV)
(596.795s, -132.713mV)
(116.814s, 94.737mV)
(1.6168ms, -191.796mV)
(1.1368ms, 193.580mV)
(656.792s, -198.076mV)
(176.812s, 139.497mV)
(1.7368ms, -250.140mV)
(1.1968ms, 228.476mV)
(716.790s, -262.424mV)
(236.809s, 213.027mV)
R=1k
R=500
R=100
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Figure 54 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across 22mH Inductor in RL or LR Filter with Potentiometer
Figure 55 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across Potentiometer in RL or LR Filter with 1mH Inductor
Time0s 0.1ms 0.2ms 0.3ms 0.4ms 0.5ms 0.6ms 0.7ms 0.8ms 0.9ms 1.0ms 1.1ms 1.2ms 1.3ms 1.4ms 1.5ms 1.6ms 1.7ms 1.8ms 1.9ms 2.0ms
V(R1:1,R1:2)-300mV
-200mV
-100mV
0mV
100mV
200mV
300mV
(777.030s, -246.979mV)
(256.998s, 247.870mV)
(737.027s, -248.211mV)
(256.998s, 249.197mV)
(777.030s, -246.979mV)
(256.998s, 248.339mV)
R=1k
R=500
R=100
Time0s 0.2ms 0.4ms 0.6ms 0.8ms 1.0ms 1.2ms 1.4ms 1.6ms 1.8ms 2.0ms 2.2ms 2.4ms 2.6ms 2.8ms 3.0msV(L1:1)
-300mV
-200mV
-100mV
0mV
100mV
200mV
300mV
(1.5462ms, -33.640mV)
(1.0062ms, 33.857mV)
(526.236s, -34.017mV)
(75.552s, 31.221mV)
(1.5462ms, -66.570mV)
(1.0662ms, 65.906mV)
(526.236s, -66.185mV)
(110.482s, 54.886mV)
(1.6662ms, -202.021mV)
(1.1262ms, 199.653mV)
(646.231s, -208.955mV)
(166.250s, 146.222mV)
R=1k
R=500
R=100
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Figure 56 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across 1mH Inductor in RL or LR Filter with Potentiometer
Figure 57 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across 1k Resistor in RL or LR Filter with 100mH Inductor
Time0s 0.5ms 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms 3.5ms 4.0ms 4.5ms 5.0ms 5.5ms 6.0ms 6.5ms 7.0ms 7.5ms 8.0ms 8.5ms 9.0ms 9.5ms10.0ms
V(R1:1,L1:1)-300mV
-200mV
-100mV
0mV
100mV
200mV
300mV
(495.465s,-35.650mV)
(445.614s, 36.311mV)
(47.990s, 59.665mV)
(1.8025ms, -197.224mV)
(1.3025ms, 199.365mV)
(806.382s, -200.325mV)
(308.342s, 206.350mV)
F=10kHz
F=1kHz
F=100Hz
(7.5900ms, -249.486mV)
(2.5900ms, 249.486mV)
Time0s 0.2ms 0.4ms 0.6ms 0.8ms 1.0ms 1.2ms 1.4ms 1.6ms 1.8ms 2.0ms 2.2ms 2.4ms 2.6ms 2.8ms 3.0msV(L1:1)
-16mV
-12mV
-8mV
-4mV
0V
4mV
8mV
12mV
16mV
(1.4996ms, -1.5810mV)
(1.0196ms, 1.5672mV)
(479.644s, -1.5618mV)
(5.3739s, 1.5723mV)
(1.4996ms, -3.1229mV)
(1.0196ms, 3.1041mV)
(479.644s, -3.0924mV)
(14.203s, 3.1364mV)
(1.4996ms, -15.639mV)
(1.0196ms, 15.644mV)
(539.642s, -15.401mV)
(49.819s, 15.125mV)
R=1k
R=500
R=100
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Figure 58 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across 100mH Inductor in RL or LR Filter
Figure 59 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across 1k Resistor in RL or LR Filter with 22mH Inductor
