mobile computers and processors. power management features

1

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

(for Erasmus students)

Assoc.Prof. Stasys Maciulevičius

Computer Dept.

[email protected]@ktu.lt

©S.Maciulevičius 22009

Beginning

The first portable computer was manufactured in 1979 by GM Research, a small company in Santa Monica, California

The machine which was designed and patented by James Murez, was called the Micro Star and later changed the name to The Small One


Beginning

The first mass-produced portable computer was the Osborne

Released in 1981, it has Zilog Z80 CPU running at 4.0 MHz

Osborne 1 has 5” screen, modem port, dual 5-1/4 inch floppies

It has weight of 24.5 pounds and cost $1795 It even has an optional battery pack, so it doesn't

have to plugged into the 110 V outlet for power


Osborne 1


Mobile processor

A mobile processor is a CPU designed to save power

A CPU chip designed for portable computers, it is typically housed in a smaller chip package, but more importantly, in order to run cooler, it uses lower voltages than its desktop counterpart and has more "sleep mode" capability

The clock frequency may be stepped down under low processor loads. This stepping down conserves power and prolongs battery life


First mobile processors

The Intel's i486SL was the power-saving variant of the i486DX microprocessor, designed for use in mobile computers

The i486SL contained all features of the i486DX.

In addition, the System Management Mode (SMM) (the same mode introduced with i386SL) makes it possible to shut down the processor without losing data. To achieve this, the processor state is saved in an area of static RAM



1995 the Intel processor suitable for mobile computers had a frequency of 75 MHz (1996 increased to 150 MHz)

This processor had construction designed to facilitate heat dissipation

Processor used Voltage Reduction Technology, where his core was powered using 2.9 V voltage, while external components - 3.3 V battery, to prolong batteries life



In 1997 Intel presented the first mobile Pentium processor with MMX (150 and 160 MHz, in 1998 -266 MHz)

Processor used for voltage reduction technology, wich enabled to reduce energy consumption up to 17 W

1999 Intel presented Mobile Celeron (266 and 300 MHz, later - 466 MHz)


Pentium with MMX module


Ultra-mobile devices

Three types of devices: MID products (hand-held), netbooks and nettops, ultra-mobile computers

According to ABI Research, from 10 million units in 2008, shipments of ultra-mobile devices are expected to exceed 200 million in 2013, with a forecast revenue of nearly US$27 billion


Ultra-mobile computers

Fujitsu presented ultra-mobile computer LifeBook U1010

It is based on Intel Ultra Mobile Platform 2007 Chipset Intel 945GU Express and processor Intel

A110 (800 MHz) are core of LifeBook U1010 Computer has 1 GB RAM, 40 GB disk (1,8”) Diagonal screen size - 5.6 inch, resolution - 1024 x

600 Dimensions - 171 x 133 x 27 mm, weigth – appr.

600 g


Netbooks and nettops In recent years a new concept, describing the lowest

price of small computers - netbooks and nettops – was emerged

So call we easy to use, affordable in terms of price computers, especially designated for access to the Internet

Target users - the consumers and people in education sphere, starting to use computers both at home and outside

Using fields - communication (e-mail, instant messaging, VOIP, social networks), Internet browsing, reviewing (photos, video), listening (MP3 audio) and learning (homework, languages)


Moblin project

Moblin, short for Mobile Linux, is a free and open source OS from Intel designed for netbook hardware

Moblin project define the vision and technology of netbooks and nettops based on the Intel Atom processor

This is a relatively wide range of technologies and components, including the kernel and the operating system

A few of them: Energy-saving technologies Optimization of graphic subsystem Suitable browsers Operating system adapted to the Intel Atom processor Safety Short switching time


Netbooks

The concept of such a computer comes from the so-called "subnotebooks“; this term Intel introduced in 1999 and again in 2008, when the firm withdrew from the OLPC (“one laptop per child“) program

They are smaller than laptops (notebooks) and lighter - weighing about 1 kg. Screen diameter - 7"-10“. They have a wireless connection, a smaller keyboard, often SSD instead of HD, but none CD (DVD)


Microsoft calls them ultra-low cost personal computers (ULCPC) defines such criteria:

RAM – up to 1 GB Screen up to 14.1″ (it can be touchscreen) Storage - 80 GB (now may be 160 GB) HDD or

16 GB SSD DirectX 9 GPU Advanced Configuration and Power Interface

S4 state can be added

Netbooks


Some netbooks

MSI Wind U100 Acer Aspire One

Asus Eee PC 900

CPU Intel Atom (1,6 GHz)

