ml for dummies total
DESCRIPTION
mudlogging for begginersTRANSCRIPT
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
October 1998
MUDLOGGINGMUDLOGGING ... for dummiesCONTENTS
TOOLBOX
module 6.1
s GENERALITIES: PAST & FUTURE PRESENTATION
s SUMMARYs Introduction: AIMS & PURPOSESs SENSORS, DATUM & DATAs GAS: DEFINITION, ORIGIN,
MEASUREMENTS, INTERPRETATION
s PRESSURE: GENERALITIES: Hydrost., Overburden, Pore Pressure
FORMATION: SOBG, ’d’exp, ...WELL MEASUREMENTS: LOT, FIT, SBT, Csg Test
s SAMPLING: PROCESSING and DESCRIPTION
s LABORATORY: PREPARATION and ANALYSIS
s CORING: EQUIPMENTS and OPERATIVE TECHNICS
s REPORTING: DGR, GWR and DDR
s ANNEXESs CONCLUSION
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
GENERAL PRESENTATION
S U M M A R Y
MUDLOGGING: «on the road again ...»from ... STONE AGE BIBLESto ... 21st century BIBLES => TOOLBOX module 6.1)THEMATIC RESEARCHALPHABETIC RESEARCHTECHNICAL DATA SHEETS: examples (Toolbox module 5.2)GEOLOGICAL WELL REPORT (Toolbox module 7.0)MUDLOGGING AUDIT (Toolbox module 2.1)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TESTING
CIRCULATING FISHING
CORINGLOGGING
DRILLINGD R
I L L
I N G
R
E G
U L
A T
I O N
S
DATAENGINEER
MUDLOGGER
SAMPLECATCHER
WELLSITEGEOLOGIST
DATA ACQUISITION
EVALUATING
DRILLING EVENTS
MUD PARAMETERS
LITHOLOGICAL & GAS DATA
HT
DATA MANAGEMENT
WELL FOLLOW-UP
REPORTING PREPARINGRECORDING
WELL MONITORING
DATA DISPATCHINGINTERPRETATION
DATADISPATCHING
D R I L L I N G P R O P O S A L
LOTFITHP
GWR
S A
F E
T Y
R
E G U
L A
T I O
N S
M U D L O G G I N G
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
’STONE AGE’ BIBLES ...
USEFUL, BUT:- DIFFICULT TO MANAGE (heavy, huge, ...)- BORING RESEARCH & READING
Md iu L ngo g
g
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
... 21st century BIBLES
FILES:- STRICKLY A4 SIZE- MAINLY VISUAL- ESSENTIAL TEXT- FAST CONSULTATION- EASY TO UPDATE
THEMATIC RESEARCHALPHABETIC RESEARCHLINKAGE between FILES
WEB siteINTRANETM
UD L O G
I NG
G
SENSORS
GAS
PRESSURE
LABO
RATO
RY
SAMPLINGCORING
RE
PO
RT
ING
ANNEXES
CDWSG AIMS ...
THE TRICKS OF THE TRADE
TOOLBOXmodule 6.1
… JOB PURPOSES
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
THEMATIC RESEARCH
INTRODUCTION: AIMS
CORING
DATUM, SENSORS & DATA
SAMPLING
ANNEXES
GAS
PRESSURE
LABORATORY
REPORTING
KEYWORDS INDEX RESEARCH
CONVERSIONS & EQUIVALENTS
UNIT CONVERTER
BASIC WELLSITE GLOSSARY
International SPELLING CODE
. . .
TOOLBOX - module 6.1
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
Mudlogging KEYWORDS index research
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
EASY RESEARCH … Press to
BASICGLOSSARY
(GB - F - E)
KEYWORDGENERAL INDEX
OIL FIELDABBREVIATIONS
TECHNICALDATA SHEETS
UNITCONVERTER
More … ?
OPEN
CUTTINGDESCRIPTION
SHEET
MUDLOGGINGAUDIT
GEOLOGICALWELL REPORT
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS
Geoservices
DRILLING SENSORS
TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS
sensor type & model
DRAWWORKS
MEASUREð Aim: To measure the rotation of the Drawworks drum and so the hook
movement.
� Features & Benefits:n Can easily be rigged up, does not normally require maintenance.n True real-time measurement.n Pipe velocity is actually calculated allowing real surge and swab calculations.
� Principle: A notched wheel with teeth rotates with the cable drum and twoproximity sensors detect the movement of the wheel which send pulses to the ALSsystem. The pulses are computed in hook movement knowing initial characteristics ofthe drum and the line.
� Manufacturer: Turck � Unit: Si 3.5 K 10 Y0
� Certification: EEx ia IIC T6
CHARACTERISTICS� Type of Output: Pulses. 3 to 8 V � Range: 48 pulses/turn
� Sensitivity: 1/48th of the DRW drum revolution. � Alarm: YES (HI/LOW)
� Accuracy: +/- 1cm � Repeatability: +/- 1 pulse
� Dimens.: N/A � Weight: N/A
MAINTENANCE� Calibration & frequency: By physical comparison of actual vertical movement of
the travelling block.
� Check & frequency:n Check of the agreement with the Driller’s depth with the pipe tally.n During each trip or every 5 days: physical inspection of the sensor.n Recalibrate each time the cable is changed.
OPERATING MODE� Power: � Voltage: 8V DC
� Sensor location: On the shaft of the drawworks.
� Operating limits: -25 -> +70 °C
CONTRACTOR Reference :-TOTAL Experience :-
Geoservices
MUD SENSORS
TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS
sensor type & model
PIT LEVELULTRASONIC
MEASUREð Aim: To measure the mud level in the pits and to know the pit volumes.
� Features & Benefits:n Light and compact.n Accurate, intrinsically safe.
� Principle: The sensor emits an ultrasonic wave which is reflected at the surface ofthe fluid. An accurate measurement of the time taken to the wave to return gives thedistance to the level of mud.
� Manufacturer: Milltronics � Unit: «The Probe»
� Certification: EEx ia IIC T4
CHARACTERISTICS� Type of Output: Analogic. 4 - 20 mA � Range: 0.3 - 5 m
� Sensitivity: 3 mm � Alarm: YES (HI/LOW)
� Accuracy: +/- 5% of Full Scale � Repeatability:
� Dimens.: N/A � Weight: 1.5 kg
MAINTENANCE� Calibration & frequency: With a tape measurer.
� Check & frequency:n Once per shift: check levels of pits, clean sensor if necessary.
OPERATING MODE� Power: � Voltage: 12 to 30 V DC
� Sensor location: Over the pit, at least 0.3m over the maximum mud level.
� Operating limits: -40 -> + 60 °C
CONTRACTOR Reference :--TOTAL Experience :--
Geoservices
GAS EQUIPMENTS
TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS
equipment & model
GZGDEGASSER
for GASLOGGERand
for RESERVAL
MEASUREð Aim: To extract gases from mud at a constant rate with equal performances on
light and heavy gases.
� Features & Benefits:n Independant of mud level variations in the mud return circuit.n High efficiency of degassing and constant performances quite independant of mud
parameters (density, viscosity, solids content,etc).n Good extraction of gases from the mud (85%) with equal performances on heavy
and light gases.
� Principle: The mud is pumped into a degasser tank where an agitator extracts thehydrocarbon gas.
� Manufacturer: Geoservices � Unit: GZG
CHARACTERISTICS� Type of Output: N/A � Range: N/A� Sensitivity: N/A � Alarm: NO� Accuracy: N/A � Repeatability: N/A
� Dimens.: 79x57x24 cm. � Weight: 38 kg
MAINTENANCE� Calibration & frequency: No calibration.
� Check & frequency:n Several time per shift: check for steady mud flow from outlet.n Once per shift: Check gas line air tightness.n Every 5 days: Check gas transit time, lubricate pump diaphragm, inspect screen
assembly and blade for wear.
OPERATING MODE� Power: 120/140 W � Voltage: 220/380 V AC
� Purpose 1: Gas Out ð location: Flow Line.� Purpose 2: Gas In ð location: Suction pit.
� Operating limits:CONTRACTOR Reference :--TOTAL Experience :--
Geoservices
LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS
equipment & model
AUTOCALCIMETER
MEASUREð Aim: To measure and record the amount of carbonates contained in rock
samples and quantify Calcite and Dolomite.
� Features & Benefits:n Compensation of sample weight between 0.90 and 1.10 g.n Memory capacity up to 800 calcimetries.
� Principle: A corrosive attack of a known amount of rock using hydrochloric acid,some carbon dioxide is produced. A sensor records the pressure increase and amicroprocesseur calculates the percentage of carbonates contained in rock samples.
� Manufacturer: � Unit:
� Certification:
CHARACTERISTICS
� Type of Output: � Range: 0-100%
� Sensitivity: 0.1 % � Alarm: NO
� Accuracy: 1 % � Repeatibility:
� Dimens.: 240x270x300 mm � Weight: 11 kg
MAINTENANCE� Calibration frequency: With pure CaCO3 as reference.
� Check & frequency: Every 5 days and before a new section check the calibrationand adjust if necessary.
OPERATING MODE� Power: � Voltage: 220V AC
� Accessories: Electronical balance. Printer.
� Operating limits: 0 -> 50 °C.
CONTRACTOR Reference:--TOTAL Experience:--
SENSORS EQUIPMENTS
DRILLING MUD GAS LABORATORY
TOOLBOX - module 5.2
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
Geological Well Report
TOOLBOX - module 7.0
TEXT.doc
PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
SAMPLING SEQUENCE
MUDLOG
PORE PRESSURE
DATA TRANSFER (ASCII)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
MUDLOGGING AUDITMUDLOGGING AUDIT
C O N T E N TS
AUDIT SUMMARY Sum-1
CONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDATIONS Rec-1
EQUIPMENT and SAFETY AUDIT Eq&S
Environment§ RIG CHARACTERISTICS Eq&S-1/5§ SENSORS REVIEW Eq&S-2/5
Mudlogging§ UNIT Eq&S-3/5
§ LABORATORY 1/2 Eq&S-4/5§ LABORATORY 2/2 Eq&S-5/5
TECHNICAL and CREW AUDIT Tech
§ SENSORS accuracy Tech-1/8
§ GAS • combustible - Degaser Tech-2/8- Detector Tech-3/8- Analyser Tech-4/8
• non combustible - Detector &Analyser Tech-5/8
§ COMPUTER 1/2: Data acquisition and processing Tech-6/8§ COMPUTER 2/2: Networking and softwares Tech-7/8
§ CREW (Awareness and performance) Tech-8/8
ANNEXES: Gas flow-charts: - Degaser Ann-1- Detector Ann-2- Analyser Ann-3
ANNEXES: Nominal gas values for Detectors & Analysers§ BAKER HUGHES INTEQ (BHI Ann-4 a-b§ GEOSERVICES Ann-5 a-b§ HALLIBURTON Ann-6 a-b§ SPERRY-SUN (SSDS) Ann-7 a-b
TOOLBOX
SUBTOTAL
DIRECTION EXPLORATION GISEMENTDépartment Subsurface
SUB TOOLBOX
MODULE 2.1
MUDLOGGING AUDITD. GARDETTE
REF : DG/970606-1
PREDEFINED CHECKLISTSTAG SUGGESTED ANSWERSand ADD YOUR COMMENTS ...
June 1997
TOOLBOXmodule 2.1
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
I N T R O D U C T I O NS U M M A R Y
- Rigsite CONTRACTORS- Rigsite RESPONSIBILITIES- MUDLOGGING CREW: Householder- MUDLOGGING AIMS (1): scope of work, data ... what for?- MUDLOGGING AIMS (2): how?, and Conclusions- MUDLOGGING JOB PURPOSES- ML & well behavior: WASH OUT examples- ML & well behavior: FLOW-CHECK & CIRCULATION- WELLSITE GEOLOGIST JOB PURPOSES- WELLSITE GEOLOGIST AIMS- WELLSITE GEOLOGIST: JOB SPIRIT
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TOOLPUSHERGEOLOGIST
CO- MANMUDLOGGING
LOGGING(WL & LWD)
DIRECTIONALDEVIATION
POSITIONINGCORING
MWD
DRILLINGMUD
CEMENTCASINGROV, ...
DRILLING&
RIGMAINTENANCE
RIGSITE CONTRACTORS
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
RIGSITE RESPONSIBILITIES
Rigsite
role
TOOLPUSHERCO-MANGEOLOGISTMUDLOGGING
Rigsite
position
ACQUISITION
EVALUATION
DECISION
EXECUTION
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
MUDLOGGING «Householder»
DATAENGINEER
MUDLOGGERSAMPLE-CATCHER
OUR TEAM
YOURBOSS?
MY BOSSYEAH!
WELLSITEGEOLOGIST
MUDLOGGINGCREW
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
MUDLOGGING: AIMS (1)
MONITOR & EVALUATE OIL & GAS SHOWS
CONFIRM or ADJUST FORMATION PRESSURE ESTIMATION
ESTABLISH ACCURATE & COMPREHENSIVE DOCUMENTS, REPORTS, ...
INFORM ( IN REAL TIME) PEOPLE INVOLVED IN WELL MONITORING
OF ALL PLANNED EVENTS .... or .... IN CASE OF UNFORECASTED EVENTS => ALERT
Provide Oil Companies with validated measurements /samples related togeological, drilling and mud parameters, as per Client specifications.
DATA ... WHAT FOR?
STOREPARAMETERS
DISPATCHDATA ON REQUEST
MANAGE DATA
COLLECT WELL INFORMATION
GAS
DRLG MUD
SCOPE OF WORK
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
MUDLOGGING: AIMS (2)
HOW?
INSTALL ALL REQUIRED SENSORSCONTROL SENSORS RELIABILITY and ACCURACY
RECORD CONTINUOUSLY ALL MEASURED PARAMETERSNOTIFY ANY EVENTS OBSERVED
PREPARE SAMPLES FOR DESCRIPTION & ANALYSISASSIST, when needed , FOR CORE RECOVERY, TESTING OPERATIONS, ...
MUDLOGGING is a HIGHLY VALUABLE SERVICEat LOW PRICE (only 2-3% of well cost: 1500-2000 USD/d)
... M ONITOR SECURE O BSERVE but should ASSISTANT for N EVER VISUALIZING & for E NSURE EVALUATING Y OURSELF RESERVOIR
but it is a ...
CONCLUSION: the MUDLOGGING ...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
MUDLOGGING : JOB PURPOSES
MONITORING&
DETECTION
QUICKUNDERSTANDING
& FASTREACTING
RECORDING REPORTING
PARAMETERS EVENTS
DATAACQUISITION DOCUMENTS
WELL FOLLOW UP ...
?
... ON A ROUTINE BASIS
BS
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
ML & well behavior examples: WASH OUTDRILLING GEOLOGY
• Possible ORIGIN:. very abrasive formations (hd SLST, Pyrite, ...). and/or deviated wells (Drillpipe along casing)
• PHENOMENA:Abnormal friction/wear along Drill-pipe / BHAupto create a hole along pipe => Wash pipe
• Surface DETECTION in Mudlogging unit:Injection Pressure (SPP) slowly reducing to fastdropping (=> Flow-Rate may increases)
• Final Consequence => FISHING! (if not detected)• How to solve the situation?
