Science8-

MixandFlowofMatter

Name:________________

Science 8 - Unit A: Topic 1 Notes – Matter on the Move A fluid is a substance which ____________. ** ___________ and _________ are fluids

** ______________ are NOT fluid.

- Solids that are made up of small particles (like salt crystals) can appear to be fluids. They ‘flow’ when you are pouring it out a box. However, a fluid will always flow so that it’s flat along a surface, a solid when it’s poured will form a pile.

- So, a defining characteristic of fluids is that they flow, usually from an

area where there are more particles (_______ ________________) to an area of few particles (_____ _______________).

o Remember this? It’s called ___________. The Three States of Matter

1. _______ – the state of matter where the substance has a definite shape and volume. 2. _________ – a fluid state of matter where the substance has a definite volume, but takes the shape of its container. 3. _____ – a fluid state of matter where the substance does not have a definite shape, but takes the shape of its container. Also, a gas does not have a definite volume, but fills up any container it is in.

*** Particle Model of Matter *** (Rules that a particle in matter follow!!)

There are five rules that apply to all substances and the particles that make them up.

1.

2.

3.

4.

b) The speed of the particles increases when their temperature increases and the

speed decreases when the temperature decreases. *** All particles stop moving at ABSOLUTE ZERO: -273°C. At this temperature

everything, including all gases, freeze!! Turn to solid!

5.

Note: Certain chemicals change from a solid directly to a gas, without first melting into a liquid. This process is known as _____________. The opposite process going from gas to solid is also known as ___________________.

Science8-UnitA:Topic1Quiz

1. Whichofthefollowingstatesofmatteristheproductofvaporization?

a) Solidb) Liquidc) Gasd) Plasma

2. Particlesslidearoundeachotherinthisstate.

a) Solidb) Liquidc) Gasd) Plasma

3. AccordingtotheParticleModelofmatter,allparticlesareattractedtoeachother.

Thisforceofattractioniscalledwhat?

a) Magnetismb) Gravityc) StaticAttractionForced) Noneoftheabove

4. WhichofthefollowingisNOTapartoftheparticlemodelofmatter?

a) Allparticleshavespacesbetweenthem.b) Allparticlesareattractedtoeachotherc) Allmixturesaremadeupofthesamesubstanced) Allsubstancesaremadeupoftinyparticles

5. Whichofthefollowingcannotbeconsideredafluid?

a) FrozenOrangejuiceb) Liquidnitrogenc) Oxygengasd) WaterVapour

6. Whywouldlightparticlesnotbeconsideredmatter?

a) They’resosmallthatyoucan’tseethem.b) They’realwaysmovingc) Theyhavenomass.d) Alloftheabove.

Topic 2: Mixing and Dissolving

Pure Substances Vs. Mixtures - Pure substances: have one type of particle.

Ex: - Elements (from periodic table) like: ____________________ - Compounds like: water, salt and sugar

- Mixtures: contain two or more pure substances, which have their own distinct properties (some of which may be hidden). Two types: Homogenous and Heterogeneous.

1) Homogeneous Mixtures: (Means every part of the mixture is the same!)

- Are mixtures, which look as though they have only one set of particles.

- The blended mixture has equal amounts of both substances (all parts of the mixture are the same).

- If the homogenous mixture does not have any settling of any of the substances it is made of, then it is called a ___________.

- Solutions occur because each particle slips between each other particle and is evenly distributed throughout the entire mixture.

2) Heterogeneous Mixtures (Mixture that contains 2 or more visible parts!) - The properties of the pure substances, in a heterogeneous mixture, are not

hidden.

- If there are two or more materials that are visible within a mixture, then it is called a heterogeneous mixture.

Types of Heterogeneous Mixtures (particles both intact just mixed evenly) - A heterogeneous mixture, in which the particles settle slowly after mixing, is

called a ______________ (eg. orange juice).

- A heterogeneous mixture, in which the particles do not settle at all, is called a __________ (eg. fog) To disperse the particles for a longer period of time, an _______________ __________ (like a protein) is used to form an __________ (eg. mayonnaise)

- Mixtures that are obviously two or more substances are called _______________ _______________. (Separate parts called phases).

What Makes Materials Dissolve?

- Forming a solution by mixing two or more materials together is called

dissolving.

