mnemiopsis leidyi

Mnemiopsis leidyi

M.leidyi

MINISTRY OF JIHAD - E - AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, EDUCATION & EXTENTION ORGANIZATION

IRANIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH ORGANIZATION- Caspian Sea Ecology Research

Center

Title:

Study on distribution of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Caspian Sea (Iranian Coasts)

Executor :

Abolghasem Roohi

Registration Number

2009.1161

Ministry of Jihad e Agriculture AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, EDUCATION & EXTENTION ORGANIZATION IRANIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH ORGANIZATION

Caspian Sea Ecology Research Center

Title : Study on distribution of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Caspian Sea (Iranian CoastsApprpved Number: 2-032-20-04-84032 Author: Abolghasem Roohi Executor : Abolghasem Roohi Collaborator(s) : M.Nazaran,N.Khoodaparast,F.Vahadi,M.T.Rostamian,S.A.Varedi,H.Yoonesipor,Y.Oolomi,A.R.Kayhan Sani,A.Nacrolah Tabar,F.S.Tahami,T.M.Poormand Advisor(s): A. Nikoeyan, B.Hassan Zadeh KiabiLocation of execution : Mazandaran province Date of Beginning :2005 Period of execution : 2 years Publisher : Iranian Fisheries Research Organization Circulation : 15 Date of publishing : 2009 All Right Reserved . No Part of this Publication May be Reproduced or Transmitted without indicating the Original Reference

Mnemiopsis leidyi

M.leidyi

M.leidyi

Mnemiopsis leidyi (Agassiz)

M. leidyi

M. leidyi

RotatoriaCopepodaCilliophoraCladocera

RotatoriaCopepoda

Pseudocumidae Gamaridae

AmphartidaeOligochaetaBalanidaeXantidaeNereidaeScarbicularidae

Carididae

MytilidaeHerpobdellidaeChironomidaeOligochaeta

Bivalve

Chrysophyta

CyanophytChlorophyta PyrhophytaEuglenophyta

CrysophytaPyrhophyta

Euglenophyta

ppt

M.leidyi

Mnemiopsis leidyiCtenophoraLobata

Harbinson and Volovik, 1993

Vinogradov et al., 1989

Shiganova, 1997Ivanov et al.,

2000M. leidyiGESAMP,1997

Ivanov

Mnemiopsis leidyi)

,1980Mountford

Deason and Smayda 1982Greve ,1994 Brodeur,2002

M. leidyiShiganova, 1997Vinogradov et al., 1989


Engraulis encrasicolums

Kideys, 1994

Kideys et al., 2005

Vinogradov et al., 1989Shiganova, 1997Konsulov and kamburska, 1998

M. leidyi

et al. 1993Volovik1997Prodanov et al.,Shiganova et al., 1998

Shiganova , 2002

Shiganova et al. (2001)

Kideys & Moghim (2003)

M.leidyi

M. leidyi

M. leidyiMETU Net

Kideys and Shiganova, 2001)

.

M. leidyi

M.leidyi

M.leidyi

×L W

= n RwL(Kideys and Shiganova, 2001)

CorrelationANOVA

1997Newel and Newel,

1977Newel and Newel,

1974Vollenweider,

1978Sorina,

1978Sorina,

grabVanveen

Mcintyre and Holmes, 1984

Secchi DiscpHpH

Clesceri et al., 1970

M.leidyi

M. leidyi

726670437100468011618791063 757 1127 1228 1702

94.183.554.5

110.3

69.6

162.3153.1156.7132.3

155.5

104.7

139.3

0

500

1000

1500

2000

1384 1385

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

M. leidyi

/p

M.leidyi

1384

66.04

17.127.23 3.47 1.74 1.15 0.98 0.69 0.53 0.48 0.57 0.00

0

20

40

60

80

100

1385

71.48

11.416.25 3.41 1.90 1.71 1.04 0.60 0.72 0.95 0.00 0.54

0

20

40

60

80

100

0-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0-5 0-10 0-20 20-50 50-100

0

10

20

30

40

50

M. leidyi

M. leidyi

M

.