POOH with ‘heavy slug’ inside pipesand check every stand prior breakingthe strings: then locate the WASH-OUT
• Other: TWIST-OFF, but no forewarning signs! Lost nozzles on bit (check hydraulic report)
Mudlogging crew => INFORMDrlg Supervisor => DECIDE & ACT: WOO
. formations poorly cemented, indurated, ... . and/or inappropriate drilling fluid (mud)
Mudlogging crew=> DECIDE & ACTthen ... INFORM=> Drlg Supervisor
Possible origin:
Refer to chapterSAMPLING
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
ML & well behavior: FLOW-CHECK & CIRCULATION
• WHEN? . after a fast DRILLING BREAK ( unexpected event)
. after breaking a core, prior POH (no slug pumped)
. to check possible swabbing, ( while pulling out at shoe depth), ...
• WHY? to check if well is still in equilibriumin static conditions; observed if anyGain or Losses ... and report rate (vol/ time)
• HOW? Stop circulating (Pumps OFF)Stop adding mud into Active sum ( transferring, mixing, diluting, ...)
• Duration : at least 15 min ... fct(depth, OH length)
Requested by . . . DRILLING SUPERVISOR
Water Oil Gas
time - +ACTIVEPITS - + - +ACTIVE
PITSACTIVE
PITS
15 min
5
0 EVENT
AIM OBSERVATION of WELL ANNULAR LEVEL AIM WELL CONTROL
• WHEN? . prior performing SBT, LOT, FIT, ... (=> drilling circulation: code F) . to check lithology at TD (=> geological circulation: code G) . for mud and/or well conditioning ( prior possible rising MW) . After a positive ‘Flow-Check’: gain ...
( circulate through Choke Manifold)• WHY? to clean out annular volume
( gas cut mud, cuttings)to homogenize mud properties (U tube)to determine coring point depth (code G)to set casing shoe depth, ...(to wait on weather, orders, contractors, ...)
• HOW? Stop drilling ... ‘Flow-Check’; then... Resume circulating (Pumps ON)
• Duration : at least ONE ‘Bottom-up’ depending on... LAG TIME / LAG STROKE
Requested by . . . DRILLING SUPERVISOR WELLSITE GEOLOGIST
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
WELLSITE GEOLOGIST: JOB PURPOSES
LOGGING: wireline , LWD MUDLOGGING
MWD & MUD CORING & TESTING
LITHOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION
& CORRELATIONS(FACIES)
SAFETY: HP/HTRISK EVALUATION
RESERVOIR & FLUIDSCHARACTERIZATIONGAS & SHOWS
INTERPRETATION
DRILLING
REPORTING:MUDLOG, GWR, ...
GEOLOGICAL INTERFACE
INPUT
OUTPUT
WELL FOLLOW UP ...
... ON A ROUTINE BASIS
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
SAFETY FIRST(people, equipments & RIG)
WELLSITE GEOLOGIST AIMS
SAVE MONEY
ANTICIPATE
Casing depthCoring depth
Pressure regimeRISKS, ...
REACH TARGETS
OIL
GAS
WATER
FIND RESERVOIRS&
IDENTIFY FLUIDS(CONTACTS
QUANTIFY Hcb)
EVALUATE
Phi K
Sw PpPf
FOLLOWDRILLING
PROPOSAL(Casing,(Mud,...)
REACTto hazardous &
unexpected events
...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
WELLSITE GEOLOGIST: Job spirit
COMPETENT
AVAILABLE 24h/day
AUTHORITYACCURATE
PROMPT TO REACT FAST TO DECIDE
CONVIVIALin any circumstances
SECURE
(IRON FIST) (VELVET GLOVE)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
DATUM, SENSORS & D A T A
S U M M A R Y
- REFERENCE DEPTHS: Onshore & Offshore- Well PROFILES- Well PROJECTION: horizontal & vertical views- HORIZONTAL DRAIN NOMENCLATURE- RIGSITE SENSORS LOCATION (simplified)- DATA: real time & delayed- LAG TIME: definition & control- LAG TIME: interpretation & consequences- DRILLING SENSORS- MUD SENSORS- Technical Data Sheets: TOOLBOX module 5.2
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
REFERENCE DEPTHS
MSL(Annual)Mean
Sea Level
Sea Bed or
(Sea Floor)
GroundLevel
RTE / (KB)
TMDBRT(Below Rotary Table)
ZERO reference«SUB-SEA depth»
riser
RTE / KB(+)
(-)
0
TV
DB
RT
ori
gine 0
TV
DM
SL
orig
ine
TD(Terminal Depth)
WaterDepth
PILOTHOLE(+)
ONSHORE OFFSHORE
Rotary Table Elevation(Kelly Bushing)
PERMANENT DATUM
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
WELL PROFILES
ONSHORE OFFSHORE
TMDBRT(Below Rotary Table)
KOP(Kick Off Point)
Landingphase
PILOT HOLE
DOP(Drop Off
Point)
BU(Build Upsection)
iiJii wellSLANT
well
VERTICALwell
HORIZONTALwell/drain
E R W wellextended reach well
ULTRADEEPWELL
LAND RIG SWAMP-BARGEJACK-UP SEMISUB’
DRILLSHIP(0 - 20m)(20 - 100m)
(80 - 2000m)
GO ON THEGAME, GUY!
ROV(Remote
OperatingVehicule)
BOP’s+PGB
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
WELL PROJECTIONS
WELLHEAD
N
S
W E
-
+
delta X
HORIZONTAL VIEW
well profileCURRENT
DEPTH
delta
Y
Departure 2= +(deltaX) (deltaY)2
DEPARTURE atCURRENT DEPTH
AzimuthN140°
VERTICAL VIEW
TVDDEPTH
DISTANCE
PROJECTION PLANE:AZIMUTH N140°
well profile
WELLHEAD
VERTICAL SECTION at CURRENT DEPTH
ANGLE(inclinaison)
CURRENTDEPTH
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
HORIZONTAL DRAIN NOMENCLATURE
TMDBRT(Below Rotary Table)PILOT HOLE
VERTICALwell
WELL TRAJECTORY
TST
Layer follow-upalong azimuth drain
TST: True Stratigraphic Thickness(Reference Thickness inside drain)
Layer identificationTVD: True Vertical Depth
TVD
DrilledThicknessbetween
TOP-BTMApparentVertical
Thickness
TOP
BTM
AIM dip calculation depends on TST, Drilled Thickn. and on Apparent Vert. Thickn.
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
SENSORS: SIMPLIFIED RIGSITE VIEW
Pit levelTemp° INResist.INDens.IN SUCTION PIT Mixing pit
(hoopers)
mud Pumpand SPM
desanders & desilters
(to sand trap)RETURN PIT
Degaser, Dens.OUTResist.OUT, H2S
Pit level
Temp° OUTWell headWHP, CP
BOP’sCAVEH2S
WOH ondead line(=>WOB)
DRILL FLOOR(DRUM missing)
Kelly BushingRotary TableRPM, TRQ
ROP => DepthHKPos, H2S
SPP
swivel
Stand Pipe
Flowmeteron Flowline
hoose
ChokeManifold
TRIP TANK
to RIG DEGASER
Notezoological nomenclature missing:DOG HOUSE MONKEY DECKGOOSE NECK MOUSE HOLECAT WALK WIDOW MAKER! … POOR BOY !!
SAND TRAP
POSSUM BELLY&
SHALE SHAKER
Crown BlockTravelling Block
& Hook (old)=> TOP DRIVE
RESERVE PIT
H2S
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
DATA : REAL TIME or DELAYED?
GEOLOGICALMUDDRILLING
REAL TIMEDATA
downhole eventsvisible on surface
=> instantaneous data
DELAYED DATA
downhole events , carriedby mud, after LAG TIME
=> immediate data
Depth ROPTRQ WOBRPM SPPSPM WHP
PITS & FLOW(gain & losses)
GAS & CUTTINGS (analysis & observation)
MW data: Temp° OUT
Density OUT Resistivity OUT
DATA TYPE
ACQUISITIONMODE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
LAG TIME => ELAPSED TIME (BY MUD) FROM BOTTOM TO REACH SURFACE
Note:
. if riser (offshore) => Take into account booster pump to improve FR in riser annulus
. short cycle => (Surface -> Bit) + (Bit -> surface)
. long cycle => (short cycle) + (transit time on surface: from return pit to succion pit)
. LAG CHECKS, to be performed during pipe connection (short cycle): . Calcium Carbide lag (CaC2) => Acetylene peak (C2H2) on chromato. (WBM mud only) . Crushed brick lag => First arrival easily seen on Shakers screen (reddish grained) . Rice lag => Not expensive, but not easy to check on Shakers (milky-whitish-light tan) . Eventually Mica => in case of LWD (warning: possible effect on WL response)
L a g T im e A n n u lar Vo lum eF l o w R a t e
m in= ⇒
Lag Stroke Annular VolumeStroke vol eff
stroke nb= ⇒( ) * (Pump .)
with AV = (OH vol + IDCSG vol) - (OD IRON vol in hole) FR = (Stroke vol) * (Pump efficiency %) * (SPM)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
LT Interpretation & Consequences
LTobserved > LTtheoritical LTobserved < LTtheoritical
Cuttings arrive « late» regarding to ROPHole Enlarged=> CAVINGS
reducing hole cleaning efficiencyShale shape & size (poping, propeller,...)
Cuttings arrive «early» regarding to ROPTight Hole
=> STICKY HOLEShale hydration (Monmorillonite)
in both casesDRILLING PROBLEMS
INVIEW ... as delta P
=> Carefully check lithologyon all sieves
BUT, IT MAY ALSO BE DUE TO:- Wrong Pump efficiency (Toolpusher data) and/or false adjustment (Data Engineer)- Incomplete or erroneous pipes dimensions (OD & ID) and volumes, ...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
DRILLING SENSORS SENSORS
WOH Weight On Hook ................................... Dead line or Hook Load=> WOB Weight On Bit computed from Archimees law
(or buoyancy effect)
SPP Stand Pipe Pressure ....................... Stand pipe Manifold
CP Casing Pressure ..................................... Diverter Manifold and WHP Well Head Pressure
ROP Rate Of Penetration & Depth ... Drawwork axleHKPos Hook Position / Travelling Block
RPM Revolution or ........................................... Rotary Table Rotation Per Minute or Top Drive
SPM Strokes Per Minute .................................... Pump piston
PRESSURE TRANSDUCERSmeasuring strainon force triangle
(klbs or tons)
measuring variationsof steel diaphragm
(psi or bars)measuring capacitanceof detecting diaphragm
(psi or bar)
PROXIMITY SWITCHmeasuring crown sensor
counter(logic condition: 0 or 1)
HYDRAULIC
ELECTRIC
Hydraulic system
TRQ Torque ................rotary table (RT)
Electrical lineCURRENT TRANSDUCER
HALL effect: measuring electrical fieldflowing in motor cable (Amp)
items mounting on
MEASUREMENT
method principle
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
MUD SENSORS SENSORS
Flow Rate .......................................................flow line
Potentiometer (floater)
Potentiometer (paddle)
Platinium resistance
HYDRAULIC
ELECTRIC
items mounting on
MEASUREMENT
method principle
Echo pulse (ultrasonic) ACOUSTIC above mud tank
PITS Volume ..............................
in mud tank
IN ........suction pitTEMP° ................................... OUT .......possum belly
IN ........suction pitCOND. / RESIST................... OUT .......possum belly
Toroidal induction coil
Differential pressure
Gamma ray absorption (NUCLEAR)
IN ........suction pit
OUT .....gas trapMud Weight / DENSITY..... IN ....... stand pipe OUT .......possum belly
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
SENSORS MEASUREMENT & SPECIFICATIONP
R I
N C
I P
L E
WOH / WOBSPP
CP / WHPTRQ (diaphragm)
DENS. / MWTRQ (Hall effect)
PITS Volume(ultrasonic)
(DENS. / MW )
MUD &DRILLINGsensors
HYDRAULIC ELECTRIC ACOUSTIC NUCLEARM E T H O D
RADIOACTIVE
RESISTIVITY
Pressure
CurrentTRANSDUCER
T
10PROXIMITY switch
(counter)
POTENTIOMETER
ULTRASONIC
ROP / DepthHKPos
RPMSPM
COND. / RESIST.TEMP°
PITS Vol. (floaters)FR (paddle)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
G A S : DEFINITION & MEASUREMENT S U M M A R Y (1/2)DEFINITION
- GAS SAMPLING HISTORY- GAS TYPES RECORDED- GAS SHOWS: Definition
Origin … or sourcesSwab & SurgeGas Events vs … warning!Main ranges
- MUD DEGASSING ON SURFACE
MEASUREMENT- GAS MEASUREMENT CHAIN- DEGASSER TYPES- GAS LINES:efficiency
main & back-up- DETECTOR:principles- DETECTORS for ACID GASES- H2S: HYDROGEN SULPHIDE => the Killer gas- CHROMATOGRAPHY: problems to solve
principles & efficiency- FID: total gas & chromatography- TCD: total gas & chromatography
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
G A S : INTERPRETATION
S U M M A R Y (2/2)
INTERPRETATION
- LOG/LOG DIAGRAM (SNPA)
- PIXLER PLOT (BAROID)
- TRIANGLE METHOD (GEOSERVICES)
- Wh, Bh, Ch RATIOS (EXLOG)
- LIGHT HYDROCARBON RATIOS: interpretation
- RATIOS ACCURACY
- GAS NORMALISATION: AIM
- GAS NORMALISATION: magic! or bluff?
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
GAS Sampling: HISTORY
< 1930’s > 1930’s (1980’s) -> PRESENT FUTURE
«rule of thumb method»
Based on . shows estimation . depth levels uncertainty
oily appearance, petroleum odor, ...Qualitative method: => Identification by. centrifugation (oil). ignition (gases)
=> no quantitative evaluation
«Mudlogging Blooming»
Lagged depths with associated lithology (off-line Cabin)
=>Degaser calibration: Steam Still analysis (VMS 1950’s, constant vol)
=>«Hot Wire» systems:(Thermal Conductivity Detector)(Catalytic Combustion Detector).total gas detection and.components identification
Combustibles: C1...C4, H2 .Other gases: H2S,CO2,N2,
«R & D»
Micro-indiceson surface: . detection. analysis
(geochemistry)
borehole &fluid travel
contamination?
Downholemeasurements. in-situ data(?)
&. horiz. wells(geosteering)
« Fast & Accurate ...»
Integrated services
(on-line Unit)
=> Degasser efficiencyimprovement
(constant flow & vol)
=> FID system:(Flame Ionisation Detector)
from > 5 min to < 1 minonly for
combustible gases(C1 ... C5)
and optional «hot wire»for other gases
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
GAS TYPES RECORDED
HYDROCARBON Gas NON-HYDROCARBON Gas
N2 NitrogeneH2 HydrogenHe ? Helium(Rn Radon)
Inert gas
H2S Hydrogen SulfidCO2 Carbon Dioxide
Polar gas or «acid gas»
C1 MethaneC2 EthaneC3 PropaneiC4 iso -ButanenC4 normal-ButaneiC5 iso -PentanenC5 normal- Pentane(C6 Hexanes )
alkanes series(CnH2n+2)
DRY
HUMID
POLAR
INERT
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
GAS SHOWS: definitions
GAS SHOWS on surface is reflecting a combination of:
LIBERATED Gas
from formationWHILE drilling
by breaking the
rock pore space
PRODUCED Gas
from formationAFTER drillingConnection Gas
(air slug)Swab Gas / LCT
Trip Gas, ...=> short duration
CONTAMINATED Gas
from other sourcesthan formation itself
asmud additives
(chemical reacting), bit, turbine effects, ...