- dissolving occurs because of the _____________ between the particles (there may be a stronger attraction to the particles of another substance, than to the particles of the same substance)

Solutes and Solvents

- The ___________ is the substance that dissolves in a solvent. The ___________ is the substance that dissolves the solute to form a solution.

- Solutes and Solvents can be __________ or ___________.

- _____________ is the amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a particular solvent.

o Eg. The solubility of table salt in water is 36g/100 ml. That means 36 g of salt can be dissolved in 100 ml of water.

What is Concentration?

l Concentration – the amount of solute dissolved in a volume of solvent. l The more solute in a solution, the more _______________ it is.

l Concentration = Mass of Solvent (g) Units for concentration: _____.

Volume of Solvent (ml) Water - the Universal Solvent - called _______________ because it can dissolve many materials. - 97% of the water on Earth is ______ water, 2% is _____ and only about 0.5% is '________' (and even this has materials already dissolved in it that can be harmful).

The Rate of Dissolving

l The speed at which the solute dissolves in a solvent is called the rate of dissolving and can be affected by:

l _______________ (stirring or shaking) l _______________ l _______________ l ______________ powdered sugar dissolves faster than a

sugar-cube because more sugar particles are in contact with water.

How Much Can Be Dissolved?

l The highest concentration that a solute can be dissolved in water is called _________. If you keep pouring sugar into a coffee and the sugar doesn’t dissolve anymore, you’ve reached saturation.

l A _______________ is one in which no more solute will dissolve in a specific amount of solvent at a specific temperature.

l An _____________________ is one in which more solute can be dissolved

in a specific solvent at the same specific temperature.

l Solubility Chart (p. 20).

l Using the particle theory, the attractive forces between the particles becomes balanced and no more particles of the solute can be attracted by the particles of the solvent.

Beyond the Limit: Supersaturated Solutions - Solution that contains more solute than would normally dissolve at a certain

temperature is called a _______________________ Cleaning Up with Solvents - Not all solute will dissolve in solvents. ___________ means not able to be

dissolved in a particular solvent.

- Certain solvents are used for special circumstances because they will dissolve some solutes that water and other solvents cannot. l Eg. rubbing alcohol is use to dissolve chlorophyll - grass stains, because

the particles have strong attractions.

Topic 3- Separating Earth’s Mixtures

- The Earth is rich in natural mixtures. Separating Mixtures

- when fluids are used to make solids flow, the solids must later be ________________ - _________________methods are designed to take advantage of the unique properties of the substances that have been mixed Desalinating Water

- the ___________ __________ method (much like distillation) is inexpensive, but slow, and only practical in areas which receive a lot of bright ________________ - ________________ _______, along the Red Sea, use lots of energy and are very expensive to operate. Dehydration - The process of removing water from a solution is called ____________ - the solvent (which is the water, in most cases) is separated from the solution by means of __________________ - ________________ is a separation method that allows all the liquid fractions of a mixture to be separated from each other and collected independently

Processing Petroleum

- _______________ is a natural mixture of hydrocarbons and must be processed to recover useful petroleum products

- the process that does this is called _____________ _____________.

- when the petroleum is heated, it changes into a gas (vaporize), which is collected and cooled, enabling it to change back into a liquid (recondense). - the recondensed liquid is further separated (the parts recondense at different temperatures) into each of the fractional parts, that are soluble in each other, but not in water

- fractional distillation is done in a two-tower structure and the fractional products can then be converted (further processed) into over 500,000 types of petrochemicals.

Solid Mixtures From Underground

- an ______ is a mineral (or group of minerals) that contains a valuable substance (like gold)

- to extract the substance (gold) that needs to be recovered it must be mined and crushed, then mixed with water to create a fine _____________

- chemicals are then added to dissolve only the substance (gold) you want

- the substance (gold) is then released from the solution when another substance (zinc) is added, allowing the residue (gold) to sink and be collected Applications

- Convenience foods are often dehydrated, so they can be ________ for long periods of time without ____________ (you add water when you use it) - petrochemical products include aspirin, sports equipment, eyeglasses, chewing gum, duct tape and fertilizer - sugar beets and sugar cane are refined to give us sugar crystals, maple sap is boiled to make sweet-water, or maple syrup

Topic 4: Flow Rate and Viscosity Viscosity: - A liquid’s resistance to flow (its thickness or thinness) is called __________.

- A thicker a liquid is, the more ________ it is and the higher viscosity it has.