Time0s 0.5ms 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms 3.5ms 4.0ms 4.5ms 5.0ms 5.5ms 6.0ms 6.5ms 7.0ms 7.5ms 8.0ms 8.5ms 9.0ms 9.5ms10.0ms
V(V1:+,L1:1)-300mV
-200mV
-100mV
0mV
100mV
200mV
300mV
F=10kHz
F=1kHz
F=100Hz
(186.616s, -128.658mV)
(136.616s, 128.922mV)
(86.651s, -126.445mV)
(36.651s, 152.633mV)
(1.7491ms, -243.308mV)
(1.2491ms, 243.308mV)
(749.116s, -243.311mV)
(249.116s, 243.489mV)
(7.5491ms, -249.936mV)
(2.5491ms, 249.936mV)
Time0s 0.4ms 0.8ms 1.2ms 1.6ms 2.0ms 2.4ms 2.8ms 3.2ms 3.6ms 4.0ms 4.4ms 4.8ms 5.2ms 5.6ms 6.0ms
V(L1:1)-300mV
-200mV
-100mV
0mV
100mV
200mV
300mV
F=10kHz
F=1kHz
F=100Hz
(1.0740ms, -235.297mV)
(1.0240ms, 236.281mV)
(69.514s, -251.528mV)
(21.252s, 213.835mV)
(1.5990ms, -136.162mV)
(1.1240ms, 134.951mV)
(654.064s, -135.265mV)
(181.577s, 95.155mV)
(5.1240ms, -15.683mV)
(442.138s, 15.200mV)
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Figure 60 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across 22mH Inductor in RL or LR Filter
Figure 61 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across 1k Resistor in RL or LR Filter with 1mH Inductor
Time0s 0.5ms 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms 3.5ms 4.0ms 4.5ms 5.0ms 5.5ms 6.0ms 6.5ms 7.0ms 7.5ms 8.0ms 8.5ms 9.0ms 9.5ms10.0ms
V(V1:+,L1:1)-300mV
-200mV
-100mV
0mV
100mV
200mV
300mV
(81.783s, -218.184mV)
(20.794s, 218.062mV)
(794.283s, -236.147mV)
(294.283s, 236.145mV)
(7.4193ms, -249.664mV)
(2.4193ms, 249.664mV)
F=10kHz
F=1kHz
F=100Hz
Time0s 0.4ms 0.8ms 1.2ms 1.6ms 2.0ms 2.4ms 2.8ms 3.2ms 3.6ms 4.0ms 4.4ms 4.8ms 5.2ms 5.6ms 6.0ms
V(R1:2)-200mV
-150mV
-100mV
-50mV
0mV
50mV
100mV
150mV
200mV
(265.639s, -191.176mV)
(215.639s, 191.169mV)
(65.674s, -197.381mV)
(18.478s, 140.660mV)
(1.5531ms, -34.958mV)
(1.0781ms, 33.400mV)
(490.639s, -34.569mV)
(0.174s, 31.159mV)
(5.0781ms, -3.4546mV)
53.139s, 3.4444mV)
F=100Hz
F=1kHz
F=10kHz
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Figure 62 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across 1mH Inductor in RL or LR Filter
Figure 63 - PSPICE Simulation: Effective Time Constant of RL or LR Filter for 100mH and 22mH
Time0s 0.1ms 0.2ms 0.3ms 0.4ms 0.5ms 0.6ms 0.7ms 0.8ms 0.9ms 1.0ms 1.1ms 1.2ms 1.3ms 1.4ms 1.5ms
V(L1:1)-800mV
-600mV
-400mV
-200mV
0V
200mV
400mV
600mV
L=22mH
L=100mH
(540.316s, 120.126mV)
(1.0300ms, -362.643mV)
(515.000s, 362.643mV)
(625.490s, 154.548mV)
(1.0300ms, -461.476mV)
(515.000s, 462.667mV)
Time0s 0.4ms 0.8ms 1.2ms 1.6ms 2.0ms 2.4ms 2.8ms 3.2ms 3.6ms 4.0ms 4.4ms 4.8ms 5.2ms 5.6ms 6.0msV(R1:2)
-20mV
-15mV
-10mV
-5mV
0V
5mV
10mV
15mV
20mV
F=10kHz
F=1kHzF=100Hz
(351.862s, -16.246mV)
(301.862s, 16.247mV)
(51.862s, -16.138mV)
(5.1445s, 15.140mV)
(1.4894ms, -1.6283mV)
(1.0019ms, 1.6396mV)
(526.862s, -1.6193mV)
(8.0479s, 1.5729mV)