RECYCLED Gas
Remaining in themud (whatever origin),then recirculating
downholedue to
imperfect degassingon surface
minimun gas value(almost constant):
BACKGROUND Gas (BKG)
FORMATIONGas (FG)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
ORIGIN of GAS SHOWS
. GAS from Gas
. GAS from Oil
. GAS from Water ( Dissolved)
GAS from CUTTINGS
GAS from SHALE(cavings)
GAS from Fault
GAS RECORDED on surface
NON DRILLED GASNON DRILLED GASRECYCLED(R)PRODUCED (P)
&CONTAMINATED(C)
DRILLED GASDRILLED GASLIBERATED (L)
Surface mixingNew additives
Downhole chemicalreactions
...
affecting
BACKGROUND GASL
L
L
P
P
P
Other Produced GAS: Pipe Connection, Swabbing/LCT, Trip Gas, ...
R
C
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
SWAB & SURGEPOOH
SWAB & SURGEfunction of:
- pipe velocity- annulus diameter (hole, pipes)- mud rheology (MW, Visc)
imbalance between mud pressure and formation fluid pressureand possible KICK
finalCONSEQUENCE
on both cases
EMW
RIH
delta Pmud LOSSES
delta Pmud GAINS
suctioninjection
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
SAFETY: GAS EVENTS … WARNING!. . . based on gas observations
when circulation stopped
INFORM and Precise :• Change to new baseline (based on MW)• Lithology (Phi-K) associated to peaks• Gas observed= BKG + ‘Gas event’ origin
Phenomena emphasized IF:• cumulative gas events• recycled gas• rig degasser OFF(‘Poor Boy’)
Initi
al B
asel
ine
Peak heights increase=> back to baselinebetween each gas event
(peaks becoming wider)
BKG increase=> back to new baseline
- shifted between each gas event
- increased between each gas event
nil
traces
ASYM
MET
RIC
peak
sSY
MM
ETRI
CAL p
eaks
Qualitative ALERTQualitative ALERT method method
GAS EVENTS reflect
Pressure Regime and/orFormation fluid content
∆P> 0
∆P< 0
∆P≈0
IDENTIFY Origin of gas observed INDICATORS (possible gas origin)
- PIPE CONNECTIONS- SWAB GAS TEST- LCT (Long Connection Test)- TRIP GAS- BACKGROUND GAS (BKG)
Miscell: surveyfalse connectionscarbide (Lag-Time check)
FORMATION Gas
Total Gas (TG)
1 std
BKG
BKG
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
GAS SHOWS: scale range
-50 0 50 100delta P (bars) influence
too late!-> Life jacket
0
20
40
60
80
100
Delta P > 0
Delta P < 0
Spectacular => Muster point
Exceptional to Dramatic
Risky to Hasardous
Daring to Lucky
Questionable
Delightful to Interesting
Promising
Nice (or Lovely)
Fair to Slightly
Weak to Poor
Disappointing
Nil
=> Blow-out => Kick
?
Gas (%)observed
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
MUD DEGASSING on surface
DEGASSER
Drill String
Bell Nipple
MUD PIT(s)
ShaleShakers
GASBUBBLES
andCUTTINGS
GAS LINE to Unit
GasTrap
PossumBelly
loss of free gas
Flow line
loss of free gas(=> recycled in part)
AIRinlet
(Air + Gas)
Decanting tube(water)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
GAS MEASUREMENT CHAIN
CARRIER OBSERVEREXTRACTOR ANALYSER
1 2 3 4
DEGASSER GAS LINE
TOTAL GASdetection
&H2S, CO2, ...
(FID burner with H2 flowand/or TCD based onWheatstone bridge)
CALIBRATION ?SENSITIVITY ?
CHROMATOGRAPHYcombustible gas
(FID, TCD)non-combustible gas
(TCD)
CALIBRATIONS ?ACCURACY ?
REPEATABILITY ?
«Gas + Air»mixture
toMudlogging
cabin(mini 2 gas lines)
PLUGGING ?LEAKING ?
Located in possum belly:(shale shaker header box)
either immersed: mud levelnon-constant & agitatoror degassing at constantmud volume & flow via
a suction probe
EFFICIENCY ?PLUGGING ?
gaselution YesNo
DETECTORS
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
DEGASSER TYPES
GAS TRAPEFFICIENCY (%)
(50) -
(100) -
SUCTION PROBEConstant mud flow &
Constant volumeQantitative Gas
Trap Measurement
Constantmud flow
BASICVariable mud flow
STEAM STILLConstant mud volume
(reference degasser )
ContinuousDiscontinuousGAS EXTRACTING
MODE
EFFICIENCY = fct ( degasser location, chamber volume vs degassing time, mud type, ...)
THE LONGER THE MUDUNDER AGITATOR,
THE GREATER THE EFFICIENCY
immersedtypes
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
DEGASSER
DETECTOR
DEGASSER
DETECTOR
GAS LINES EFFICIENCYDEGASSER DETECTOR
NEITHER TOO LONG ...(C3+ analysis)
LENGTH
NEITHER TOO FAST ... ... NOR TOO SLOW
FLOW RATE
APPROPRIATE GAS LINES LENGTH => TRANSIT TIME TO UNIT < 100 sec
depending on «AIR + GAS» mixture flow rate through Monoflexand on motor pump suction efficiency
... NOR TOO SHORT(safety reasons)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
GAS LINES: main & back-up
AT LEAST, 2 INDEPENDANT GAS LINES per DEGASSER
MAIN GAS LINE
SPARE GAS LINE
GAS LINE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
DETECTORS: principles TOTAL GAS
CONTINUOUS PROCESSfor
UNDIFFERENTIATED GASES
QUANTITATIVE measure
CHROMATOGRAPHY
BATCH PROCESSfor
INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS
QUALITATIVE measure
CCDCATALYTIC COMBUSTION
(NO LONG EXISTS)
Low threshold detection(100ppm)
Poor detection fornon-combustible
C6+ cause breakdown offilament (Platinum)
High T° filament (800°C)
ADVANTAGES
+
DISADVANTAGES
-
FIDFLAME IONISATION
Very low threshold(5-20ppm)
High repeatability
Accurate only forcombustible gases
Need continuousH2 supply
TCDTHERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
No combustionDetection of
non-combustible gases
High threshold (>500ppm)
Very high sensitivity to H2Low sensitivity to Hcb
other than Methane
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
ACID GASES DETECTORS
Infra-Red ABSORPTION principle
CO2 ATTENUATES the «IR» RADIATIONEMITTED BY THE SOURCE (IR beam)
Voltage proportional to CO2 content=> accuracy: 1000 ppm (0.1%)
warning: CO2 highly absorbed by basicwater contained in WBM and also
in OBM (water phase)
CO2
1- SEMICONDUCTOR principleH2S REDUCES THE METAL OXIDE COATING
TO METALLIC SULPHIDESConductivity proportional to H2S content
=> accuracy: 1 ppm (0.0001%)warning: humidity reduces sensor sensibility
2- DELPHIAN MUD DUCKIDENTIFY SOLUBLE SULPHIDES IN THE MUD
related to mud pH (>10) & temperaturewarning: operating ONLY in water base mud
H2S<= QUANTITATIVE RESULTS =>
DRAEGER hand-held (QUALITATIVE RESULTS)
graduated tube filled withsilicagel impregnatedwith LEAD ACETATE
... turning to DARK-BROWN( +/- 10 ppm)
graduated tube filled withHYDRAZINE
(N2H4)... turning to BLUE-PURPLE
( +/- 10 %)
** DETECTOR AVAILABLE FOR ALL GASES (various reactants) with various SENSITIVITY RANGES **
CO2 H2S
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) SAFETY
odourROTTEN EGGS
0.1 1000
0.001 10
0.01 100
0.05 500
0.07 700
0.02 200
0.002 20
H 2S
conc
entr
atio
n
H2S effects
% ppm
’safe’for 8 hours
STINGS EYES & THROATwithin 3-5 min
HEADACHE
KILL SMELL
DIZZINESS
UNCONSCIOUSNESS
breathing ceases after 30 min
DEATH => 15 minDEATH => 1 min
H2SACID GAS
COLORLESS DEADLY GAS
FLAMMABLE ( blue flame ) sg=1.18 (heavier than air)Highly CORROSIVE to certain metals
permanent cerebral injury
=> prompt artificial respiration
THETHE KILLER GASKILLER GAS
ROTTEN EGGSodour
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
CHROMATOGRAPHY: problems to solve
Question: HOW TO BE FAST AND ACCURATE FORSEPARATING GASEOUS COMPONENTS MIXTURE (AT A MAXIMUM MUD FLOW)
and forAVOIDING CONTAMINATION BY SUCCESSIVE & REPEATING MEASURES ?
Heu!it depends ...
IF THERE IS WIND,IF IT’S HOT ...
hey, guys!
SAMPLING RATE
(TEMPERATURE& PRESSURE)
PROCESS ACCURACY
(COLUMNS and/orCAPILLARY TUBES)
Answer: yes, absolutely right, Mr O’NURB,IT DEPENDS ON ANALYSIS SYSTEMEFFICIENCY ... mainly BASED ON ...
andon
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
CHROMATOGRAPHY: principles & efficiency
=> DIFFERENTIAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF THESAMPLE COMPONENTS BETWEEN 2 PHASES:
ONE STATIONARYsolid phase
asSILICAGEL,
SQUALANE, ...packing (coatingfilm thickness)
ONE MOBILEliquid phase
withGAS SAMPLE+CARRIER
(Air, He)percolating through
or over the solid phase
stainlessor
aluminiummade
COLUMNS
Length: 6-20 ftID: 0.125 - 0.25 inch
CAPILLARY TUBES
Length > 300 ftID < 0.03 inch
=> bent or coiledfor compactness
TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE EFFECTS
Temp° & Press. Temp° & Press.
QUICK and POOR ELUTION
C1C2 C3 C4 C 5
SLOW and GOOD ELUTION
C1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5
1 2
3
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
total gas & chromatography : FID
ionisationchamberiC5
C1
C2nC4iC4
C3
iC5nC5peak
area
BASELINERetentiontime for C1
response (mV)
timeanalysis
# 300 sec
SCHEMATIC CHROMATOGRAM(after Geoservices)
(*) Backflush starts only when compounds of interest have passed through the PRECUT column (depending on selection of cycles)
Gas line
manualinjection
TOTAL GAS detection line
GAS «in»(mixture)
wasteeffluent
H2Air
C1
C2C5 C3
C4Precutelution
Main elution(separation)
backflush(*)
P2 > P1
P1
signal
purge speed up
C1C2 C5C3
C4C6+
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
total gas & chromatography : TCD
TOTAL GAS detection line
Gas line
manualinjection
GAS «in»(mixture)
SI(slow)
2 columns withdifferent characteristics
SQ(fast)
C1C2 C5C3
C4C6+ C1
C2C3C4H2
thermalconductivity
chamber
WHEATSTONEBRIDGE
SQ column(SQUALANE)
SCHEMATIC ANALYSIS CHROMATOGRAM(after Geoservices)
deflection
time(short cycle)
(long cycle)# 120 sec
# 120 sec# 250sec
C1
C2 C3iC4
H2nC4
composite peak(H2/C1)
SI column(SILICAGEL)
CO
MM
UT
AT
ION
BASELINE BASELINE
peaklength
RTC1
C1C2
C3C4 H2
commutation valve
signal
wasteeffluent
Air
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
LOG/LOG Diagram (SNPA)
S.N.P.A. (1950’s), now ELF
developed over Lacq gas & oil field (France)
gas ratios used:(C2/C1) x 103
(C3/C1) x 103
… based on production gas data (DST)
1 10 100 1000 10000 1000001
10
100
1000
10000
100000
(C2/C1)x103
(C3/C1)x103
3
4
1
2
4
3
2
1 DRY GAS dissolved in water
GAS with CONDENSATE
GAS with OIL
... grading to TARS & BITUMEN
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
PIXLER PLOT (Baroid)
PIXLER (1969) modified FERRIE (1981)
gas ratios used: C1/C2 C1/C3 C1/(iC4+nC4) C1/(iC5+nC5)
=> LINES ARE DRAWN BY CONNECTING INDIVIDUAL RATIOS
Comments:- Plot basically based on C1/C2 ratio (see ratios accuracy)- Steep slopes are usually a «tight reservoir» criteria- Negative slope might be a «water zone»
Texas and Louisiana experiences
Non-productive Gas
Productive Gas
Non-productive Oil
Productive Oil
(wet gas)
(dry gas)
(volatile oil)
(heavy oil)
(tars, bitumen)
(no free gas)
C1/C2 C1/C3 C1/C4+ C1/C5+
… based on productiongas data (DST)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TRIANGLE METHOD (Geoservices)
so-called «POTATO PLOT» (early 1970’s)
developed in Middle-East, extended to Europe & Africa
gas ratios used:C2 / (C1+ C2+C3+C4+C5)C3 / (C1+ C2+C3+C4+C5)C4 / (C1+ C2+C3+C4+C5)
1 - TRIANGLE (size & orientation) defines FLUID TYPE:
2 - HOMOTHETIC CENTER defines PRODUCTIVE ZONES:by drawing 3 lines from «initial plot apexes (A,B,C)»
to «sample ratios apexes (a, b, c)»IF HOMOTHETIC POINT IS INSIDE «brown POTATO»
C2/C(1-5)
C 4/C
(1-5
)
C3 /C
(1-5)
A
B Cupward
«a» apex
downward
GAS
OIL
drywet
high GOR:Condensate
low GOR:Tars
a
b c
a
c b
… based on productiongas data (DST)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
Wh, Bh and Ch ratios (EXLOG)EXLOG (1985), now BHI
gas ratios used … based on drilling:
1 - WETNESS
2 - BALANCE
3 - CHARACTER
W h C C C CC C C C C
= + + ++ + + +
( )( )
*2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 51 0 0
B hC C
C C C= +
+ +( )
( )1 2
3 4 5
C h C CC
= +( )4 5
3
(*) N/A => incompatible
Wh < 0.5 0.5 - 17.5 17.5 - 40 > 40
Fluid DRY GAS GAS OIL Residual Oil
Bh Fluid
> 100 dry Gas
> Wh GAS
Bh Fluid
>>Wh coal bed
> Wh GAS
= Wh lt G / Cond
Bh Fluid
> Wh coal-N/A*
< Wh OIL
<<Wh heavy OIL
Bh Fluid
> Wh N/A*
heavy to<< Wh residual OIL
1001 10 0 1 2 3
VERY LIGHTDRY GAS
LIGHT GAS
GAS &LIGHT OIL
COAL-BEDEFFECT
MEDIUMGRAVITY OIL
RESIDUALOIL
Wh ratio
Bh ratioCh ratio
0.54017.5
< 0.5 GAS or COAL COAL or N/A* Ch > 0.5 N/A* OIL
CONT
INUO
US PL
OTTIN
G
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
LIGHT HYDROCARBONS ratios INTERPRETATION
1001 10 0 1 2 3VERY LIGHT
DRY GAS
LIGHT GAS
GAS &LIGHT OIL
COAL-BEDEFFECT
MEDIUMGRAVITY OIL
RESIDUALOIL
Wh ratioBh ratio
Ch ratio
Non-productive Gas
Productive Gas
Non-productive Oil
Productive Oil
1 10 100 1000 10000 1000001
10
100
1000
10000
100000
(C2/C1)x103
(C3/C1)x103
C2/C(1-5)
C 4/C
(1-5
)
C3 /C
(1-5)
WHICH PLOTto trust ?
NONE or ALL !
NO MIRACLE METHOD
WHY ?
... based onRATIOS ACCURACY
CALIBRATED IN SPECIFIC AREAS
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
RATIOS ACCURACYDEPEND ON . . .
- Fluids pre-identification & characteristics - Detection & Monitoring HP wells- Geosteering (warning: recycling?) and ... GAS DATA RELIABILITY!