M. leidyi

M. leidyi

M.leidyi

M. leidyi

Meroplankton,

Spp15 . , 46%

Rotatoria,

Spp 8 . , 25%

Copepoda,

Spp 4 . , 13%

Cladocera,

Sp1 . , 3%

Cilliophora,

Spp 4 . , 13%

32

M. leidyi

HolozooplanktonMeroplankton

Rotatoria

CopepodaCilliophoraCladocera

Acartia clausi

Eurytemora sp. (minor or grimmi)

M.leidyi

Meroplankton

Meroplankton,

Spp 8 . , 44%

Rotatoria,

Spp4 . , 22%

Copepoda,

Spp 2 . , 11%

Cladocera,

Sp1 . , 6%

Cill iophora,

Spp3 . ,17%

18

1384 (

Cill iophora,

Spp2 . ,10%

Cladocera,

Sp1 . ,5%

Copepoda,

Spp 4 . , 20%

Rotatoria,

Spp4 . , 20%

Meroplankton,

Spp 9 . , 45%

20

1385

(

M.leidyi

MeroplanktonRotatoriaCopepoda

CilliophoraCladocera

RotatoriaNeritidae

CilliophoraBivalvia

Cilliophora

CopepodaCladocera

RotatoriaCopepodaRotatoria

Copepoda

Cilliophora

Merozooplankton

M.leidyi

Copepo

d

Cladocera

Cilliophor

Rotatoria

Merozoopla

Copepoda

Cladocera

Cilliophora

Rotatoria

Merozooplankton

Copepoda Copepoda

Acartia clause

BivalviaBalanidaeNeridae

CopepodaCilliophoraRotatoria

Rotatoria

Eurytemora spp.Copepodao No E

M.leidyi

M. leidyi

o No E

o N

o ERotatoria

1384 1385

Acartia clausi 569 2.93 293 1.42

Limnocalanus grimaldii 0 0.00 0 0.00

Calanipeda aquae dulcis 0 0.00 0 0.00

Eurytemora grimmi +minor 0 0.00 5 0.10

other copepoda 110 0.73 6 0.11

Copepoda 678 3.66 304 1.64

Podon polyphemoides 164 0.66 275 1.10

Polyphemus exicus 0 0.00 0 0.00

Cladocera 164 0.66 275 1.10

Asplanchna sp. 55 1.10 1120 22.40

Synchaeta sp. 0 0.00 1 0.001

Rotatoria 55 1.10 1121 22.40

Cilliophora 682 0.09 101 0.01

Merozooplankton 286 0.62 521 2.19

Total Zooplankton 1865 6.13 2322 27.33

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Copepoda

Cladocera

Cilliophora

Rotatoria

Meroplankton

1384

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

1385

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

0-5 0-10 0-20 20-50 50-100

0

50

100

150

M.leidyi

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

0-5 0-10 0-20 20-50 50-100

CopepodaCladoceraCilliophoraRotatoriaMeroplankton

Copepoda

Rotatoria

CladoceraCilliophoraCopepoda

Pseudocumidae GamaridaeAmphartidae

OligochaetaBalanidaeXantidaeNereidaeScarbicularidae

CarididaeMytilidaeHerpobdellidae

Chironomidae

Chironomidae sp, 1 .,

5%

Cardidae sp, 1 .,

5%

Mytilidae sp, 1 .,

5%

Amphartidae spp, 3 .,

14%

Nereidae sp, 1 .,

5%

Scrabicularidae sp, 1 .,

5%

Psedocumidae spp, 5 .,

23%

Herpobdellidae sp, 1 .,

5%

Oligocheta sp, 1 .,

5%

Xantidae sp, 1 .,

5%

Gammaridae spp, 4 .,

18%

Balanidae sp, 1 .,

5%

21

.

MolluscaAnnelidaArthropoda

M.leidyi

Order ( ) Family ( ) Species ( )

Mollusca

(3) Bivalvia

(3) Scrabicularidae

(1) Abra ovata

Cardidae

(1) Cerastoderma lamarcki

Mytilidae

(1)

Annelida

(6) Polychaeta

(5) Amphartidae

(3) Hypania invalida

Hypaniola kawalewski

Parahypania brevipinis

Nereidae

(1) Nereis diversicolar

Herpobdellidae

(1) Archeobdella sp

.

Oligocheta

(1)

Arthropoda

(12) Crustacea

(11) Balanidae

(1) Balanus sp

.

Gammaridae

(4) Cardiophilus baeri

Niphargoides sp

.