- Viscosity is a property in liquids and gases (in which it increases and decreases differently than in liquids), NOT IN SOLIDS. - The time it takes for a fluid to flow over a set distance is called ____ ____. Product Performance and Viscosity - Viscosity is measured precisely in many industries (______, _______) - Nail polish goes on smooth and dries to a solid, while mascara is thick and dries quickly. The viscosity of these liquids is controlled by a __________________.

- A _____________ keeps the ingredients of the mixtures dissolved, then it evaporates. Product Appeal and Viscosity - _____________ affects viscosity because it thins out the liquid, making it less viscous. - Food manufacturers consider viscosity in order to make their product ____________________ (a candy that is too hard will not sell) Applications - A liquid for stripping paint off furniture would drip off before it had a chance to remove the paint, so the viscosity (making it a ______) was increased to improve its performance.

- A chef will thicken or thin ________, or __________, by adding, or taking away more solvent (water).

- Mechanics must adjust the viscosity of _____ depending on the season of the year.

- Artists change the viscosity of the _________ they are using.

- ______________ control the viscosity of chemicals in chemical processing plants.

How Does the Viscosity of Liquids Vary? - The viscosity of a liquid ___________ as it is __________ and

______________ when it is ____________.

How Does the Viscosity of Gases Vary? - Gas particles flow differently than liquid particles, because they are so

far apart and the attractive forces between the particles are very low. - Instead of sliding past each other (as they do in a liquid), the particles of

a gas are more likely to ___________ (increasing the resistance to flow and therefore increasing the viscosity).

- Temperature has a direct effect on viscosity of a gas - as temperature

increases, the attractive forces between the particles is less, so the viscosity of a gas _____________ as it is ___________ and ____________ when it is ___________.

Science8:UnitB-Topic4Test

1. Whatdoesviscositymeasure?

a) Themassofanobjectb) Thestateofmatterofanobjectc) Thethicknessofallmatterd) Thethicknessoffluids

2. WhichtypeofmotoroilisMOREviscous:summer-grademotoroilorwinter-grade

motoroil?

a) Summerb) Winter

3. Howisflowraterelatedtoviscosity?

a) Thegreatertheviscosity,thefastertheflowrateb) Thegreatertheviscosity,theslowertheflowrate

4. The_______________afluid,thethickeritgets.

a) Moreviscousb) Lessviscous

5. Addingheattoaliquidmakesit…

a) Moreviscousb) Lessviscousc) Unchanged…ithasnoeffectonitsviscosity.

6. Addingheattoagasmakesit…

a) Moreviscousb) Lessviscousc) Unchanged…ithasnoeffectonitsviscosity.

7. AccordingtotheParticleModelofMatter,whydogaseschangetheirviscositywhen

thetemperatureisincreased?

a) Therearemorecollisionsbetweenparticlesb) Therearefewercollisionsbetweenparticlesc) Theparticlesbecomelarger(occupyalargervolume)d) Noneoftheabove

Topic 5: Density

What is density?

l Density is a property of a ____________. It is similar to specific heat capacity.

l Density is ___________________________________.

l The standard volume for density is a ml (for gases and liquids) and a cm3 (for solids)

l Note that _________________

l The density of a material is a constant physical property. Whether

here or on Mars, the density of water is 1 g/ml at 20C and at standard pressure.

The Standard for Density

l The density of water is ______ at sea level and at room temperature. This is the standard density that all other materials are compared to.

l Because water’s particles spread out when they turn solid, ice’s density is _________, lower than water’s. This is why ice floats on water.

l This is weird because most materials’ densities ______ when they become solid.

Why do different materials have different densities?

l According to the particle model of matter, different materials have different particles and these particles can be ______________________________________.

l Also because of the different particle sizes only a certain amount of particles can fit in a given volume.

How do we calculate density?

l _______________________________.

l Remember units are ______ (liquids/gases) or _______(solids) l Short Version of formula:

____________

Example: Tommy wants to know why he’s gained two pounds weight even though he’s been working out four days now. He takes a 18 g sample of fat (taken from a steak) and measures its volume to be 20 cm3. What is the density of body fat?

l ____________________________________________

l He then measures the muscle tissue from the steak and measures

the mass of 10 cm3. It turns out to be 10.6 g So…

l ____________________________________________

l So he is replacing _____ dense fat with _________ muscle. Heat and Density

l ________ tend to be denser than __________ which are denser than ____________.

l When you heat a substance the particles gain _______ ________ and _______ ____. This ______ density. So hot water is ____ dense than cold water. But remember water is _______: it’s denser as a liquid than a solid.