SELECTED GAS RATIOS REMAIN HIGHLY HELPFUL for:
NEVER FORGET «ROP vs Cycle time analysis vs Reservoir thickness»
DEGASSER: location efficiency?
GAS LINE: Flow pressure pre-elution? Ambiant Temp° (Atmosph. Press.) DETECTORS: «windows» calibration? ... for each component sensitivity? thus, better use «C1+C2» overlap? (instead of «C2/C1» or «C1/C2» ratios)
... GAS MEASUREMENT CHAIN
Rate Of Penetration Drilling modes (rotary, sliding) Mud Flow Rate Bit types Mud weight Mud type (WBM, OBM, ...)
Help for GAS NORMALISATION
... DRILLING PARAMETERS
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
GAS NORMALISATION: AIM
It normally ONLY represents the LIBERATED GAS content per volume of rock drilled warning IF: GAS RECYCLED (from surace) IF: GAS CONTAMINATION ( from mud, bit, ...) => BACKGROUND GAS
IF: GAS PRODUCED ( from Open Hole)
SEVERE LIMITATIONS: sources of gas, Temperature & Pressure effectson mud gas composition while gas migration , ...
CGI
VGN
SPI
CGS
Corrected Gas Index
Volumetric Gas Normalisation
Surface Potential Index
Calculated Gas Saturation
attempts forGAS
NORMALISATION
A I M :TO ELIMINATE CHANGES IN DRILLING PARAMETERS AND IN MEASURING CONDITIONS BASED ON TOTAL GAS Measurement (TG)
APPROACH remains empirical (surface cond.) and/or approximate (downhole cond.)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
GAS NORMALISATION: magic!CGI (Corrected Gas Index)
CGI Gas FRHV ft ROP ft
(%) (%)* (bbl / min)(bbl / ) * ( / min)
=
approximate normalisation for changesof flow rate (FR), of hole volume (HV) and of ROP
(equivalent to SPI)
Recommended DEGASSERS: steam still (Cst volume) and/or suction probe (Cst flow)
SPI (Surface Potential Index)
SPI Gas FR l ROP minches
= 197100 2. * (%) * ( / min) * (min/ )
* (BS )( )
SPI estimates, at SURFACE CONDITIONS,the m3 of gas per m3 of rock
(dimensionless value)THE MOST REALISTIC INDEX
FOR FAST & EASY COMPARISONS
BS: bit size
CGS (Calculated Gas Saturation)
CGS SPIPaPu
TuTa
Zkg cm
kg cm
K
K= °
°100
2
2* * * *
( / )
( / )
( )
( )
Pa: ambiant surface pressure=1 Ta: ambiant surf. temp° (AMST)Pu: estimated fluid pressure Tu: estimated bottom temp (BHT)Z: deviation coefficient from Ideal Gas Law («gas compressibility»)
CGS estimates, at BOTTOM CONDITIONS,the m3 of gas per m3 of rock (dimensionless value)
Gas saturation affected bydrilling conditions (flushing)
VGN (Volumetric Gas Normalisation)
VGN GasROPROP
HVHV
FRFR E
normal
actual
normal
actual
actual
normal(%) (%) * * * *= 1
(ROP in m/hr HV in bbl/ft E=degasser efficiency in decimal %)
«normal» conditions derived froma specific field, basin or region (!)
Similar to CGI, more rigorousbut incomprehensible!
MAGIC!
tremendously
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
S U M M A R Y (1/2)
GENERALITIESConceptsPressure Regime statusHYDROSTATIC PressureOVERBURDEN: DefinitionOVERBURDEN: CalculationOVERBURDEN: EvaluationPORE Pressure: DefinitionOverburden and Pore PressureCOMPACTION: Normal & AbnormalLUCKY & UNLUCKY: examples
FORMATION PRESSUREAcquisitionIndicatorsEvaluationSwab Gas Test & LCTDrilling pressure evolution‘ROP’ normalized … storyAdvanced ‘ d ’ exp ./.
Generality & Formation PRESSURES
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
S U M M A R Y (2/2)
FORMATION PRESSURE (suite)Normal Compaction Trend ‘dCn’Rock bit types vs ROP curve vs ’d’ expCompaction vs Drilling parametersCompaction vs LithologyCompaction Trend Observed ’dCo’Shale Pore Pressure computed: Eaton methodPore Pressure: Eaton formula (dC, ∆tcl, Rcl) and OverlaysEATON Overlays: isodensity (EMW)’dCo’ OVERLAYS example: Excel worksheetFracturation pressure evaluation
WELL PRESSURE MEASUREMENTSTHEORETICAL TESTS: CSG, SBT, LOT, FIT
(Casing, Shoe Bond Test, Leak Off Test, Formation Integrity Test)PRESSURE RECORDING PLOTEquivalent Mud Weight (EMW)CHARACTERISTIC PROFILESANALYSES & INTERPRETATIONS
Formation & Well PRESSURES
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
PRESSURE CONCEPTS HYDROSTATIC
pressure OVERBURDEN
pressure PORE
pressure
beurk!
H2O Matrix+
Fluidinto pores
Fluidin pore
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
PRESSURE REGIME STATUS
ABNORMALpressureHYDROSTATIC
LITHOSTATICpressure
GEOSTATICSUBNORMALpressure
0 200 400 600 800 1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
15000
De
pth
(m
ete
rs)
De
pth
(fe
et)
Pressure (psi)
Pressure (kg/cm2)
Eq.Dens= 2.31 g/cc (1 psi/ft)
Eq.Dens = 1.00 g/cc (0.433 psi/ft)
Eq.Dens= 1.08 g/cc (0.468 psi/ft)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE Pressure exerted by a static fluid at a given point in a column
MW g/cm 3
TVD meter HP = 1850 psi
theoreticallyPh = (d . h) / 10
practicallyHP = (MW x TVD) x 1.422
1000m TVDmud
weight: 1.30g/cm3
TMDh
waterdensity: 1.00g/cm3
0 m
1000m
1300m
Pressure depends on vertical height (1) and on fluid density (2)
Note: 130 kg/cm2 = 1850 psi Ph = 130 kg/cm2
d g/cm 3
h meter(1)
(2)
FLUID
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
OVERBURDEN PRESSUREOBG Pressure exerted by the total weight of overlying sediments
(sea water + matrix + fluids into porous medium)
EMW
Cumulative Geostatic pressure
( ) i
n
iii
iOBG ZZ
ZS ρ**
1
11∑
=−−=
( )Z Z erval usually m TVDi i− = ≈− 1 50int
( )ρi average density litho y
along erval
= ∀ log
int
SOBG expressed in EMW TVDTVD
EMW
cumulative
SOBG
air gap
ρi
Zi
Zi - 1 cumulative
SOBG
sea water
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
OVERBURDEN CALCULATION
Air gap
Sea water
Litho 1
Litho 2
0m RTE
25m AMSL
125m Sea bed
pb= 0
pb= 1.03
pb= 1.65
S1= (0 x 25) / 25 = 0.000 EMW
S2= [(0 x 25) + (100 x 1.03)] / 125 = 0.824 EMW
S3= [(0 x 25) + (100 x 1.03) + (175 x 1.65) ] / 300 = 1.306 EMW
S4= [(0 x 25) + (100 x 1.03) + (175 x 1.65) + (150 x 1.75)] / 450 = 1.454 EMW
300m Unit 1
pb= 1.75
450m Unit 2
and so on ...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
OVERBURDEN EVALUATIONBULK DENSITY EVALUATION
directly from DENSITY log:average value along constant interval => NOT ACCURATE in case ofheterogeneous formations
OVERBURDEN EVALUATION• known regionally, ie from logs ( ∆t )
• unknown (ie exploration: wildcat) => rough approximation:
=> parabolic equation
with
in feet A B Csoft 0.01304 -0.017314 1.4335hard 0.01447 -0.018350 1.4846
in meters A B Csoft 0.01304 -0.014215 1.2462hard 0.01447 -0.014912 1.2870
=> or regional equation/parameters
( ) i
n
iii
iOBG ZZ
ZS ρ**1
11∑
=−−=
( ) CZBZAS TVDBRTTVDBRTOBG ++= ln*ln* 2
derived from SONIC log:
Sonic velocity (µsec/ft), computedwhatever formations: AGIP formula
• If SOFT form. ( > 70 µsec/ft)
• If HARD form. ( < 70 µsec/ft)
( )( )200
50*11.275.2
+∆−∆−=
tt
bρ
8928.3
tb
∆−=ρ
( )( )
( ) 3.28*ZZ1000*TTI
? t1ii
msecµsec/ft
−−=
50m)Z(Zinterval:note 1ii ≈− −
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
PORE PRESSURE Po Pressure exerted by fluids density into pore space
Po
SUBNORMAL
Po < PhNORMAL
Po = PhABNORMAL
Po > Ph
- for SHALE => Po corresponds to Pp (d’exp, Sigmalog) - for RESERVOIR => Po corresponds to Pf (formation testers)
EQUILIBRIUM GAINSLOSSES
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
OVERBURDEN and Pore Pressure
PorePressure
effectiveStressOVERBURDEN = + PPS += σ (TERZAGHI law)
σPP
Pressuresupported
onlyby matrix
Pressuresupported
by FLUIDS and MATRIX
Pore Fluid
pressure
PRESSURE
S
DEPT
H
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
COMPACTION
pore
pore
pore
pore
... ONLYBY
GRAIN TO GRAIN CONTACT
... BY GRAIN CONTACT AND
... BY PORE FLUIDS
NORMAL
He-he!
WEIGHTTRANSMITTED
...
Oooh
ABNORMAL
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
LUCKY and UNLUCKY ?(NORMAL and ABNORMAL PRESSURES)
weight
H20H20
H20H20
sponge+
H20
weight
NORMAL COMPACTION UNDERCOMPACTION <=> OVERPRESSURE
plastic bagsponge+ H2O
weight
weight
H20
H2O H 2O
H 2O KICK
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
Formation Pressure ACQUISITION1 - CONTRACTORS INVOLVED vs DATA MODES
REAL TIME DRILLING POST DRILLING
RECORDING
MUD LOGGINGCREW
controlled (DST)uncontrolled (FFT)
On SURFACE
DOWNHOLE(transmitted to surface)
ACQUISITION
LOGGING WHILE DRILLINGCREW
andWIRELINE LOGGING
CREW
DATA
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
Formation Pressure INDICATORS2 - DATA INVOLVED and RESULTS
RESULTSTHROUGH
GASDRILLINGCUTTINGSWell Temp°NUCLEARELECTRICACOUSTIC
BKG, LCT, SwG, PCG, Ratio, …ROP, WOB, Bit type, TRQ, DragShape, Size, Density (shale)Thermal gradient: (T°IN, T°OUT)
nonenonenone
noneROP, CAL, Rotary/Sliding modes
noneBHT, Mud T°, Tool T°GR, Density (RhobCL), Neutron (PhiNCL)Resistivity (RCL)SONIC Transit Time (deltaTCL)
PARAMETERS
COMPACTION TREND SOBGPORE PRESSURE(PP) Psh, Pf ’d’ exp, Sigmalog, Form. testers
Empirical formula or laws Direct physical measurements
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
Formation Pressure EVALUATION3 - DATA RESPONSES versus SHALE POROSITY INCREASE EFFECTS
GAS BKG PCG LCTDRILLING ROP WOB TRQCUTTINGS Cavings Size ShapeWell Temp° Thermal gradientNUCLEAR RHObCL PHINCLELECTRIC ResCLACOUSTIC DeltaTCL
NORMAL ABNORMAL
WHOLE CRITERIA MAY or MAY NOT REACTand IF ONLY 1 => ALERT
(diversity)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
Swab Gas Test & Long Connection Test
AIM ANTICIPATE the ARRIVAL OF the TRANSITION ZONE with the lowest MW
PC
PC
1 std (Top Drive)1 single (Kelly)
time
Hook height
SPMSwGT• Stop drilling• Stop circulating• ‘Off Bottom’ 3-5mswabbing time < 1min• Resume circulation• Back to drillingTotal DURATION: 5-10min
PSWB << PFORM < PECD
PC
PCtime
Hook height
SPM LCT• Stop drilling• ‘Off Bottom’ 2-3m• Circulating ~10min• Stop circulating LCT time ~10min• Resume circul’ ~5min• Back to drillingTotal DURATION <30min
PLCT < PFORM < PECD
Better ’PFORM ’ follow-up with LCT than SwGT (PSWAB < PLCT)PROCEDURE
Mudlogging crew records gas on surface(and checks associated lithology),
then informs WSG and Co-Man for actions:
• Keep on drilling … to next gas test• Increase MW step by step (5 points= 0.05sg)• Logging & Set casing (depending on LOT, FIT)
FormGBKG
SwG
TG laggedFormG
BKG
LCT
TG lagged
SwG
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
z
DRILLING PRESSURE EVOLUTIONDE
PTH
PRESSURE (EMW)
OVERBURDENFRACMW
Hydrostatic Press.
PP ECD
2
3
43
5 5
1too early (?) for- setting Casing- rising MW(possible LOSSES)
too late (?) forrising MW => KICK(if porous reservoir)
PP = MW, but still < ECDUnsafe drilling … => well in equilibrium (in static conditions)
ECD > PFRAC ( or ≥ PLOT)=> LOSSES(slow pump rate: reduce ECD and pump LCM)
2
1
4• drilling conditions => LOSSES (ECD > PFRAC)• static conditions (PP > MW) => GAIN to KICK… depending on permeability
THE WORST SITUATION!
What to do?
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
’ROP’ NORMALIZED … STORY!
• BINGHAM (1964, Gulf coast): relationships between LITHOLOGY and DRILLING PARAMETERS
’d’ exponent empirical formula
=
BS inches
WOB lbsK
RPMROP hrft
)(
)(.)/(
BSWOBRPM
ROP
inches
lbs
*
hrft
d
* )(
* )(
10
)/(
10
6
''
1012log60log
=
• JORDEN & SHIRLEY (1966) solved this equation for a constant lithology (K=1 for shale)
with d = compaction exponent (=> ‘ d ’ exp) and K = lithological constant
Any decrease in ‘ d ’ exp(expressed in EMW)
when drilling a shaly sequenceis a function of the degree
of undercompaction
• REHM & McCLENDON (1971): ‘ d ’ exp corrected for mud weight (∆P function of Shale pore presure)
ECDPhydro
EMW
EMWddc)(
)('.''' =Parameters not taken into account:
- ∆P, not known accurately - bit type and bit wear- mud hydraulics when drilling with jetting (unconsolidated Clay)
Why only forSHALE?
)*(exp*@ ZCstsurfacedepthCLAY Z −=φφ
RUBEY & HUBBERT law (1959)
φ
Ζ
CLST
SST
easy,Man?
Yeah!
Fair enough?NO !
d
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
UPGRADED or ADVANCED ’d ’ exp
How to restitute an almost true normalized ROP ?
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(min/ **026469.0
log
**3048.0log
EMW
EMW
inches
T
m
p
c ECDPhRPMc
BSWOB
ROPa
d =corrected for ROCK BITS
as new onesfor each depth drilled
)(*
8
1*3*31.0
18
*38
*31.0
)(?0.0)(2.01.0)(5.03.01*6*93.0
)09.1*10*8(2
2
2
4
drilledIntervaldepthBitdepthBitBWx
and
RPMRPMandxx
BWBW
Z
with
bitPDCbitinsertbitteethpandZZa
where
INOUT
RPMcorrected
−=
=++
++=
−−=++=
+− −
WELLSITE GEOLOGIST& MUDLOGGING Crew
MUDLOGGING UnitCOMPUTER
dCndCo
YES!