Niphargoides carausi

Niphargoides compractus

Xantidae

(1) Rhithropanopeaus harrasii

Psedocumidae

(5) Peterocum pectina

Schizorhynchus eudorellodes

Stenocuma diastyloides

Stenocuma garcilis

Stenocuma garciloides

Insecta

(1) Chironomidae

(1)

AnnelidaArthropodaMollusca

MolluscaAnnelida

Arthropoda

OligochaetaPolychaeta

Parahypania brevipinis

PolychaetaBalanidaeCumaceaBivalveGammaridaeXantidae

Herpobdellidae

Bivalve

Oligochaeta

%

%

Oligochaeta

Polychaeta

Balanidae

Cumacea

Bivalvia

Gammaridae

Diptera

Xantidae

Herpobdellidae

Annelida

Arthropoda

Mollusca

M.leidyi

0

500

1000

1500

2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Oligochaeta

P o lyc hae ta

B a lan id ae

C u ma cea

B iva lv ia

G am m a r id ae

D ip te r a

X an t id a e

H e rpob de ll ida e

0

50

100

150

200

250

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Oligochaeta PolychaetaBalanidae CumaceaBivalvia Gammaridae

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

Oligochaeta

PolychaetaBivalve

Gammaridae

Cumacea


Bivalve

OligochaetaPolychaetaBalanidae

CumaceaBivaleGammaridae



M.leidyi


Oligochaeta

Bivalve

OligochaetaPolychaetaCumaceaBalanidaeGammaridae

BivalveOligochaeta

BivalveOligochaeta

Bivalve

%

%

%

%

Oligochaeta

Polychaeta

Balanidae

Cumacea

Bivalvia

Gammaridae

Oligochaeta

Polychaeta

Balanidae

Cumacea

Bivalvia

Gammaridae

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

0

50

100

150

200

OligochaetaPolychaetaBivalve

M.leidyi

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000 Balanidae PolychaetaOligochaeta GammaridaeCumacea Bivalvia

0

100

200

300

400

500

600 Balanidae PolychaetaOligochaeta GammaridaeCumacea Bivalvia

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

5 10 20 50 100

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160


Bivalve

Bivalve

Oligochaeta

Cumacea

M.leidyi

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

5 10 20 50 100

Bananidae BivalviaCumacea GammaridaeOligochaeta Polychaeta

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

5 10 20 50 100

Bananidae BivalviaCumacea GammaridaeOligochaeta Polychaeta

Chrysophyta

CyanophytaChlorophyta PyrhophytaEuglenophyta

172

Cyanophyta19%

Pyrrophyta14%

Euglenophyta8%

Chlorophyta17%

Chrysophyta42%

Chrysophyta

Cyanophyta

Chlorophyta

Pyrhophyta

Euglenophyta

M.leidyi

Crysophyta

CrysophytaPyrhophyta

Euglenophyta

37 107 106

Cyanophyta

19%

Pyrrophyta

22%

Euglenophyta

3%

Chlorophyta

27%

Chrysophyta

29%

304/5 142/6

Cyanophyta

3%

Pyrrophyta

53%

Euglenophyta

2%

Chlorophyta

1%

Chrysophyta

41%A

B

AB

ChlorophytaCyanophyta

Pyrrophyta

M.leidyi

ChlorophytaPyrrophytaChrysophyta

CyanophytaEuglenophyta

, A

Pyrrophyta

ChrysophytaChlorophytaCyanophytaEuglenophyta

, B

A

B

AB

Chrysophyta

Pyrrophyta

Chlorophyta

Cyanophyta

Euglenophyta

M.leidyi

0

20

40

60

80

100

x106

Chrysophyta

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350Pyrrophyta

0

50

100

150

200

0 10 20 50 100

x106

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 10 20 50 100

x106

Chlorophyta

0 10 20 50 100

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350Cyanophyta

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 10 20 50 100

x106

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350Euglenophyta

0

2

4

6

8

1384 1385

106

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Chlorophyta

Pyrrophyta

M.leidyi

pH

pH

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

12.42

12.20

11.95

12.1512.03

0

20

40

60

80

100

11.80 12.00 12.20 12.40 12.60 12.80 13.00

(ppt)

.

ppt

ppt

pptppt

M.leidyi

8.718.768.29

8.26

7.82

7.03

0

20

40

60

80

100

5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00

pH

No2

0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.6

No3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

NH4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35 N-TOTAL

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

P-TOTAL

05

101520253035404550 SiO2

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

<

M.leidyi

A

B

C

D

ABCD

.