Intel Atom (1,6 GHz)

Intel Celeron M353 (900 MHz)

RAM 1 GB 512 MB 1 GB

Display 10,2" (1024x600)

8,9" (1024x600)

8,9" (1024x600)

Disk 80 GB Flash 8 GB Flash 12 GB

Weigth 1,2 kg 1 kg 990 g

Interfaces WiFi G, Bluetooth

WiFi G WiFi G


A nettop is a very small form factor, inexpensive, low-wattage desktop computer designed for basic tasks such as surfing the Internet, accessing web-based applications, document processing, and audio/video playback

There are three platforms that are primarily intended for nettops and netbooks:

Intel's Centrino Atom platform, Nvidia's Ion platform, VIA's Trinity Platform

Nettops


Nettops


Many net-top models are X86-processor-based and as such are capable of running standard PC OSs

There are also operating systems designed specifically for nettops and other machines in the same performance class:

Moblin Ubuntu Netbook Remix Google's Android

Nettops


Who consumes power?


Power saving

There are various power saving technologies for CPUs developed: SpeedStep technology Enhanced SpeedStep technology PowerNow! Technology LongRun technology LongRun2 technology

These technologies are used in mobile processors


SpeedStep technology

SpeedStep technology is a feature that reduces processor's power consumption by lowering operating frequency and core voltage when a mobile computer system is operating on battery power:

When the computer system is connected to AC, the CPU runs in maximum performance mode - this is a standard operating mode of the CPU that runs in higher frequency

When the mobile PC switches to battery power the CPU is automatically switched to battery-optimized mode; in this mode the CPU runs at lower frequency and lower core voltage



Switching to maximum performance mode occurs automatically when the computer is plugged into AC outlet. It takes 1/2000 s

It was found that at the maximum frequency (650 MHz) Pentium III mobile processor (powered by 1.6 V) consumes 14.4 watts, and by the reduction in frequency to 500 MHz and voltage to 1.35 V, - only 7.9 W



The power consumed by a CPU with a capacitance C, running at frequency f and voltage V is approximately

P = CV2f For a given processor, C is a fixed value. However,

V and f can vary considerably. For example, for a 1.6 GHz Pentium M, the clock frequency can be stepped in 200 MHz increments over the range from 0.6 to 1.6 GHz. At the same time, the voltage requirement decreases from 1.484 V to 0.956 V



To apply SpeedStep technology, you must have:

Mobile Pentium processor with Intel SpeedStep™ technology

Chipset, BIOS, power regulator and operating system, supporting SpeedStep™ technology

Intel SpeedStep™ technology driver


Enhanced SpeedStep technology

Enhanced SpeedStep technology (EIST) is used with the first and second generation of Pentium M processors (Banias and Dothan cores, used in Centrino platforms)

With this technology, the CPU varies its frequency (and voltage) between about 40% and 100% of its base frequency in increments of 100 MHz (for Banias core) or 133 MHz (for Dothan core)


AMD PowerNow! technology

The technology is a concept similar to Intel's SpeedStep technology

PowerNow! technology is based on the fact that different programs require different performance from the processor. For example, word processing to be less efficient than the editing of images, or some other multimedia programs

The CPU's clock speed and VCore are automatically decreased when the computer is under low load or idle, to save battery power, reduce heat and noise


PowerNow!


LongRun technology

LongRun is power management technologie introduced by Transmeta with the Crusoe processor

LongRun was based primarily on aggressively reducing the clock frequency and voltage supplied to the processor, in order to reduce active power consumption

LongRun2 was introduced with the Efficeon processor. It built further by incorporating process technology meant to reduce variations in the manufacturing process and thereby improve yields


LongRun technology


Battery rundown time savingPM Disabl. (minutes)

PM Enabled (minutes)

Improvement

Compaq Presario 1215(AMD PowerNow!)

Min 79 162 2.050633

Max 71 150 2.112676IBM T21

(Intel SpeedStep)

Min 108 200 1.851852

Max 90 160 1.777778NEC Versa Ultralite(Transmeta LongRun)

Min 162 292 1.802469

Max 54 200 *3.703704


Mode and performance

Compaq Evo N1015v


Task and battery rundown time

Compaq Evo N1015v


Intel mobile platforms

Intel gave resonant names (Centrino (2003), Sonoma, Napa, ...) to its mobile computing platforms, based on three coordinated components :processors, chipset,wireless adapter

This had a significant impact on the attractiveness of Intel mobile computers in market competition


Intel platformsSonoma Napa Santa Rosa Montevina

Presented 2005.01 2006 1 ketv. 2007 2 ketv. 2008 1 ketv.