HELP!
è … and ‘dCn’ still not drawn !
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
NORMAL COMPACTION TREND ’dCn’• RUBEY & HUBBERT ⇒ log(φ ) = -c.Z + log(φo) => linear relationship between Depth (Z) and Porosity (φ )
• ZAMORA: the ‘ d ’exp (proportional to porosity), follows the same law for claystone/shale:
Slope A( )
12
12 /logDepthDepth
ddA CnCn
−= [ ]DepthAdCn
Cn
B
DepthAdB*)log(10
*)log()log(−=⇒−=
Intercept B
Example:@ 1500m dCn= 1
@ 4500m dCn= 2
slope A= 1.003*10-4
intercept B= 0.707Computer job(MUDLOGGING CREW)
Geologist job
log(dCn) = A.(DEPTHTVDBRT) + B
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
3 5 2 31.00
*
*
SLOPEINTERCEPT
dCn
dCo
dc(EMW)
Dep
th(T
VD
BR
T)
[ ])log(*10 BDepthACnd +=⇒ At any depth:
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
ROCK BIT types vs ROP curve vs ’d’ exp
Cone bitsNOZZLES3 x ??/32’’
Fixed head bitsNOZZLES or
TOTAL FLOW AREA
TEETH bit INSERT bit Polycrystalline Diamond Compact
Rock is SHATTERED by pressure Formation is CUT with cutters• ROP curve CONTRASTED: drilling parameters relatively steady• Cuttings shape & size generally well representative of rock compaction
• ROP curve SMOOTHED: parameters adjusted vs lithology • Cuttings shape & size fairly to non representative of rock compaction
NOZZLES
3 x … /32’’
TFA inch2
convertedto equiv.nozzles
+ -
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
COMPACTION TREND and Drilling param ’s
COMPACTION TRENDassumed to reflect a normalized ROP
with constant (!) DRILLING & MUD
parameters
WOBRPMBit typeBit size
OBMWBMMWECD
è ADJUST ‘END to END’ SHIFTSè WITHOUT CHANGING SLOPE(S)
Fast ROP (min/m) Slow
Depth
OBM effectWBM effectDCn
TEETHtricone bit
èPDC bit
ç Core bit
Worn bit
è
ç
çINSERTtricone bit
IT WORKS!
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
COMPACTION TREND and LITHOLOGY
è check LITHOLOGYè check CALCIMETRY
Fast ROP (min/m) Slow
DCn
Sandbaseline
DCo
SILT effect CO3 effect
Depth
Shalebaseline
Dco => OBSERVED
COMPACTION TRENDassumed to reflect a normalized ROP
based on pure (!)CLAYSTONE / SHALE
Dcn => NORMAL
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
COMPACTION TREND OBSERVED ’dCo’
’dCo’reflects a ‘Normalized ROP’
corresponding to:
normalcompaction
dCo= dCn
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
3 5 2 31.00
dCn
d(EMW)
Dep
th
dCoabnormal
compactiondCo < dCn
porepore
porepore
The increase in pressure isproportional to the difference
dCn and dCo
PRESSURE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
SHALEPore Pressure COMPUTED
Shale Pore Pressure (PP)EATON method
( )2.1
trend)(normal
trend)(observed(EMW) chydrostatiOBGOBG
−−=
Cn
CoP
ddPSSP
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
3 5 2 31.00
dCn
d(EMW)
Dep
th
dCoExample at 4000m: dCo = 1.50 g/cc (EMW)
Ph = 1.00 g/cc (function of water salinity)
dCn = 10(1.003*10-4*4000 + log(0.7)) = 1.76 g/cc (EMW) at 4000mSOBG = 0.01447*(ln4000)2 + (-0.014912*ln4000) + 1.287 = 2.16 g/cc
PP = 2.16 - (2.16-1.00)(1.50/1.76)1.2 = 1.20 g/cc (EMW)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
Pore Pressure & Overlays
EATON formulas
While drilling
During logging
Overlaysisodensity EMW
( )2.1
trend)(normal
trend)(observedhydro
−−=
Cn
CoP
ddPSSP
( )3
trend)(observedl
trend)(normalhydro
∆∆−−=
o
nP
ttPSSP 3*
p
hno PS
PStt−−∆=∆
2.1*h
pnCnCo
PSPSdd
−−=
(Pp sucessively taken to 1.00, 120, 1.40, … )
( )5.1
)(observedl
)(normalhydro
−−=
o
n
clay
clayP
RRPSSP
’d’ exp
∆t clay
Resclay 5.1*h
pno
PSPSRclRcl
−−=
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
EATON Overlays: isodensity (EMW)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
2 3 5 2 31.00d (EMW)
dept
h
1.00
1.20
1.40 dCn
dCo
2.00
1.80
1.60
Isodensity lines for ’d’ exp
1 - Determine the ’dCn’ trend: ( slope & intercept)
2 - Compute at each depth, knowing- the SOBG (regional or recomputed)- the Ph hydrostatic gradient (1.00 to 1.08)
the theoritical values of the ’dCo’ for different pressure gradients (1.20, 1.40, 1.60, … )
⇒ using Eaton ’s formula:
2.1*h
pnCnCo
PSPS
dd−−=
Quick look method for Shale Pp
Note: Eaton exponents may vary (1.1 - 1.5)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
’dCo’ OVERLAYS example (Excel worksheet)NORMAL TREND dcn:
log(dcn)=A*depth+B A=(log(dcn2/dcn1))/(depth2-depth1) OVERBURDEN:dcn1 = 0.75 sgEMW 0.00010557 => slope S=a*(ln(depth))^2+(b*(ln(depth))+cdcn2 = 0.9 sgEMW B=10^(log(dcn1)-A*depth1) depth in meter
depth1 = 250 m 0.70577702 => intercept a => 0.01447depth2 = 1000 m => dcn at depth: b => -0.01491
dcn=10^(A*(depth)+log(B)) c => 1.28700 Pr.hydr. = 1.01 sgEMW => OVERLAY at depth: or enter new coefficientsEATON exp'= 1.2 dco= dcn*[(S-Pp)/(S-Ph)]^(1/Eaton exp') or enter local OBG formula
SHALE PORE PRESSURE at depth: S = 2.129 SHPP= S-(S-Ph)*[dco/dcn]^1.2dco = 1.35 dcn = 1.65 => 1.249 sgEMW
DEPTH dcn= 1,00 SOBG OVERLAYS (sgEMW)(mTVDBRT) 1.00 (EMW) 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20
100 0.723 1.525 0.493 0.222 #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE!250 0.750 1.646 0.558 0.340 0.084 #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE!500 0.797 1.753 0.623 0.429 0.214 #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE!750 0.847 1.822 0.678 0.491 0.288 0.043 #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE!1000 0.900 1.874 0.732 0.546 0.346 0.117 #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE!1250 0.956 1.916 0.786 0.598 0.398 0.173 #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE!1500 1.016 1.952 0.842 0.651 0.447 0.222 #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE!1750 1.080 1.983 0.901 0.705 0.496 0.268 #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE!2000 1.148 2.010 0.963 0.760 0.546 0.312 0.024 #NOMBRE!2250 1.220 2.034 1.028 0.818 0.596 0.356 0.071 #NOMBRE!2500 1.296 2.056 1.097 0.879 0.649 0.401 0.113 #NOMBRE!2750 1.377 2.076 1.169 0.942 0.704 0.447 0.153 #NOMBRE!3000 1.463 2.095 1.247 1.010 0.761 0.495 0.193 #NOMBRE!3250 1.555 2.113 1.328 1.081 0.821 0.544 0.232 #NOMBRE!3500 1.653 2.129 1.415 1.156 0.885 0.596 0.273 #NOMBRE!3750 1.756 2.144 1.507 1.236 0.952 0.650 0.315 #NOMBRE!4000 1.866 2.159 1.605 1.321 1.024 0.708 0.359 #NOMBRE!4250 1.983 2.172 1.709 1.411 1.099 0.768 0.404 #NOMBRE!4500 2.107 2.185 1.819 1.506 1.179 0.832 0.452 #NOMBRE!4750 2.239 2.198 1.937 1.607 1.264 0.900 0.503 #NOMBRE!
OPENFILE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
FRACTURATION evaluation
WHY ?TO DETERMINE the MAXIMUM:
- Mud Weight (ECD) permitted during drilling- Annular surface pressure allowed during kick- Casing shoe settings
FRACTURE gradients depend on:- stress conditions in the wellbore (σx, σy, σz)- Hole geometry & orientation (FRACHORIZ. WELL << FRACVERT. WELL)- FRACOFFSHORE < FRAC ONSHORE- Mud Weight, wellbore Temp°, Lithology, ...
NUMEROUS ATTEMPTS …ALL METHODS ARE APPROXIMATIONS
The ’less worse’: EATON
( ) LOTPP PPPSFRAC ≤+−
−= *
1 ννFRAC ≤ PLOT
POISSON ’s RATIO => Kwith 0.33 < ν < 0.45
ln(K) = a * ln(depth) + b
equation equivalent to SOBG
DEFAULT COEFFICIENTS with depth in feet
a bsoft fm 0.226 -2.667hard fm 0.354 -3.607
FRAC
SOBG
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
depth
sg (EMW)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
WELL PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
Theoretical Pressure tests types
TO CHECKpossible leaks
along casing or linerequipments
beforedrilling out
cement
Casing and/orLiner Test
TO CHECKpossible leaksat casing shoe
(cement: presenceand hardness)
after drilling outcasing shoe
SBTShoe Bond Test
TO DETERMINEthe maximun pressureup to ‘‘leak off’’ = PLOT
which can be appliedat the first
permeable level
below the shoe(or no more than 50m)
LOTLeak Off Test
FITForm. Integrity T.
Equivalent to LOT,TO CONFIRM
the validity of formerLOT at shoe
with cracking theformation PFIT PLOT
while drillingthe new section
≤
DRILLER interest DRILLER & GEOLOGIST interest
PracticallyPERFORM IN A ROW (‘RAT HOLE’ DRILLED)
UP TO FRACTURATION/INJECTIVITY THROUGH THE FORMATIONOR at a LOWER PRESSURE (assumed to be valid as PLOT),
DEPENDING ON EXPECTED FORM. PRESS. ALONG THE SECTION
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
PRESSURE RECORDING PLOTMeasurements for the determination of the maximun mud weight
permitted for drilling (ECD) without loss of circulation
METHOD: Increasing the mud pressure,generally using Cement Unit pump(s),by shut-in-well (well closed)
Pre
ssur
e (p
si)
Volume (bbl) Time (min)
THEORITICAL
PUMPING BLEED OFF
11
LINEAR INCREASE IN ANNULAR PRESSURE,PROPORTIONAL TO THE VOLUME PUMPED,AT CONSTANT MUD FLOW RATE
PLOT
2
2DEPARTURE FROM LINEAR SLOPE: START OF ‘LEAK OFF’ => PLOT => AS PUMPING CONTINUES, MUDPENETRATING/INJECTING THE FORMATION
PINJECTIVITY
3a
3a CRACKING and INJECTIVITY THROUGHTHE FORMATION => STOP PUMPING
3b
3b END OF INJECTIVITY (fracture propagation)WELL STILL CLOSED (TIME > 15 min)
4
4END OF TEST: PRESSURE PURGE=> COMPARE VolPUMPED vs VolRETURNED
paper print
screen plot
computer
MUDLOGGING UNIT
+++
CEMENT UNIT
+--
Pressure outputs
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
EQUIVALENT MUD WEIGHT: EMWP
ress
ure
(psi
)
Time (min)Volume (bbl)
PUMPING
PLOT
PINJECTIVITY
FRACTUREPROPAGATION
BLEED OFF
In OBM well, the ‘pumping phase’might be smoothly curved,
due to fair oil compressibility
EMW PTVDBRT
MWLOT= +* .07032(g/cc) (g/cc)
(m)
(psi)
(conversionfactor)
examplePLOT = 1250 psiShoe = 1820 mTVDBRTMW = 1.22 g/ccVolPUMPED = 5.50 bblVolRECOV = 4.25 bbl
CONVERSION: 1 14 2210
14 220 7032
1 42 160
2psi kg cm
bbl gal liters
= =
≈ ≈
. / (.
. )
EMW = 1.70 g/cc
Injected through formation: => 1.25 bbl = 200 liters
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
CHARACTERISTIC PROFILES
Csg Test1 SBT2
CASINGSHOE
LOT3
Permeable bed
FIT4
Permeable bed
Permeable bed
SOB !
P (psi)
V (bbl) T (min)
(15 min)
VOLRECOV = VOLPUMPED
P (psi)
V (bbl) T (min)
VOLRECOV VOLPUMPED≅
P (psi)
Volume (bbl) Time (min)
FRACTUREPROPAGATION
VOLRECOV < VOLPUMPED
P (psi)
Volume (bbl) Time (min)
FRACTUREPROPAGATION
VOLRECOV<< VOLPUMPED
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
PRESSURE ANALYSES
CEMENT
RAT HOLE
CASINGSHOE
FRACTUREPROPAGATION
P (psi)
Volume (bbl) Time (min)
BA
PLOT > Ppropag.1
VOLRECOV << VOLPUMPED
P (psi)
Volume (bbl) Time (min)
AB FRACTURE
PROPAGATION
PLOT = Ppropag.2
VOLRECOV < VOLPUMPED
SBTPOOR or WEAK CEMENT JOBPOSSIBLE REMEDIAL JOB?
GOOD CEMENT JOB,SAFE in case of KICK CONTROL(CIRCULATION through CHOKES)
LOTHIGH PROPAGATION INTOre-OPENED FRACTURES,
LIMITED ‘ECD’ WHILE DRILLINGFORMATION NOT DAMMAGED
BELOW THE SHOE
+
SOB !
? ?
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
S U M M A R YSAMPLING PROCESS:
- SAMPLES: Why? and Types?- SAMPLES: Preservation ... what for?
SAMPLING: BASIC RULESCUTTING PREPARATIONWASH OUT SAMPLE EVALUATIONCUTTING PERCENTAGE ACCURACY and VISUAL ESTIMATIONDESCRIPTION and Order Standardization:
General RECOMMENDATIONS1 - ROCK NAME2 - COLOUR3 - HARDNESS / INDURATION4 - TEXTURE: General
SummarySEDIMENTARY PARTICLESCARBONATE DESCRIPTION
5 - MATRIX and CEMENT6 - FOSSILS and ACCESSORIES7 - Apparent POROSITY8 - OIL SHOWS: Generalities
ObservationComments
SAMPLE PROCESSING
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
SAMPLING PROCESS (1)
AIM OBSERVATION and EVALUATION OF FORMATION DRILLED,SUMMARIZED IN MUDLOG DOCUMENT, ON RIGSITE
SOLIDS samples FLUIDS samples
=> to rebuiltlithological
column
=> to visualisereservoir
characterisation
=> to identifytrue
formation fluids
=> to preciserheology
(drilling fluid)
CUTTINGSUnwashed (UNW)
Washed & Wet (W&W)Washed & Dried (W&D)
( + spot samples)
CORES+
wax preservedsamples
FORMATION SAMPLES MUD SAMPLES
Prior logging job,New mud type
(per Drlg phase)...
WHY?
SAMPLES
TYPES?LiquidsCond
OilWater
Gas
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
SAMPLING PROCESS (2)
PRESERVATIONMODE
SAMPLES
LABORATORYSTUDIES
measurement(on rigsite)
&
analysis(in town)
BAGScotton, paper,
plastic,aluminium,glass pills
CORESCUTTINGS
BOXESwooden
(preferably)or plastic
W&DW&W
UNW
=>Accurate DESCRIPTIONLithology
CALCIM., FLUO.,Shale density
Thin sections, ...