rp<r

M.leidyi

Mnemio

psis (ind.m-2)

water ToC PH

SALINITY

(ppt)

TRANSPARANC

Y (m) O2

(µg.l-1) Mnemiopsis

(ind.m-2)

Pearson

Correlation 1 .789(**

) .252 -.104 -.498 -.641(*)

Sig. (2-tailed) . .004 .454 .761 .119 .033

N 11 11 11 11 11 11 water ToC Pearson

Correlation .789(**) 1 .233 .117 -.178 -.863(**)

Sig. (2-tailed) .004 . .490 .732 .601 .001

N 11 11 11 11 11 11 PH Pearson

Correlation .252 .233 1 -.136 .170 .022

Sig. (2-tailed) .454 .490 . .690 .617 .950

N 11 11 11 11 11 11 SALINITY

(ppt) Pearson

Correlation -.104 .117 -.136 1 .200 .073

Sig. (2-tailed) .761 .732 .690 . .555 .831

N 11 11 11 11 11 11 TRANSPARA

NCY (m) Pearson

Correlation -.498 -.178 .170 .200 1 .194

Sig. (2-tailed) .119 .601 .617 .555 . .568

N 11 11 11 11 11 11 O2 (µg.l-1) Pearson

Correlation -.641(*) -

.863(**)

.022 .073 .194 1

Sig. (2-tailed) .033 .001 .950 .831 .568 .

N 11 11 11 11 11 11

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

y x = -20.155 2 x + 200.96 + 848.5

R2 = 0.0679

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3 4 6 7 8 11 2 4 6 9 12

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1384 1385

y x = -41.475 2 x + 495.17

R2 = -0.0082

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3 4 6 7 8 11 2 4 6 9 12

7

7.5

8

8.5

9

9.5

10

10.5

1384 1385

M. leidyi

M.leidyi

Mnemiopsis

(ind.m-2) NO2

(µg.l-1) NO3

(µg.l-1) NH4

(µg.l-1) NTOTAL (µg.l-1)

PINORGAN

(µg.l-1) PTOTAL

(µg.l-1) SIO2

(µg.l-1) Mnemiopsis

(ind.m-2) Pearson

Correlation 1 -.322 -.237 -.016 -.009 -.104 .310 -.357

Sig. (2-tailed) . .333 .483 .963 .978 .762 .353 .281

N 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 NO2 (µg.l-

1) Pearson

Correlation -.322 1 .802(**) .273 .054 .088 .472 .272

Sig. (2-tailed) .333 . .003 .417 .874 .797 .143 .419

N 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 NO3 (µg.l-

1) Pearson

Correlation -.237 .802(**) 1 .452 .387 .543 .601 .219

Sig. (2-tailed) .483 .003 . .162 .239 .085 .051 .517

N 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 NH4 (µg.l-

1) Pearson

Correlation -.016 .273 .452 1 .068 .049 .363 -.017

Sig. (2-tailed) .963 .417 .162 . .842 .886 .273 .959

N 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 NTOTAL

(µg.l-1) Pearson

Correlation -.009 .054 .387 .068 1 .280 .053 .078

Sig. (2-tailed) .978 .874 .239 .842 . .404 .877 .819

N 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 PINORGAN (µg.l-1)

Pearson Correlation

-.104 .088 .543 .049 .280 1 .462 -.024

Sig. (2-tailed) .762 .797 .085 .886 .404 . .153 .945

N 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 PTOTAL (µg.l-1)

Pearson Correlation

.310 .472 .601 .363 .053 .462 1 -.260

Sig. (2-tailed) .353 .143 .051 .273 .877 .153 . .440

N 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 SIO2 (µg.l-

1) Pearson

Correlation -.357 .272 .219 -.017 .078 -.024 -.260 1

Sig. (2-tailed) .281 .419 .517 .959 .819 .945 .440 .