(5.0269ms, -157.129V)
(26.862s, 157.158V)
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Figure 64 - PSPICE Simulation: Effective Time Constant of RL or LR Filter for 1mH
Figure 65 - PSPICE Simulation: Cutoff Frequency of RL Filter for 100mH
Tim
e
0
s0.5m
s1.0m
s1.5m
s2.0m
s2.5m
s3.0m
s3.5m
s4.0m
s4.5m
s5.0m
sV(L1:2)
-
200mV
-
150mV
-
100mV
-
50mV
0m
V
50m
V
100m
V
150m
V
200m
VF=1.591kHz
(1.3622ms, 176.231mV)
Time0s 10us 20us 30us 40us 50us 60us 70us 80us 90us 100us 110us 120us 130us 140us 150us
V(L1:1)-300mV
-200mV
-100mV
0mV
100mV
200mV
300mV
L=1mH
(52.620s, 86.793mV)
(103.000s, -260.350mV)
(51.500s, 260.350mV)
(6.8735s, 18.135V)
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Figure 66 - PSPICE Simulation: Cutoff Frequency of RL Filter for 22mH
Figure 67 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across Potentiometer in RC or CR Filter with 100F Capacitor
Time0s 0.1ms 0.2ms 0.3ms 0.4ms 0.5ms 0.6ms 0.7ms 0.8ms 0.9ms 1.0ms 1.1ms 1.2ms 1.3ms 1.4ms 1.5ms 1.6ms 1.7ms 1.8ms 1.9ms 2.0ms
V(R1:2,C1:2)-300mV
-200mV
-100mV
0mV
100mV
200mV
300mV
(749.219s, -250.391mV)
(269.190s, 247.742mV)
(749.219s, -250.778mV)
(269.190s, 247.300mV)
(749.219s, -253.626mV)
(229.187s, 244.451mV)
R=1k
R=500
R=100
Time0s 0.1ms 0.2ms 0.3ms 0.4ms 0.5ms 0.6ms 0.7ms 0.8ms 0.9ms 1.0ms 1.1ms 1.2ms 1.3ms 1.4ms 1.5ms
V(L1:2)-200mV
-150mV
-100mV
-50mV
0mV
50mV
100mV
150mV
200mVF=7.234kHz (299.603s, 176.258mV)
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Figure 68 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across 100F Capacitor in RC or CR Filter with Potentiometer
Figure 69 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across Potentiometer in RC or CR Filter with 1F Capacitor
Time0s 0.2ms 0.4ms 0.6ms 0.8ms 1.0ms 1.2ms 1.4ms 1.6ms 1.8ms 2.0ms 2.2ms 2.4ms 2.6ms 2.8ms 3.0ms
V(R1:2,C1:2)-300mV
-200mV
-100mV
0mV
100mV
200mV
300mV
(1.7368ms, -250.140mV)
(1.1968ms, 228.476mV)
(716.790s, -262.424mV)
(236.809s, 213.027mV)
(1.6768ms, -235.256mV)
(1.1968ms, 228.979mV)
(716.790s, -251.663mV)
(236.809s, 185.188mV)
(1.6168ms, -130.740mV)
(1.0768ms, 132.091mV)
(596.795s, -132.713mV)
(116.814s, 94.737mV)
R=1k
R=500
R=100
Time0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms 25ms 30ms 35ms 40ms 45ms 50msV(C1:2)
-4.0mV
-2.0mV
0V
2.0mV
4.0mV
6.0mV
8.0mV
(1.0283ms, 43.778V)
(466.289s, 751.309V)
(1.0283ms, 60.974V)
(466.289s, 1.4994mV)
(42.013ms, -3.5764mV)
(41.442ms, 3.3846mV)
(1.0283ms, -27.792V)
(466.289s, 7.3677mV)
R=1k
R=500
R=100
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Figure 70 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across 1F Capacitor in RC or CR Filter with Potentiometer
Figure 71 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across Potentiometer in RC or CR Filter with 0.1F Capacitor