HCb extraction, TOC (W&W)Heavy Mals identification
Microfauna, ...
=> Rough descriptionCHIPS observationCALCIM., FLUO.
(thin sections)
PETROPHYS. on PlugsSCAL (Phi-K, matrix, Sw)
SEDIMENTOLOGYon slabbed core
MUDSAMPLES
Liquidsjerricansbottles
GasPVT cellschamber
FORMATIONSAMPLES
CANSJerricans
Quick lookDensity (API),
Pour Point,Resistivity
& Salinity, ...
ComponentC1 ... C5
CO2, H2S
same analysis more accurate+ Volume Factor (Bo, Bg)+ Gravity, Finger prints, ...
Mud weightOBM: Elect. stability
O/W ratio, ...WBM: Rm, Rmf, Rmc
Visc, Gels, ...
rarely to none
SOLIDS samples FLUIDS samples
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
SAMPLING: BASIC RULES«UNFORESEEN EVENTS OCCUR ONLY ONCE DURING WELL DURATION»
NEVER MISS OPPORTUNITY TO COLLECT SAMPLES
S
OTHERWISE
YOU CAN BE TRAPPED !AND LOOSE SOME IMPORTANT WELL DATA
SOLID SAMPLES LIQUID SAMPLES
=> WHILE TRIPPING/FISHING ...
rock samples remainingstuck on BHA:
- bit (tricone)- stabilizers- junk basket- ...
Bigger cuttings fornicer thin sections
=> WHILE TESTING ...
no flow on surface ornothing while reverse circulation
(but test «technically successful !»)
CHECK below DST string
=> WHILE DRILLING ...
... Oil on Shale-Shakers(fractures indicator ?)
THUS
. . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
CUTTINGS PREPARATION
UNWASHED sample WASHED sampleDEPTH
COARSEsieve
MEDIUMsieve
FINEsieve
WRITTEN WITH PENCIL THROUGH SIEVES COLUMNFROM SHALE SHAKERS SIEVES
RAW & MIXED CUTTINGSEMBEDDED
WITH MUD includingADDITIVE PRODUCTS(Polymers, LCM, ...)
• FOR CHECKING POSSIBLE CAVINGS• BIGGER CUTTINGS MAY BE USED for:
- SELECTIVE CALCIMETRY- THIN SECTIONS
FOR PERCENTAGE EVALUATION& FOR DESCRIPTION
(Medium and Fine granulometric sizesmay be mixed)SUCK EXTRA WATER
with towel,sponge,paper filter, ...
STEEL / INOX
flat area
GLASS-WATCH
curved
ALUMINIUM DISH
undulatedarea
SAMPLE TRAYS
RECOMMENDED . . . . . . . . . . . . IF NOTHING ELSE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
GEOLOGICAL WASH OUT
WASH OUT EVALUATION
• Possible ORIGIN:. formations poorly cemented, indurated, ... . and/or inappropriate drilling fluid (mud)
• PHENOMENA:Drilling with almost no WOB (‘jetting’) => vf-f SD/SSTWashable CL/CLST, SLST, ...
• Surface DETECTION in Mudlogging unit:Samples do not reflect the expected lithologyVolume cuttings recovered << Volume drilled
• Final Consequences => Miss DATA, borehole instability
• How to solve the situation?Wash samples yourself & check residue inside sinkLook for ‘lost’ samples: flow-line, sand-trap, ...Washed out evaluation:
• Other: unexpected SALT, drilled ... with WBM not saturated
Mudlogging crew => DECIDE & ACTthen ... INFORM => Drlg Supervisor %606.02.0
%404.08.0
=>=
−+
=
=>=
=
HhH
Hh
xCLAY
HhxSAND
H
Height BEFORE ...
h
Height AFTER ...
WASHINGsieves set
coarse
medium
fine
Raw percentageafter washing:
SAND: 80%CLAY: 20%
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
ACCURACYEXPECTED ?
±1000
remember:5% TRACES
CUTTING PERCENTAGE ACCURACY
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
CUTTING PERCENTAGE ESTIMATION
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
WELLSITE GEOLOGIST
=> EXAMINE SEVERAL SAMPLES IN A ROW ... for updating theinterpretated lithological column ... and KEEP LAST SIGNIFICANT ONES
BUT AVOID TO «fill up volume» for the base Geologist!
OBSERVE under«same conditions»
TIME => hardnessLIGHT => colourFOCUS => texture
. . .
USE«usual codification»
STANDARD
ABBREVIATIONS
REPORTMAIN
ROCK
FEATURES
RECOGNIZE andDISREGARD
CAVINGS and«other
contaminants»
BE CONSISTANT BE HOMOGENEOUS BE ACCURATEBE SELECTIVE BE CONCISE
NOTEDOMINANT
SIGNIFICANT
DETAILS
limestoneLMST
LST LS Lime-stone
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (1):GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
1 - ROCK NAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and abundance (estim.%)
2 - COLOUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . under Cst lighting
3 - HARDNESS / INDURATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . subjective appreciation
4 - TEXTURE: rock’s components . . . . . . . . . . . . characteristic elements
5 - MATRIX and/or CEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . mechanical/chemical process
6 - FOSSILS & ACCESSORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . secondary rock particles
7 - POROSITY (apparent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . qualitative evaluation
8 - OIL SHOWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ephemeral approach fct(rock Phi,K)
DESCRIPTION ORDER
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (2):BASIC RULES or STANDARDISATION
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (3): 1 - ROCK NAME
Six (6) BASICCATEGORIES OF ROCKS
ARGILLACEOUSSH ShaleCLST ClaystoneMRL Marl
CARBONATESLS/LMST LimestoneDOL DolomiteCHK Chalk
SILICEOUSSLST SilstoneSD SandSST SandstoneCHT Chert
ANH AnhydriteGYP GypsumSA or HAL Salt
EVAPORITES
COAL CoalLIG LigniteBIT Bitumen
ORGANICS
BM BasementBAS BasaltGRT Granite SSDD - SXSTMiscellaneous
NOTE: DIATOMITE and RADIOLARITE may be encountered, but «FORAMINIFERITE» generally corresponds to an intensive washing of Argillaceous deposits !
PERCENTAGE QUALIFIERSLess than 5 = TRACES
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (4): 2 - COLOUR
SAMPLE TRAY: a- MUSHROOMS, TOMATO, ...b- CHEESE, NODDLES, ...c- MEAT, PAPRIKA, ... , Oil
ROCK COLOUR DEPENDS ON:
a- CONSTITUENT GRAINSb- MATRIX and/or CEMENTc- STAINING (mud products, iron, ... , OIL) STRESS ON PREDOMINANT COLOURSTRESS ON PREDOMINANT COLOURREDDISH to LIGHT BROWN
(rdsh-lt brn)
BROWNISH to ORANGE(brnsh-or)
TRAFFIC LIGHTSfor
COLOUR BLIND WSG
for more details, see theROCK COLOR CHART
(The Geological Society of America)representing the:
U.S. Geological Survey, AAPG, ...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (5): 3 - HARDNESS / INDURATION
MOH’s scale (standard Mineral and Qualifying terms)
1 - TALC loose, uncons. lse, uncons 2 - GYPSUM friable fri 3 - CALCITE soft sft 4 - FLUORINE plastic plas 5 - APATITE firm frm 6 - ORTHOCLASE brittle (as coal) brit 7 - QUARTZ moderately hard mod hd 8 - TOPAZ hard hd 9 - CORUNDUM very hard v hd 10- DIAMOND very hard v hd
French scale
Ta your
Grosse huge
Concierge caretaker
Follement madly
Amoureuse in love
Ose dares
Quémander asking
Tes your
Caresses divine
Divines caresses
(brittle)
(very hard)(friable)
(soft)
ROP WBM OBM
ANHYDRITE v slow pasty, soft mod hd
SALT v fast «lost» firm
NAIL: 2.5
GLASS: 5.5
STEEL: 6.5
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (6): 4 - TEXTURE: GENERAL
ORGANISATION of the COMPONENT ELEMENTS of the ROCK
(simplified WENTWORTH scale)
SIZE ARRANGEMENT
extr wl srt
v wl srt
wl srt
mod srt
pr srt
v pr srt
mono-modal
poly-modal
ROUNDNESS:edges sharpness
v angang
sbangsbrnd
rndwl rnd
v elongelong
sli elongsli spher
spherv spher
SHAPE
SPHERICITY:shape of the grain(ratio width/length)
CLASTICS size of CARBONATESGrains element Crystals
Mud - Clay < 20µ crpXln - mXln
Silt 20 - 63µ extrXln
vf - f 63 - 250µ vfXln - fXln
med - v crs 250µ - 2mm medXln - vcrsXln
Granule-Boulder 2 - 256mm extrcrsXln
SORTING:grains range size
pr gdfr
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (7): 4 bis - TEXTURE summary
ROCK GRAINS / CRYSTALS ORGANISATION
SIZE SORTING
SHAPE
ROUNDNESS
SPHERICITY
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEXTURE: SEDIMENTARY PARTICULES
very coarse
coarse
medium
fine
very fine
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
CLASSIFICATION according to DEPOSITIONAL TEXTURE
Structures of ELEMENTS
CARBONATE DESCRIPTION
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (8): 5 - MATRIX and/or CEMENT
M A T R I X C E M E N T
OF SMALL INDIVIDUAL GRAINS,BETWEEN LARGER GRAINS,
FILLING INTERSTICES
AROUND GRAINS or CRYSTALS,OFTEN BOUNDED TO THE SEDIMENT ,FILLING INTERSTICES and/or VOIDS
Silica, Calcite, Dolomite,Pyrite, Salt, ...
MECHANICALDEPOSIT
CHEMICALPRECIPITATE
Silt, Clay
BOTH REDUCINGPOROSITY
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
F O S S I L S A C C E S S O R I E S
EASY TO RECOGNISE, DIFFICULT TO IDENTIFYMINOR ROCK PARTICLES ARE USEFUL
FOR CORRELATIONS and FOR ENVIRONMENT INDICATORSeven if it is A SPECIALIST ’S job
=> INFORMATION on ORIGIN and HISTORY of the SEDIMENT
FORAMINIFERAGASTROPODS
PELECYPODS
CORALS
ALGAE
OSTRACODS
BRYOZOA
. . .
(crystal, framboid) PYRITE => DIAGENETIC, CONFINED DEPOSITS
GLAUCONITE => MARINE: EXTERNAL SHELF
CALCITE => FAULT, RECRYSTALL
(BIOT, MUSC => detrit acid rocks) MICA (CHLORITE => fluvio -marine)SCATTERED GRAINS (Org.Mat, Coal, Gyps., ...l
HEAVY MINERALS (APATITE: detritic, PO4 deposits)
«lithics rock fragments»magnet => Fe-Mg minerals
. . .
MINERALSORGANISMS
PERCENTAGE QUALIFIERS
> 10 % Abundant 5-10 % Minor 1-5 % Rare < 1 % Trace
and COLOUR
DON’T FORGET
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (9):6 - FOSSILS & ACCESSORIES
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
softsedimentssolid or liquid ?
0 - 5% negligable visual porosity (n vis por: nvp)
5 - 10% poor porosity (p vis por)
10 - 15% fair/medium visual porosity (fr/med vis por)
15 - 20% good visual porosity (g vis por)
20 - 25% very good visual porosity (vg vis por)
PERCENTAGE QUALIFIERS
INTERGRANULAR
INTRAGRANULAR
MOLDIC
VUGGYINTERCRYSTALLINE
FRACTURE
CONNECTED or ISOLATED network ?
cuttings?CORE => OK
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (10):7 - APPARENT POROSITY
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
STRONGEST SHOWSDO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT
THE BEST RESERVOIR
- mud weight flushed while drilling- mud types (WBM, OBM) samples washing- bits used cuttings size
SHOWS ARE FUNCTION OF:DESCRIPTION ORDER
FLUORESCENCE (direct)ODOUR & COLOUR: intensity
DISTRIBUTION: staining & bleedingFLUORESCENCE
(cut, residual)
ONE OF THE MAIN INTEREST OF A WELLknowing that:
SHOWS AREEPHEMERAL
(highly volatile)
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (11):8 - OIL SHOWS: Generalities
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (12):8bis - OIL SHOWS: Observation
SOLVENT FLUORESCENCE (crushed sample)
OIL ODOUR & OIL COLOURthe stronger, the darker (dk brnsh), the lower °API
the fainter, the lighter (lt yelsh), the higher °API
3
OIL STAINING & BLEEDING
DISTRIBUTIONEVENMOTTLED very good >40%PATCHY good 20-40%SPOTTY fair 10-20%SPECKLED poor 1-10%PINPOINT very poor 1-2 grainsNIL
(RATING roughly= 1/permeability)
2
BRIGHT => DULL => PALE => FAINT (strong to weak)
INTENSITY+ -
CUT 1 SPEED flash: instant. fast: < 5sec slow: 5-10sec crush:‘needle’
2 STRENGTH strong weak faint
3 FORM blooming streaming (sl, mod, ...)
4 COLOR brown, gold, ...
4a 4bTEST TUBES PAPER FILTER
solventreference
solventreference
sample
EASY STORAGE forlater comparisons
RIGSITE COMPARISONS(test tubes or white porcelaine)
RING FLUORESCENCE or RESIDUAL
FLUORESCENCE DIRECT SOLVENT
Minerals (calcite, ...) YES NO Bitumen ‘Dead Oil’ NO YES Crude Oil YES YES 41
RING
DEPTH
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
‘CUT FLUORESCENCE’
PERFORM ON
DRY POWDERED SAMPLE
(before calcimetry analysis)
+++ CHLOROTHEN (fairly toxic ... only!)
++ ACETONE (satisfactory for heavy Hcb)
+ ETHER (volatile, for light soluble Hcb)
- TETRACHLORID (poison very toxic!)
SOLVENTS DIR CUT 3 2 1 1 2 3
VENTILATEDAREA
MUDPRODUCTS
&ADDITIVES
DIRECT FLUO OIL Gravity
main COLOUR deg API g/cc
Brownish <15° >0.97
Orange 15-25° 0.97-0.90
Gold yel-grnsh 25-35° 0.90-0.85
White-Milky 35-40° 0.85-0.80
Whitish-Blueish >45° <0.80
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (13):8ter - OIL SHOWS: Comments
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
LABORATORY: ANALYSIS & MEASUREMENTS
L A B O R A T O R Y S U M M A R Y
MEASUREMENTS:- CALCIMETRY- SHALE DENSITY
ANALYSIS:- CHEMICAL TEST (Sulfates, Cement, Chlorides, Coal & Lignite)- OIL «POUR POINT» Temperature- THIN SECTIONS
STAINING:- CALCITE COLORATION- OTHERS: Carbonates and Feldspars
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
CALCIMETRY Measurement
CALCIMETER CARBONATE CONTENT(mechanical or electronic)
CORROSIVE ATTACK USING HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCl 50%)ON WASHED & DRY CRUSHED / POWDERED ROCK (1 g),
either RAW and/or SELECTED samplesTHE APPARATUS RECORDS
THE CO2 PRESSURE PRODUCED (BOURDON tube)
COMPLETE REACTION achieved after 1 30 +min,depending on LST-DOL content ( ...dolomimetry)
Report values after ‘1 min’ AND after ‘stabilization’(NEVER CHANGE CALCIMETRY SCALE ON MASTERLOG)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100%
PERCENTAGE
TIM
E (m
in)
0
10
20
LEAK
a
b
c
d
BLEED OFF
e
1mn CHECK:
- On Chart: depth and curve readings- Under microscope / binoccular: residue (Qz, clay, other Minerals, Org. matter, ...)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
SHALE DENSITY Measurement
soapyWATER
d1displacement in AIR
d2displacement in WATER
ccgdd
ddSH /
211
−=
ApparentSHALE DENSITY
MICROSOL METHOD(Geoservices)
VARIABLE-DENSITYCOLUMN METHOD
Calibration Chart
FAIR RESULTS IN OBM(Oil Base Mud)
VAPORS HIGHLY TOXIC(Bromoform 2.85sg,
Trichloroethane, 1.47sg ...)