N 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Cladocera

Cladocera

MerozooplanktonP

Mnemiopsis (ind.m-2)

Zooplankton (ind.m-2)

Copepoda (ind.m-2)

Cladocera (ind.m-2)

Rotatoria (ind.m-2)

Cilliophora (ind.m-2)

Merozooplankton (ind.m-2)

Mnemiopsis (ind.m-2)

Pearson Correlation

1 -.402 -.272 -.745(**) -.376 .060 -.572(*)

Sig. (2-tailed) . .220 .419 .149 .255 .898 .066

N 11 11 11 5 11 7 11 Zooplankton

(ind.m-2) Pearson

Correlation -.402 1 .781(**) .502 .871(**) -.222 .868(**)

Sig. (2-tailed) .220 . .005 .388 .000 .633 .001

N 11 11 11 5 11 7 11 COPNM2 Pearson

Correlation -.272 .781(**) 1 .432 .397 -.161 .485

Sig. (2-tailed) .419 .005 . .468 .227 .729 .131

N 11 11 11 5 11 7 11 Cladocera (ind.m-

2) Pearson

Correlation -.745(**) .502 .432 1 .338 -.335 .385

Sig. (2-tailed) .149 .388 .468 . .578 .665 .522

N 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 Rotatoria (ind.m-2) Pearson

Correlation -.376 .871(**) .397 .338 1 -.187 .935(**)

Sig. (2-tailed) .255 .000 .227 .578 . .688 .000

N 11 11 11 5 11 7 11 Cilliophora (ind.m-

2) Pearson

Correlation .060 -.222 -.161 -.335 -.187 1 .014

Sig. (2-tailed) .898 .633 .729 .665 .688 . .976

N 7 7 7 4 7 7 7 Merozooplankton

(ind.m-2) Pearson

Correlation -.572(*) .868(**) .485 .385 .935(**) .014 1

Sig. (2-tailed) .066 .001 .131 .522 .000 .976 .

N 11 11 11 5 11 7 11

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

M.leidyi

y x = -41.475 2 x + 495.17

R2 = -0.0082

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3 4 6 7 8 11 2 4 6 9 12

- 20000

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

Cla

doce

ra

Cladocera

1384 1385

y x = -41.475 2 x + 495.17

R2 = -0.0082

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3 4 6 7 8 11 2 4 6 9 12

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

Mer

ozoo

plan

kton

Merozooplankton

1384 1385

`

Cladocera

Merozooplankton

.

Mnemiopsis leidyi

Reeve et al.,

;

;Shiganova et al., ;

Kideys, ;Bagheri

and Kideys (2003);Kideys & Moghim (2003) ;Kideys et al., 2005;

Shiganova

Dumont

ppt

ppt

Dumont, 1998

M.leidyi

M. leidyi

2003Kideys and Moghim

M. leidyi

Shiganova

wintering

CopepodaCladocera

M. leidyi

M. leidyi

M.leidyi

M.

leidyi


pH

Chlorophyta

antropogenic

Kideys and Moghim , 2003;

Shiganova et al,. 1997Kovalev

M. leidyiKremer 1993;

Zaika and Revkov 1994; Purcell et al., 2001

Shiganova et al,. 2001

Kideys et al,. 2001Shiganova et al., 1997

:~Shiganova et al., 2001

M.leidyi

Shiganova et al., 2002

;; Kideys and Moghim 2003

Bagheri and Kideys 2002VinogradovVolovik

ctenophore

Mutlu 1999

copepoda

CladoceraKovalev 1998

Copepoda

Centropages mediteraneaCladocera

Puracell at al., 2001

Copepoda Cladocera

PolychaetaOligochaeta

deposit feeder

NereisParahypania

GammaridaeCumacea

M.leidyi

Kideys et al, 2005

pptppt

Shiganova

2002

Fazli and Roohi 2002

M.leidyi

Mnemiopsis leidyi

Prof.Dr. Ahmet Kideys

Mianzam H.Mnemiopsis leidyi

Mnemiopsis leidyi

Mnemiopsis leidyi

.