Processors Pentium M Pentium M Core 2 Duo Penryn

L2 maximum 1 MB 2 MB 4 MB 8 MB

Techn.process 90 nm 65 nm 65 nm 45 nm

FSB 400/533 MHz

533 MHz 800 MHz 1066 MHz

RAM DDR2-533 DDR2-667 DDR2-800 DDR2-800, DDR3-800

Graphics card GMA 900 (DirectX 8)

GMA 950 (DirectX 9.0)

GMA X3100

(DirectX 9.0)

???

(DirectX 10)

Video bus PCI Express PCI Express PCI Express PCI Express

Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g 802.11 a/b/g/n 802.11 a/b/g/n 802.11 a/b/g/n


Intel Santa RosaThe codename Santa Rosa refers to the fourth-

generation Centrino platform, which was released in 2007

What new: extended processor Intel Core 2 Duo scale - mobile 2.4 GHz Intel

Core 2 Duo processors operate faster than 3.8 GHz Pentium D or equivalent AMD Athlon 64 X2 5400 + (at 2.8 GHz)

the Dynamic Acceleration technology, which automatically increases the speed of one core in a single thread tasks

FSB frequency increased to 800 MHz (in office programs, it is reduced to 400 MHz)

GMA X3100 graphics core has 8 processors IEEE 802.11n-draft will provide transfer speeds up to 270 MB/sec,

the distance - up to 50 m Intel Turbo Memory reduces the time it takes for a computer to

power up


Intel Santa Rosa


Intel Montevino The codename Montevina refers to the fifth-

generation Centrino platform, now formally named Centrino 2

It has a second-generation Intel Core 2 Duo (codenamed

Penryn) 45nm processor with 800-1066 MT/s FSB Intel Mobile 4 Express series chipset (codenamed

Cantiga; GL40, GS45, GM45, PM45) with Intel's GMA X4500 graphics technology

Intel WiMAX/WiFi Link 5350 supporting both WiMAX and up to 450Mbit/s Wi-Fi

It is branded as Centrino 2 vPro when combined with built-in security and manageability features technologies


Intel mobiles


AMD Kite platform

Intel’s introduced concept of the mobile platform encouraged AMD to similar actions

AMD’s platform Kite was competitor for Intel Sonoma and Napa platforms

It was based on 90 nm Turion processor. From precursor Mobile Athlon 64 is slightly different - mainly in SSE 3 support, as well as less energy consumption (25-35 W)


AMD Kite platform


AMD platformsKite Hawk Trevally Puma

Presented 2005.08 2007 3 q. 2007 3 q. 2008 3 q.

Processors Turion Turion 64 X2 Turion 64 X2 Griffin

L2 maximum 1 MB 2 MB 2 MB 2 MB

Techn.process 90 nm 65 nm 65 nm 65 nm

FSB 1000 MHz 1000 MHz 1000 MHz 1333 MHz

RAM DDR-400, DDR2-667

DDR2-800 DDR2-800 DDR2-800, DDR3-800

Graphics card Radeon Xpress 200G (DirectX 9.0)

Radeon Xpress 200G (DirectX 9.0)

Radeon X700

(DirectX 9.0)

R600

(DirectX 10)

Video bus PCI Express x16

PCI Express x16

PCI Express x16

PCI Express 2.0

Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g 802.11 a/b/g/n 802.11 a/b/g/n 802.11 a/b/g/n


AMD Puma platform

The heart of Puma is the dual-core Turion Ultra processor, codenamed Griffin

It's a 65nm part and includes 1MB of L2 cache per core

AMD claims that a freer choice of chipsets gives scope for manufacturers to offer far better wireless range

Puma's most innovative feature is a proprietary PCI-Express 2.0 8x connector


AMD Puma platform


New AMD platforms


AMD Congo platform

The Congo platform consists of: “Conesus” CPU 2 CPU cores RS780 + SB710 chipsets ATI Radeon HD ATI Avivo HD BGA packaging for slim designs 802.11n and 3G support


AMD Yukon platform

The Yukon platform consists of: “Huron” CPU 1 CPU core RS690E + SB600 chipsets ATI Radeon ATI Avivo BGA packaging for slim designs 802.11n and 3G support

mobile computers and processors. power management features

Documents

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ultramobile computers

intel processor suitable

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