WASHED & HUMID samples and at least 3 MEASUREMENTS per level
ACCURACY & RELIABILITYNOT EFFICIENT
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL TESTS
remember: Always add acid to water, not the opposite way round
BaCl2
WHITEPRECIPITATE
BaSO4
HEAT(destroy CO3)
DECANT(filter paper)
SULPHATES(GYPSUM, ANHYDRITE)
HCl (10%) ‘‘SST, tan-gy, vf-f,w cmtd, p calc,
rare Glauco, ... ‘‘
CEMENT
TURNING to REDDISH-PURPLE with
PHENOLPHTALEIN (pH 8.3)‘‘CEMENT components are a BASE»
(Sandstones are not)
CHLORIDES
+filter
AgNO3[N/10]
whiteprecipitate
distilledwater
CHECK withMud Engineer
forquantitative test
COAL & LIGNITE
HNO3 (10%)
SHAKEand
DECANT
brownishLIGNITE
transparentCOAL
CHECK yourfingers if notconvinced !
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
THIN SECTIONS
glass slide
ARKA
NSO
N s
tick
‘ARKANSON’ MOLTEN(MUST NOT BOILED)
HOT PLATE
PLACE the SAMPLES
frosted glass
RUD DOWN UNIFORMYwith ABRASIVE POWDERS
(300 => 600)
HELP TO IDENTIFY ROCK TYPES (mainly eruptives, ...) on SELECTED SAMPLES
6
21
5
43
7 8
300
600
REVERSE (B) OVER (A)
REMOVE (B)
MAINTAIN ‘SAMPLES’ with needles to eliminate air bubbles
PLACE some QUARTZ grains at slide corners
(A)
(B)
Qz
RE-HEAT GLASS SLIDE (A) WITH ‘SAMPLES’
HEAT NEW GLASS SLIDE (B) WITH ‘ARKANSON’
RUB DOWN SAMPLESwith thinner
Abrasive Powders
TOAPPROPRIATE
THICKNESS
Put a COVER SLIDE or not (=> see ‘stain tests’)
‘rolling’ yellow
too thick
‘rolling’ grey
OK
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
OIL «POUR POINT» TEMPERATURE
OILphase
behaviourSOLIDstate
LIQUIDstate
TEMPERATURE
POURPOINT(°C / °F)
intoFRIDGE
ambiantTemp°
FIRST DROPLIQUID
AIM RAW OIL CHARACTERISTICS during SAMPLING(°API, viscosity, ...)
1
2
5 °C
40 °C
METHODOLOGY
COOL DOWN the OIL sample to the COMPLETE SOLID state
REPORT the POUR POINT Temp° at the FIRST OCCURRENCE of LIQUID phase
note: NEVER DO IT from LIQUID to SOLID state
2
1
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
STAINING TEST: CALCITE COLORATION
HELP TO IDENTIFY CARBONATE ROCKS COMPONENTS on Cores & Cuttings
REAGENT1 gram ALIZARIN RED ‘S’1 liter distilled water (998cc)5 drops HCl [N] (2cc)
CALCITE
DOLOMITE PROCEDURE
APPLY 1-2 DROPS of SOLUTIONLEAVE TO DRYOBSERVE under Microscope
SAMPLES (Core chips, Drill cuttings)
MUST BE ‘CLEAN & DRY’
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
OTHER (advanced) STAINING TESTS
1 ml HCl1 ml Alizarin red1 ml saturated Potassium Ferricyanide8 ml distilled water
Dip 1 min on polished sample, Let stand until dry
RED pure CALCITEPURPLE ferrugineous (Fe++) CALCITELIGHT BLUE ferrug. DOLOMITE Ca,Mg/Fe(CO3)2
DARK BLUE ANKERITE Ca,Fe(CO3)2
CARBONATES
A
B
* Etch polished surface in close vessel of HF ( hydrofluoric acid) vapor for 5 min
* Dip sample (quickly 2 times ‘in & out’ into 5% BaCl2 solution; then, rinse
* Place sample for 1 min into saturated Sodium Cobaltrinitrate solution (40g in 100 ml water)
YELLOW Potassium FELDSPAR (Alkali)
* Cover etch with rhodizonate reagent; then, rinse(reagent: 0.2g rhodizonic acid potassium salt in 30ml water)
RED Plagioclase FELDSPAR (Na, Ca)
ALWAYS WORKUNDER HOOD
+ RUBBER GLOVES+ GOGGLES
(dangerous acid fumes)
HYDROFLUORIC ACIDor HIGH FREQUENCY
Damned! HF ?
FELDSPARS
PRECIPITATE of SILVER CHROMATE ON CALCITE(no stain on Dolomite)
Dip in solution AgNO3 at 60°C for 3 sec ( rinse with water to eliminate excess)Dip in solution K2CrO4 at 10% for 30 sec ( rinse & leave to dry)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
CORES & CORINGS U M M A R Y
- GENERALITIES. POLICY ‘AGREEMENT’. WHY CORING?. WHEN CORING?. WHAT FOR?
- EQUIPMENT and TECHNICS. CORE BARREL and CORE BIT. AXIAL and LATERAL CORING
- CORING OPERATION. MUDLOGGING ASSISTANCE. CORE RECOVERY: general
- METHODOLOGY. UNSLEEVED CORE. SLEEVED CORE. CORE ORIENTATION and LABELLING. PRESERVED SAMPLE: S.C.A.L.
- LABORATORY. PLUGS and SLABBED SECTIONS. ORIENTATION: Dip & Deviated wells
- Finally: ‘‘CORING: it’s good ...’’
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
CORING: POLICY ‘AGREEMENT’
CORE with CARE
CARE with CORE
CONTRACT’sOWNER ...
... CONTRASTEDRESULTS
CORING IS EXPENSIVE and IT CAN BE A CONTINGENCY OPERATION
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
WHY CORING ?
BRING TO SURFACE
A COLUMNOF THE DRILLED FORMATION
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
WHEN to cut a CORE?
EXPLORATIONEXPLORATIONWELLSWELLS
- -
WHEN THE FORMATION EXHIBITS SHOWSCHARACTERISTICS of POTENTIAL RESERVOIR
CORING
WHEN UNKNOWN or UNEXPECTEDGEOLOGICAL CONTEXT
FOR BASEMENT IDENTIFICATION (TD CORING) . . .
DELINEATION &DELINEATION &DEVELOPMENT WELLSDEVELOPMENT WELLS
FOR RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION PURPOSESOF KNOWN RESERVOIR and THEIR BOUNDARIES
CORING
FOR PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS
FOR GEOLOGICAL MODELLING ,. . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
CORING: WHAT FOR? (AIMS)GEOLOGICAL
ENVIRONMENTRESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
STATIC parameters DYNAMIC
• Facies deposition• Sedimentary sequences• Fracturation network• Dip (apparent, structural)• Thin sections: microfossils, mineralogy, petrography• ...
SEDIMENTOLOGIST, PALEONTOLOGIST,
...
• Matrix: Rhoma, Phie ‘m’, ‘n’ & ‘a’ coeff.• Water Saturation Sw• Shaliness distribution => barriers• Correlations• ...
LOG ANALYST
• PLUGS (surface cond.): - Phi, K (horiz. and vert.)• SCAL (downhole cond.): - Irreducible Swirr - Relative permeabilities - Kro, Krw, => wettability• ...
RESERVOIR Eng.
ARE THESE ENOUGH PURPOSESand/or REASONS TO TAKE GREAT CAREDURING & AFTER CORING ? in view of
... the GEOLOGICAL MODEL
YES,. . . almost!
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
CORING EQUIPMENT
CORE BARREL(DBS)
CORE BITS(DBS)
IMPREGNATED(DIAMOND type)
CUTTERS(PDC type)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
CORING TECHNIQUES
AXIAL CORING
CORE BARREL
ADVANTAGES
LIMITATIONS
• ‘CONTINUOUS’ RECORD• Possible ORIENTATED (Dip, Azimuth)• PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
minimally disturbed• Various INNER TUBES:
. Aluminium, Fiberglass
. Rubber sleeve, Sponge, ...
• SLOW and EXPENSIVE• Possible POOR RECOVERY along:
. FRACTURED zones
. UNCONSOLIDATED formations
SIDEWALL
LATERAL CORING
• WIRELINE ACQUISITION• FAST & CHEAP• RUN at ANYTIME (preferably at TD)• SELECTED SAMPLES (after logging)• PERCUSSION or MECHANICAL bullets• Mineralogy studies, ...
• DISCONTINUOUS RECORD• MODERATE RECOVERY
(flushed zone)• NO ‘Phi-K’ ANALYSES
DRILLING Departments ‘prefer not to core; but, they want: «high ROP, long footage, not too many trips, no twist-off, not to be stuck, ...»’ (BHI Coring Seminar)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
... UNDER ‘WELLSITE GEOLOGIST’ RESPONSIBILITY
CORING OPERATION & MUDLOGGING ASSISTANCE
TBnb
1 - BEFORE Coring. CHECK (or prepare) CORE TRAYS on rig floor and/or CORE BOXES:
=> Quantity (length cored + 10%), Order (numbering & labelling). DATABASE: INCREASE SAMPLING RATE => every 0.5m, instead of 1m. CHECK ‘SPP & FR’:
- before dropping the ball: mud circulates through the inner tube- after dropping the ball: mud circulates in annulus, between ‘outer barrel-inner tube’
?
2 - WHILE Coring. ADJUST coring param’ (reduced compared to drilling phase) according to Core-man,. RECORD & MONITOR, as usual, all parameters (including lithological control),. DETECT eventual troubleshootings: core jammed/broken, connections, worn bit, ...
... in order to stop coring, if necessary.
3 - STOP Coring. BREAK the core by pulling up (the core catcher retains the core in the inner tube)
when the core barrel is full or if no more penetration is observed,. PULLING OUT the core assembly WITHOUT CIRCULATING at TD
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
CORING OPERATION: RECOVERYUNSLEEVED CORE
B1
Top
T1
Tn Bn
Bottom
LAY DOWNon
DRILL-FLOOR
BETTER OBSERVATIONS ON RIGSITE
CORE-BARREL
CATCHINGCORE BOXES
SLEEVED CORE
LAY DOWNon
PIPE-RACK / WALKWAYHammer,Plastic bags
Electric saw + caps & clipsto seal each section
=> inner tubes: => main use:RUBBER SLEEVE: soft / unconsol. FmFIBER GLASS: more and more usedALUMINIUM: high Temp° FmORIENTED CORING dip, fractur., direct.K, ...Sponge: Fluid recovery (?)
BETTER PRESERVATION for TRANSPORTATION ... ALWAYS UNDER ‘WELLSITE GEOLOGIST’ RESPONSIBILITY
BottomTop
B1Tn
CONVENTIONAL PRACTICE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
UNSLEEVED CORECORE RECOVERY
CONVENTIONAL PRACTICE
LAY DOWNon
DRILL-FLOOR
CORE-BARREL
B1
Top
T1
Tn Bn
Bottom
CATCHINGCORE BOXES
Hammer,Plastic bags
BETTER OBSERVATIONS ON RIGSITE
CORE MARKING
CORE EXAMINATION
CORE TRANSPORTATION
CORE PACKAGING
METHODOLOGY
1 - CATCHING CORE BOXES to ‘ML Unit’2 - Rough SHOWS Observation: => Oil staining & bleeding + UV light: Dir.Fluo.
3 - Soft washing with RAGS, BRUSH, Humid Sponge4 - Pieces MATCHING & ORIENTING from Top to Btm into ‘‘DEFINITIVE CORE BOXES’’5 - DRAW ‘Orientation lines’ from TOP to BOTTOM6 - Measuring core & mark depths7 - % recovery= (Recov.Length / Interv.cored) x 100
8 - Detailled SHOWS9 - Litho. description, including sedimentary features, ...10-Labo analyses: calcim., Cut fluo, thin sections, ...
11-Subsidiary, Well Name, Core Nb, Box nb, T B => note: Never write depths outside boxes
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
SLEEVED CORECORE RECOVERY
=> inner tubes: => main use:RUBBER SLEEVE: soft / unconsol. FmFIBER GLASS: more and more usedALUMINIUM: high Temp° FmORIENTED dip, fractu., direct.K, ...Sponge: Fluid recovery (?)
LAY DOWNon
PIPE-RACK / WALKWAY
CORE-BARREL
BottomTop
Electric saw + caps & clipsto seal each section
BnT1
BETTER PRESERVATION for TRANSPORTATION
METHODOLOGY
CORE MARKING
CHIPS EXAMINATION
CORE TRANSPORTATION
CORE PACKAGING
1 - CLEAR a.s.a.p. pipe-rack area, and move ...2 - DEFINITIVE CORE BOXES to ‘ML Unit’3 - COLLECT core chips every meter and place chips inside plastic bags for examination
4 - DRAW / underlined ‘Orientation lines’ T => B5 - NOTCH up with saw each segment / inner tube => for orientation inside ‘inner tubes’6 - Clean with rags & mark depths on tubes7 - % recovery= (Recov.Length / Interv.cored) x 100
8 - SEAL with caps and clip each segments ends9 - Subsidiary, Core Nb, Well Name, Box nb
note: Never write depths outside boxes
10 - A/A ... and fill in ‘Core Description Sheet’
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
CORING: ORIENTING & LABELLING
4
3
2
1
Piecesmatching
3 - 4Good fit
2 - 3Poor fit(one lineeach sideof break)
1 - 2No fit
(two lineseach sideof break)
Orientationlines
LEFT: BLUEor BLACK
RIGHT:RED
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
PRESERVED SAMPLE for SCAL => PHANTOM
… alongGOOD
andPOORfacies
ououHououH
SCAL#1
Btm
SCAL#1
OUCH !
ALUMINIUM FOIL
SCAL
#119
98.5
0-19
98.2
5m
HOOOUU ...!
Btm
CORE
#1
-
box
5/7
TOTA
L O
WL
Lm
td -
well
GHO
ST#1
WAX or PARAFFIN
HOT Bath
Btm
MiaouH
Woou!
SCAL#11998.50 -1998.25m
well: GHOST#1
25 cm
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
CORING & LABORATORYPLUGS
CORE
VPLUG
VERTICALH
PLUG
HORIZONTAL
PREFERABLYCUT AT THE
SAME DEPTH
CHIPS USEDFOR
THIN SECTIONS
SMALL CORES CUTINSIDE ‘MAIN CORE’
STRUCTURAL DIP and/or HOLE DEVIATIONNOT TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT
SLABBED SECTIONS
LONGITUDINALCROSS SECTIONS
(for partners, ref., ...)
3 SCRATCHES FORORIENTED CORING
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
CORING ORIENTATION: DIP & DEVIATED WELL
αSTRUCTURAL DIP
TMD TVDHORIZONTALSECTION
βDEVIATION
ANGLE
DEVIATION AZIMUTH
γβ
α
( )γ α β= °− +90
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
C O R I N G
IT’S GOODIN ANYCASE,
MY DEARCOLLEAGUE !