Time0s 0.2ms 0.4ms 0.6ms 0.8ms 1.0ms 1.2ms 1.4ms 1.6ms 1.8ms 2.0ms 2.2ms 2.4ms 2.6ms 2.8ms 3.0ms
V(R1:2,C1:2)-150mV
-100mV
-50mV
0mV
50mV
100mV
150mV
(1.5693ms, -130.694mV)
(1.0893ms, 131.827mV)
(609.319s, -131.108mV)
(129.698s, 95.739mV)
(1.5693ms, -73.819mV)
(1.0293ms, 73.859mV)
(549.321s, -74.426mV)
(86.577s, 59.664mV)
(1.5093ms, -15.803mV)
(1.0293ms, 15.688mV)
(489.323s, -15.669mV)
(38.322s, 15.098mV)
R=1k
R=500
R=100
Time0s 0.2ms 0.4ms 0.6ms 0.8ms 1.0ms 1.2ms 1.4ms 1.6ms 1.8ms 2.0ms 2.2ms 2.4ms 2.6ms 2.8ms 3.0ms
V(C1:2)-300mV
-200mV
-100mV
0mV
100mV
200mV
300mV
(1.9767ms, -33.049mV)
(1.4968ms, 46.628mV)
(956.780s, -23.348mV)
(476.799s, 62.236mV)
(1.9767ms, -71.821mV)
(1.4368ms, 77.834mV
(956.780s, -63.499mV)
(416.802s, 103.525mV
(1.8567ms, -207.372mV)
(1.3168ms, 206.216mV)
(836.785s, -208.415mV)
(356.804s, 210.390mV
R=1k
R=500
R=100
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Figure 72 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across 0.1F Capacitor in RC or CR Filter with Potentiometer
Figure 73 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across 1k Resistor in RC or CR Filter with 100F Capacitor
Time0s 0.5ms 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms 3.5ms 4.0ms 4.5ms 5.0ms 5.5ms 6.0ms 6.5ms 7.0ms 7.5ms 8.0ms 8.5ms 9.0ms 9.5ms10.0ms
V(R1:2,C1:2)-300mV
-200mV
-100mV
0mV
100mV
200mV
300mV
(778.146s, -227.369mV)
(728.146s, 227.278mV)
(715.646s, -244.371mV)
(213.380s, 241.820mV)
(7.5474ms, -253.377mV)
(2.5407ms, 245.830mV)
F=10kHz
F=1kHz
F=100Hz
Time0s 0.2ms 0.4ms 0.6ms 0.8ms 1.0ms 1.2ms 1.4ms 1.6ms 1.8ms 2.0ms 2.2ms 2.4ms 2.6ms 2.8ms 3.0ms
V(C1:2)-300mV
-200mV
-100mV
0mV
100mV
200mV
300mV
(1.8693ms, -203.876mV)
(1.3293ms, 206.838mV)
(849.309s, -206.966mV)
(309.331s, 208.458mV)
(1.8093ms, -233.600mV)
(1.2693ms, 230.039mV)
(789.311s, -233.663mV)
(309.331s, 233.688mV)
(1.7493ms, -247.965mV)
(1.2693ms, 248.113mV)
(789.311s, -244.341mV)
(249.333s, 247.960mV)
R=100
R=500
R=1k
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Figure 74 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across 100F Capacitor in RC or CR Filter
Figure 75 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across 1k Resistor in RC or CR Filter with 1F Capacitor
Time0s 0.5ms 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms 3.5ms 4.0ms 4.5ms 5.0ms 5.5ms 6.0ms 6.5ms 7.0ms 7.5ms 8.0ms 8.5ms 9.0ms 9.5ms10.0ms
V(R1:2,C1:2)-300mV
-200mV
-100mV
0mV
100mV
200mV
300mV
(76.033s, -235.572mV)
(26.033s, 228.263mV)
(1.7148ms, -251.763mV)
(1.2119ms, 234.949mV)
(715.741s, -264.807mV)
(220.890s, 214.150mV)
(5.9443ms, -133.342mV)
(1.3563ms, 98.549mV)F=10kHz
F=1kHz
F=100Hz
Time0s 20ms 40ms 60ms 80ms 100ms 120ms 140ms 160ms 180ms 200ms 220ms 240ms 260ms 280ms 300ms 320ms 340ms 360ms 380ms 400msV(C1:2)