Topic 6 – Buoyancy

I. What is Buoyancy?

- Buoyancy is the tendency for materials to ______________ in a __________ (usually water).

- ________________ Force - the upward force exerted on objects

that are placed in a fluid. Like all forces it’s measured in _________________ and its symbol is ____

II. The Buoyant Force

- Pushes up on an object in the fluid. Therefore, it is called the ________________________________.

- The FB comes from the _______________________________

pushing against the weight of the object.

- If _______ of the object is _______________ than the ______ of the object it will ________. If it is _______, it will ______.

- ____________ _________________ – When the object’s _____

__________ its _____ it will neither float to the top nor sink, it will just sit in the middle of the fluid. This happens when its average density _________ that of H2O.

III. What does the amount of FB of an object depend on?

- The amount FB depends on ____________________________ - What does this mean? If the average density of the object is more than

water’s _______ it will sink. If it’s _____________, it will float.

IV. What’s Average Density? - Average Density - _________________________________

_______________________________________________ - Eg. Huge metal oil tankers can float on water because they are mostly

hollow and full of very light air. V. Why is Average Density Useful? - Because it enables _______________ materials to be used in floating

devices such as ships, boats, etc. - Imagine an oil tanker full of millions of litres of oil being protected in a

wooden or fibreglass container. - It’s also useful with ________________. Simply by ______ or

_________________ water the sub becomes ___________ or _______________ than the ocean, causing it to sink or rise.

VI. What is a Cartesian Diver? - A simple device that shows buoyancy and pressure. The eyedropper is

buoyant in the water; however when the bottle is _____________________________ the pressure causes water to enter the dropper making it more dense and less buoyant, making it ___________.

VII. What is a Hydrometer? - An instrument used to directly measure the __________ of a

________________. - The higher the indicator floats in the liquid, the denser the liquid.

- Used in the food industry to see how much solute (eg. Salt, sugar) is in

soft drinks, wine, etc. The more solute a liquid has, the ___________ it is, the __________ it is, the more ____ it exerts.

VII. Archimedes Principle: the buoyant force acting on an object equals the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

Topic 7: Fluid Pressure

What is Pressure?

§Pressure is the force acting perpendicularly on a certain area.

§The formula for pressure is:

_______________________________

§Units for pressure are _________ , but most people use the unit name ____________ for pressure. Note that ___________________ Note: 100cm = 1m (meter) (think of meter stick!) 1000 meters = 1 kilometer (Km) What about the pascal?

§The pascal is such a small unit that most of the time when we talk about pressure we usually talk about it in __________________________.

Compression

§__________________ - being squeezed into a small volume. Remember gases can be compressed, solids and liquids cannot. Also remember why according to the particle model of matter.

§________________ - the ability to be squeezed into a smaller volume.

§_________________ - the inability to be squeezed into a smaller volume. Applications of Compression

§Because only gases can be compressed they are used to help __________________.

§Airbags, foam bumpers, bubble-wrap, tires, etc. all use the compressibility of air to ____________________ and protect the contents.

Air Pressure

§Standard air pressure at sea level is __________. It decreases as you get higher.

§Air pressure is measured by instruments called _____________________

§Old-fashioned barometers used _______________ in a glass tube to tell air pressure. (See fig. 1.47 on p. 76)

§Why don’t you feel this air pressure? Because you have the same air pressure inside your body as outside. However if you rapidly change _______________, you will feel the effects of air pressure changing.

Topic 8 – Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems Hydraulics - Hydraulics - the study of pressure in _________________. - Hydraulic Systems - Devices that send _____ through a liquid to move something else, due to ________________. Hydraulic Systems

- Liquids transmit a force in ____ ________________ so to make

a hydraulic system you need something to provide a force (_________), strong container with no leaks, and ________ which _______________________ liquid flow.

Pneumatic Systems

- Are like hydraulic systems, but use _________ instead of liquids.

They are used differently because of their ____________________________.

- Instead of a pump to provide force, pneumatic systems use a

_________________ to supply the force and build up the pressure.

Applications of Hydraulics and Pneumatics

I. Hydraulics - _____________________________________ II. Pneumatics - ____________________________________