M. leidyi

Bagheri, S and Sabkara, J., 2003 Stomach Contents of Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Iranian Coastal waters of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal. Vol. 12, Autumn 2003 Brodeur R. D., H. Sugisaki and G. L. Hunt Jr 2002. Increases in jellyfish biomass in the Bering Sea: implications for the ecosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series 233: 89-103. Clesceri S. Lenore; Greenberge E. Arnold and trussell R. Rhodes (1970) Standard Methods, American Public Health association 1015 Fifteenth street NW Washington, DC 20005, USA. Deason, E.E., and Smayda, T.J., Experimental Evaluation of Herbivory in the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi Relevant to Ctenophore Zooplankton Phytoplankton Interactions in Narragansett Bay, USA, J. Plankton Res., 1982, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 219 236 Esmueili, S.A., Khodabandeh, S., Ablalii, B., et al., First Report on Occurrence of Comb Jelly in the Caspian Sea, J. Env. Sci. Tech., 2000, no. 3, pp. 10 18. Fazli H. and Roohi. A., 2002. The Impacts of Mnemiopsis leidyi on Kilka Resources in the Southern Caspian Sea. Iranian Fisheries Scientific Journal, Vol. 11 no. 1, Spring 2002. GESAMP. (1997). Opportunistic settlers and the problem of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi invasion in the Black Sea. Reports and Studies no. 58, GESAMP (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection), London. Harbinson , G. R. and Volovik, S. P., 1993. Methods for the control of the Ctenophora Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Black and Azov seas. FAO fisheries Report. Rom. Pp.32-44 Hossini A., Roohi A., Ganjian khanari A., Roshantabari M., Hashemian A., Solimanroudi A. Nasroolazadeh H., Najafpour S., Varedi A., Vahedi F. (1996). Hydrology and Hydrobiology of the Southern Caspian Sea, mazandaran Fisheries Research Center, sari, Iran. 510 p. (in Persian). Greve W. 1994. The 1889 German Bight invasion of Muggiaea atlantica. ICES Journal of Marine Science 51: 355-358. Ivanov P.I., Kamakim A., Ushivtzev V., Shiganova T., Zhukova O., Aladin N., Wilson S., Harbison G., Dumont H. (2000). Invasion of Caspian Sea by the comb jelly fish Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora). Biological Invasions 2: 255-258. Kideys A. E. 1994. Recent dramatic changes in the Black Sea ecosystem: The reason for the sharp decline in Turkish anchovy fisheries. Journal of Marine Systems 5: 171-181. Kideys, A.E.,Shiganova, T.,(2001). Methodology for the Mnemiopsis monitoring in the Caspian Sea. A report prepared for the Caspian Environment Programme, Baku,Azerbaijan. Kideys A.E. and M. Moghim 2003. Distribution of the alien ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Caspian Sea in August 2001. Marine Biology 142: 163-171.

M.leidyi

Kideys, A; Roohi, A; Bagheri, S; Finenko, G & Kamburska, L, 2005. Impact of Invasive Ctenophores on the Fisheries of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. Oceanography Black Sea. Vol. 18, No.2, June 2005. Kremer, P. M. (1993). Ctenophore population dynamics: patterns of abundance for Mnemiopsis leidyi in U.S. coastal waters. ICES Statutory meeting L.36: 1-9. Mcintyre A. and Holmes N.A.E.1984. Methods for marine benthos, IBP. Handbook , No. 16, second edition, Oxford, 387 pp. Konsulov A. S. and L. T. Kamburska 1998. Ecological determination of the new ctenophora - Beroe ovata invasion in the Black Sea. Oceanology (Bulgaria) 2: 195-198. Mountford, K., 1980. Occurence and predation by Mnemiopsis leidyi in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. Estuar. and Coast. Mar. Sci., 10: 393-402. Newel, G.E and Newel, R.C. 1977. Marine Plankton, Hutchinson ans sons co. London. Prodanov, K., K. Mikhailov, G. Daskalov, K. Maxim, A. Chashchin, A. Arkhipov, V. Shlyakhov & E.

Ozdamar, 1997. Environmental impact on fish resources in the Black Sea. In E. Ozsoy & A. Mikaelyan (eds), Sensivity of North Sea, Baltic Sea and Black Sea to antropogenic and climatic changes. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht /Boston /London: 163-181. Shiganova T.A., (1997).Mnemiopsis Leidyi abundance in the Black Sea and its impact on the pelagic community. In: Ozsoy E,Mikaelyan A (eds) Sensitivity of North Sea, Baltic Sea and Blank Sea toanthropogenic and climatic changes Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 117-130 Shiganova, A. T.; Kamakin, A.M.; Zhukova, O. P.; Ushivtsev, V.B.; Dulimov, A. B. and Museava, E. I., 2001. The Invader into the Caspian Sea Ctenophora Mnemiopsis and its initial effect on the pelagic ecosystem. Oceanology, Vol. 41. pp. 542-549. Shiganova, A.T., 2002. Environmental Impact Assessment including Risk Assessment regarding a proposed Introduction of Beroe ovata to the Caspian Sea. Institute of Ocean logy RAS, Russia, 45 P. Sorina A. 1978.Phytoplankton manual. Unesco, Paris.337 P. Vinogradov M. E., Shushkina E. A., Musaeva E. I. and Sorokin P. Yu. (1989). A new acclimated species in the Black Sea: The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora: Lobata). Oceanology 29: 220-224. Vollenweider, A.R.1974. A manual on methods for measuring primary production in aquatic environmental, Blackwell scientific publication, Oxford, London. Volovik, S.P. and Ed., Rostov-on-Don, 2000.Grebnevik Mnemiopsis leidyi (A. Agassiz) v Azovskomi Chernom moryakh i posledstviya ego vseleniya (Grebnevik Mnemiopsis leidyi (A. Agassiz) in the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea and Aftereffects of its Invasion).