-4.0mV
-2.0mV
0V
2.0mV
4.0mV
6.0mV
8.0mV
(465.194s, 750.060V)
(350.229ms, -3.5410mV)
(345.231ms, 3.9077mV)
(4.6666ms, 7.3660mV)
F=1kHz
F=100Hz
F=10kHz
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Figure 76 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across 1F Capacitor in RC or CR Filter
Figure 77 - Simulation: Voltage across 1k Resistor in RC or CR Filter with 0.1F Capacitor
Time0s 0.5ms 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms 3.5ms 4.0ms 4.5ms 5.0ms 5.5ms 6.0ms 6.5ms 7.0ms 7.5ms 8.0ms 8.5ms 9.0ms 9.5ms10.0ms
V(R1:2,C1:2)-300mV
-200mV
-100mV
0mV
100mV
200mV
300mV
(3.6681ms, -220.504mV)
(3.6181ms, 220.504mV)
(76.111s, -242.426mV)
(26.111s, 195.510mV)
(1.5556ms, -131.737mV)
(1.0556ms, 132.826mV)
(561.017s, -132.829mV)
(113.174s, 95.366mV)
(5.0931ms, -15.695mV)
(498.585s,15.207mV) F=10kHz
F=1kHz
F=100Hz
Time0s 0.5ms 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms 3.5ms 4.0ms 4.5ms 5.0ms 5.5ms 6.0ms 6.5ms 7.0ms 7.5ms 8.0ms 8.5ms 9.0ms 9.5ms10.0msV(C1:2)
-300mV
-200mV
-100mV
0mV
100mV
200mV
300mV
(2.1005ms, -2.3083mV)
(2.0505ms, 4.7699mV)
(98.086s, 54.663V)
(51.033s, 7.1541mV)
(6.9443ms, -35.715mV)
(6.4443ms, 35.995mV)
(965.019s, -22.580mV)
(469.772s, 60.643mV)
(8.3443ms, -211.458mV)
(3.3443ms, 215.421mV)
F=1kHz F=10kHzF=100Hz
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Figure 78 - PSPICE Simulation: Voltage across 0.1F Capacitor in RC or CR Filter
Figure 79 - PSPICE Simulation: Effective Time Constant of RC or CR Filter for 1uF and 0.1uF
Time0s 1ms 2ms 3ms 4ms 5ms 6ms 7ms 8ms 9ms 10ms 11ms 12ms 13ms 14ms 15ms 16ms 17ms 18ms 19ms 20ms
V(C1:2)-300mV
-200mV
-100mV
0mV
100mV
200mV
300mV
C=0.1F C=1F
(5.2265ms, 82.076mV)(6.2106ms, 82.076mV)
(5.0000ms, -248.416mV)
(10.200ms, 247.149mV)
Time0s 0.5ms 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms 3.5ms 4.0ms 4.5ms 5.0ms 5.5ms 6.0ms 6.5ms 7.0ms 7.5ms 8.0ms 8.5ms 9.0ms 9.5ms10.0msV(C1:2)
-300mV
-200mV
-100mV
0mV
100mV
200mV
300mV
(1.3931ms, -33.287mV)
(1.3431ms, 33.246mV)
(74s, -20.295mV)
(51.111s, 56.650mV)
(1.7931ms, -198.129mV)
(1.3056ms, 198.942mV)
(809.503s, -199.814mV)
(298.962s, 205.756mV)
(7.6931ms, -249.044mV)
(2.6931ms, 249.044mV)
F=10kHzF=1kHz
F=100Hz
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Figure 80 - PSPICE Simulation: Cutoff Frequency of RC Filter for 100uF
Figure 81 - PSPICE Simulation: Cutoff Frequency of RC Filter for 1uF
Time0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms 25ms 30ms 35ms 40ms 45ms 50ms
V(R1:1)-200mV
-150mV
-100mV
-50mV
0mV
50mV
100mV
150mV
200mVF=159.2Hz (15.186ms, 167.012mV)
Time0s 0.5s 1.0s 1.5s 2.0s 2.5s 3.0s 3.5s 4.0s 4.5s 5.0s
V(R1:1)-200mV
-150mV
-100mV
-50mV
0mV
50mV
100mV
150mV
200mVF=1.592Hz (1.5186s, 167.024mV)