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
Reporting ‘DGR’ & Coding ‘DDR’
R E P O R T I N G S U M M A R Y
- GEOLOGY:
. REPORTING ... through AGES!
. CURRENT REPORTING: when? & what to report?
. DGR: Daily Geological Report => CEF/SUB form
- GWR: Geological Well Report
- DRILLING:
. OPERATIONS CODING
. OPERATIONS TIMING: planned & unscheduled
. DDR:Daily Drilling Report => FPL/OPS form (‘DAISY’)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
GEOLOGICAL REPORTING through AGES
AIM
DAILY INFORM the SUBSURFACE OPERATIONS GEOLOGIST in BASE
HOW ?
YESTERDAY TODAY
Quantity ofdata
transmitted
Datatransfer
equipment
INFO-RIG
RADIO TELEXPHONE
DOCUMENTS
FAX
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
CURRENT GEOLOGICAL REPORTING
INFO-RIG DOCUMENTS
WHEN ?
WHAT ?
• ON A BASIS ROUTINE=> TWICE A DAY... on pre-scheduled time
• ON UNUSUAL OPERATION=> AT ANY TIMETD, Logging, Coring point, ...
CURRENT SITUATION• DEPTH (TMD/TVD)• OPERATION IN PROGRESS
with details ... if requested(ROP, litho, intervals shows, ...)
• Possible Contractors failures, ...• Oper. planned ... w/ expect. timing• Miscellaneous:
- job: equipm. transp. <=> base- perso: booking ...if any return ticket
afternoon reportingRUSH PRINTS
=> provisional data• MASTERLOG ... if requested• Deviation data ( detailled outprint )• Main ‘LOG’• Raw Pressure & Sampling data• Rush ‘Core description’• ...
morning reportingUPDATED FILES & PRINTS
=> previous day: 00:00 => 24:00
• DAILY GEOLOGICAL REPORT• MASTERLOG• LOGGING files (ie):
- Logg. Supervision Report- Press./ Samples / Temp°, ...
• Core sheets• ...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
DAILY GEOLOGICAL REPORTTOTAL "Subsidiary" DAILY GEOLOGICAL REPORT Well Name
Report: Nb Date: dd/mm/yyyy (abbrev.)
COUNTRY: LICENCE: FIELD: Platform: Slot: Off./OnshoreOperator: Partners: Well Type: Well status:
Rig Name "XXXxx" Contractors Drilling: Mud: Mud Logging: Logging: Other
Coring: MWD: LWD: Testing:
OPERATION SUMMARYSURVEY DATA UNIT m/ft TMDBRT TVDMSL
TMDBRT(m/ft) Angle Azimuth Survey Type TVDBRT(m/ft) delta X(m/ft) delta Y(m/ft) V section(m/ft) RTE MSL 907.4 907.4GL/WD 900 900 PREVIOUS DEPTH 800 107.4
MIDNIGHT DEPTH 1200 -292.6DAILY PROGRESS 400 400Last Casing Shoe : 13 3/8" 310 597OPEN HOLE : 12 1/4" 890 890 MUD type: WBM sg (g/cc, ppg) 1.04
Operation SUMMARY
LAST FORMATION TOPS / LAST MARKERS LAST FORMATION TOPS/LAST MARKERS Delta TVD MSL
TMD BRT(m/ft) TVD MSL(m/ft) Delta X (m/ft) Delta Y(m/ft) (m/ft) TMD BRT(m/ft) TVD MSL(m/ft) Delta X (m/ft) Delta Y(m/ft)Driller/LoggerDriller/Logger
Driller/Logger
LITHOLOGYFrom (TMD) To (TMD) Main Litho LITHOLOGY and DESCRIPTION Fluorescence Formation
(m/ft) (m/ft) Direct Cut
PROGNOSED ACTUAL
GAS SHOWS Gas Analyser Type: BKG:background gas, FG:formation gas, TpG:trip gas, SWG: swabbed gas, PCG: pipe connexion gas, ..
From (TMD) To (TMD) NATURE TG C1 C2 C3 iC4 nC4 iC5 nC5 Remarks(m/ft) (m/ft) (ppm / %) (ppm / %) (ppm / %) (ppm / %) (ppm / %) (ppm / %) (ppm / %) (ppm / %)
OTHER (LOGGING, CORING, SWC, RFT, DST, Remarks)
Status @ 06.00hr: Operations planned:
GEOLOGIST :
=> strictly one A4 sized page=> Expansible item boxes according to operations in progress (ie LOGGING)
1 HEADER:- well data: Name, location, status, type, contractors- daily data: Report nb & Date ... as per DDR
4 DON’T re-COPY the Drilling report (DDR)
2 Focus on main data ... and ‘dog-leg’
3 Midnight depth & Mud data ... as DDR(casing diam & size, ... precise units used)
5 Intervals depth - See ‘lithological description order’
6 Fluorescence summary, Remarks (ROP, calcim.)
7 Interval depths for each gas types (Nature)
8 Unusual operations results (summerized)and ‘mail box’ (equipm. failure, Subsidiary requirem.,Geologist’s Contractors crew change, ...)
9 Morning situation & planned operations for the day
Wellsite Geologist(s) name10
1
32
4
5 6
7
8
9 10
ROCK name, colour, hardness,texture, matrix & cement, fossils &accessories, porosity, Oil shows
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
Geological Well ReportTEXT.doc
PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
SAMPLING SEQUENCE
MUDLOG
PORE PRESSURE
DATA TRANSFER (ASCII)
TOOLBOX - module 7.0
UOY
ASCII files
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
MUDLOG Basic wellsite document
MANUAL ’’ bi-hecto ’’ AUTOMATIC ’’ GWR ’’
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
CORING: Description sheet
GWRCORE SHEET
computer aided designdeliberately
not developed
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
Operations CODING and TIMING (1)
AIM FOR REFERENCING and FILING EACH INTERVENTION & OPERATIONDURING WELL DURATION INTO THE ‘DAILY DRILLING REPORT’
MOVING & RIG UP
A
DRILLING OPERATION
F
CASING & CEMENT C
SIDE-TRACKS
GEOLOGY EVALUATION
G RESERVOIR EVALUATIONW
PRODUCTION:WORK-OVER & COMPLETIONP
PLUG & ABANDON
B
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TIMINGDDR => DECIMAL TIME 2.50(GWR => SEXAGESIMAL 02:30)
00h00 - 24h00
G W
P
F
S
C
PLANNEDOPERATIONS
PRODUCTIVE TIME(PT)
Operations CODING and TIMING (2)
UNSCHEDULEDEVENTS
(DOWNTIME)
NON-PRODUCTIVE TIME(NPT)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
DAILY DRILLING REPORTTOTAL ‘subsidiary’
Well NAME RIG NAME
Geological remarks:- TOP FORMATIONS- Main GAS peaks- ...
DEVIATION SURVEYS
OPERATIONS DESCRIPTION
SUMMARY of OPERATIONS
WELL STATUS at:
OPERATIONS PLANNED
drilling PARAMETERS average
MUD data
Mud PRODUCTS
REMARKS
COMPANY’S REPRESENTATIVE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
ANNEXES
S U M M A R Y
Easy RESEARCH …
Mudlogging KEYWORDS index
Usual CONVERSIONS and EQUIVALENTS
UNIT CONVERTER (general)
Basic Wellsite GLOSSARY(English-Français-Español)
Standard LITHOLOGICAL ABBREVIATIONS: A => K
Standard LITHOLOGICAL ABBREVIATIONS: L => Z
CUTTING DESCRIPTION worksheet (TOTAL & Geoservices forms)
Simplified GEOLOGICAL SRTATIGRAPHIC SCALE
International SPELLING CODE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
EASY RESEARCH … Press to
BASICGLOSSARY
(GB - F - E)
KEYWORDGENERAL INDEX
OIL FIELDABBREVIATIONS
TECHNICALDATA SHEETS
UNITCONVERTER
More … ?
OPEN
CUTTINGDESCRIPTION
SHEET
MUDLOGGINGAUDIT
GEOLOGICALWELL REPORT
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
Mudlogging KEYWORDS index research
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
CONVERSIONS & EQUIVALENTS
VOLUME1 bbl = 159 lit
= 42 gal= 5.61 cuft
1 gal = 3.786 lit1 m3 = 35.31 cuft
= 6.29 bbl1 cuft = 7.48 gal
= 28.32 lit
Gallon expressed in ‘US gal’ (Imperial gal = 1.2 US gal) ppg => pound (lb) per gallon psi => pound per square inch
SPECIFIC GRAVITY1 g/cc = 0.12 ppg1 ppg = 8.345 g/cc
PRESSURE1 kg/cm2 = 14.22 psi1 bar = 14.50 psi1 atm = 14.70 psi1 bar = 1.02 kg/cm2
1 g/cc = 2.31 psi1 psi = 0.433 g/cc1 psia = 1 psig - 14.7
LENGTH1 m = 3.28 ft1 ft = 30.48 cm1 in = 2.54 cm
MASS1 lb = 0.454 kg1 kg= 2.2 lb
TEMPERATURE°C = (°F-32)*5/9°F = (°C*9/5)-32
GRADIENT Pressure:1 psi/100 ft = 2.262 bar/10m1 bar/10m = 44.21 psi /100 ft Temperature:1°C/100m = 0.549°F/100 ft1°F/100 ft = 1.82 °C/100 m
AREA1 acre = 4047 m 2
320 acres = 1.295 km2
1 ha = 10000 m2= 0.1 km2
1 ha = 2.47 acres
°API vs DENSITY(g/cc)
° = −°°
APIsg g cc
FF
@@
.( / )
.6060
14151315
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
UNIT CONVERTER
ANGLEAREACONCENTRATION (mass/mass)CONCENTRATION (vol/vol)DIAMETERELECTRIC POWERENGINE SPEEDFLUID LOSS CoefficientFORCEFRACTURE CONDUCTIVITYFRACTURE TOUGHNESSINVERSE PRESSUREINVERSE TEMPERATUREINVERSE TIMEK PRIMELENGTHMASSMASS GRADIENTPERCENT
38 CATEGORIES INCLUDING MORE THAN 170 UNITS
PERMEABILITYPOWERPRESSUREPRESSURE GRADIENTRATE (mass/time)RATE (vol/time)SPECIFIC HEATSPURT LOSS CoefficientTEMPERATURETHERMAL CONDUCTIVITYTHERMAL GRADIENTTIME TIME RELATIVEVELOCITYVOLUMEVOLUME GRADIENTVOLUME per COUPLINGVOLUME RATIOYIELD (vol/mass)
CLICK HEREto open
UNIT Converter
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
BASIC WELLSITE GLOSSARY
3 SHEETS => 3 sorting keys
CLICK HEREto open
GLOSSARY
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS (non exhautive ) 1/2
Aabout abtabove abvabundant abdaltered altalternating altgamorphous amorand &angular angapproximate apprxarenaceous arenargillaceous argas above a.a., a/aassociated assocat @average av
after SAMPLE EXAMINATION MANUAL - AAPG, 1981
Bbecome/ing bcmbed bdbioclastic bioclblack bkblocky blkyblue blbottom btmbreak brkbright brtbrittle britbrown brn
Ccalcareous calccarbonaceous carbcaving cvgcement cmtchocolate choccirculate/ion circclastic clasclean clnclear clrcoarse crscommon comcompact cpctconchoidal conchconglomerate cglconsolidated consolcream crmcross-bebbed X-bdcross-lamin. X-lamcuttings ctgs Ddark dkdebris debdetrital detrdecrease/ing decrdisseminated dissemdominant/ ly domdirty dty
Eearthy eaelongate elongequivalent equivexcellent exextremely extr
Ffair frferruginous ferrfibrous fibrfine ffissile fisflake:y flkfluorescence fluorforaminifer foramfossil fossfracture:d fracfragment fragfriable fri Ggenerally genglass/y glasglauconite/ic glaucgood gdgrading gradgrey gygreen gn
Hhard hdheavy hvyhigh/ly hihomogenenous homhorizontal horhour/s hrhydrocarbon hc
Iinclusion inclincrease/ing incrindurated indin part i/pinterbedded intbdintercalated intercalintergranylar intgraninterval intvlintrisive intriron Feirregular/ly irr
Jjoint jn
Kkaolin / itic kao
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS (non exhautive ) 2/2
after SAMPLE EXAMINATION MANUAL - AAPG, 1981
Llamina/ tion/ted lamlarge lgelayer lyrlight ltlimy lmylithic litlithology litholittle ltlloose lse
Mmarl/ly mrlmassive massmaterial matmatrix mtrxmilky mkymineral minmoderate modmost/ly mstmud md
Nno sample NSnodule/ar nodno show n/sno visible poro nvpnumerous num
Ooccasional/ly occolive olvoff-white offwhopaque oporange orngorganic org
Pparticle parpatch/y pchpebble pblpellet pelpermeability k, permpetroleum petpink pkplastic plaspour point ppporosity porpredominant/ly predprimary primprobable/bly probpseudo- pspurple purppyroclastic pyrcl
Qquartz qtzquartzite/ic qtzt
Rrare rrecovery/red recred rdremains remrock rkround/ed rnd Ssaccharoid/al saccsame as above aasample splscarse scsscattered scatsecondary secsediment/ary sedshow shwsilica/iceous silsilt/y slt/ysize szslight/ly sli/lysmall smlsoft sftsorted srtstain stnsticky stkystructure strsub- sbsucrosic suc
Uunconsolidated uncons Vvery vvisible visvitreous vitvug/gy vug Wwaxy wxyweathered wthdweak wkwell wlwhite whwith w/without w/owood wd Yyellow yel
Ttan tntexture texthick thkthin thntop tptrace trtranslucent trnsltransparent trnsp
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
CUTTING DESCRIPTION Worksheet
Booklet out of print
Bookletfrom ML
Contractor
A4 size
GWR
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
STRATIGRAPHIC SCALEMESOZOIC PALEOZOICANTHROPOZOIC
HOLOCENE
PLEISTOCENE
CENOZOIC
NEOGENEPLIOCENE
MIOCENE
PALEOGENEOLIGOCENE
EOCENE
PALEOCENE
CRET
ACEO
USJU
RASS
ICTR
IAS
DANIANSENONIANTURONIANCENOMANIAN
ALBIANAPTIANBARREMIANHAUTERIVIANVALANGINIAN
PORTLANDIANKIMMERIDGIANOXFORDIAN
CALLOVIANBATHONIANBAJOCIAN AALENIAN
TOARCIANPLIENSBACHIANSINEMURIANHETTANGIAN
RHETIANKEUPERMUSCHELKALKBUNTSANDSTEIN
LIAS
D
OGGE
R M
ALM
EOCR
ET. N
EOCR
ET.
my
2
4
25
65
my70
95
130
150
180
200
250
my
PERMIAN 250
CARBONIFEROUS 290
DEVONIAN 360
SILURIAN 400
ORDOVICIAN 440
CAMBRIAN 600
PROTEROZOIC
ALGONKIAN 600ARCHEAN... 4500
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
International SPELLING CODE
A ALPHAB BRAVOC CHARLIED DELTAE ECHOF FOX-TROTTG GOLFH HOTELI INDIAJ JULIETTK KILOL LIMAM MIKE
N NOVEMBERO OSCARP PAPAQ QUEBECR ROMEOS SIERRAT TANGOU UNIFORMV VICTORW WISKYX X-RAYY YANKEEZ ZOULOU
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB. . . Natters Around Field . . .
MUDLOGGING CONCLUSION