M.leidyi

M.leidyi

Abstract: In the early 1980s, an alien ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi already known as a gelatinous zooplankton was transported (likely via ballast waters) to the Caspian Sea from its introduced or native water of the Black Sea or western Atlantic which caused negative impacts. In this report, distribution of M. Leidyi, planktonic and benthic organisms had been investigated in the Southern Caspian Sea (Iranian waters) in 6 transects consisted of Lisar, Anzali, Sefidroud, Nowshar, Babolsar and Amirabad at 26 stations during 2005 and 2006. As a whole, 1422 samples had been analized included 258, 346, 217, 117 and 484 belong to ctenophore, phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos and physichochemical parameters, respectively. M. leidyi abundance and biomass were fluctuated between 284-2751 ind.m-2 and 16.9- 390/9 g.m-2 respectively in 2005 while maximum abundance and biomass were recorded in autumn and minimum in winter. In 2006, its mean abundance and biomass were 184-2150 ind.m-2 and 9.1- 209/8 g.m-2 respectively. M. leidyi maximum abundance and biomass were noted in summer and its minimum in spring and winter months. Overall, mean M. leidyi abundance and biomass were recorded in 20 m within 1202 ind.m-2 and 139.5 g.m-2 respectively. Maximum size of the ctenophore was recorded as 55 and 60 mm in 2005 to 2006 respectively, while less than 10 mm length frequency consisted 83.16 and 82.88 per cent of total population. Spatial_ temporal distribution of M. leidyi in different regions showed it was more abundant in west and east (714- 4494 ind.m-2) ratio to central parts (13-1519 ind.m-2) of the Southern Caspian Sea. Species composition of zooplankton had shown the negatively impacts of M. leidyi invasion in the period of sampling as the only 17 holozooplankton were determined with Rotatoria (7 species), Copepoda (4 species), Cilliophora (4 species) and cladocera (1 species). Zooplankton maximum abundance and biomass were recorded

in February (30397 42901 ind.m-3 and 372.1 575.4 mg.m-3) respectively and its minimum were in July

(1221 1601 ind.m-3 and 6.9 7.7 mg.m-3) respectively which was belonged to Rotatoria (76%) and Copepoda (10%). In this study, 21 species of benthic fauna were deter minted belong to Pseudocumidae (5 species), Gamaridae (4 species) Amphartidae (3 species), Oligochaeta, Balanidae, Xantidae, Nereidae, Scarbicularidae, Carididae, Mytilidae, Herpobdellidae and Chironomidae (each 1 species). Oligocheata was recorded with maximum

abundance (943 2502 ind.m-2) and Bivalve consisted of higher biomass (68.7

162.5 g.m-2). From five phyla of phytoplankton, 172 species were determined of Chrysophyta (74 species), Cyanophyta (32 species), Chlorophyta (32 species), Pyrhophyta (24 species) and Euglenophyta (13 species), in which Chrysophyta and Pyrhophyta were noted as main groups with their maximum abundance (up to 65%) and biomass (93%).

Maximum water temperature was recorded in August with 29.5

2.5 oC and minimum in February by 9.3

1.3 oC. Mean value of salinity was 12.01

0.90 ppt, scchsi disk ranged between 0.2 to 7 m and oxygen demand varied from 5.95 to 10.54 mg. l-1). Moreover, silicate concentration was recorded between 200 to 300µg.L-1, Phosphate measured from 31-47 µg.L-1, Ammonia varied in 10-29 µg.L-1, Nitrite (0.6- 1.7 µg.L-1), Nitrate (0.06-4.20 µg.L-1, which mainly accumulated in coastal waters of the southern Caspian Sea.

mnemiopsis leidyi

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