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MITOSIS REVIEW Chapter 10 Test Slide 2 ESSAY #1 How is cancer related to the cell cycle? Do not have a normally functioning cell cycle Slide 3 How are cancer cells different from most cells? Divide excessively and can invade other tissue Slide 4 Slide 5 Slide 6 Slide 7 Slide 8 Slide 9 ESSAY #2 STEM CELLS Cells that can turn into almost any kind of cell (not yet differentiated). Formed a few days after an egg and sperm join. Slide 10 Stem Cell Animations "How Embryonic Stem Cell Lines are Made" Biology Animation Library :: Dolan DNA Learning Center"How Embryonic Stem Cell Lines are Made" Biology Animation Library :: Dolan DNA Learning Center Stem Cell Animation Slide 11 Essay #2 (cont.) SOURCES Umbilical cord blood Fetal tissue Adult bone marrow Embryonic stem cells Slide 12 Essay #2 (cont.) PROS treat disorders like spinal damage, Parkinsons disease, leukemia Make heart and nerve tissue in the lab Slide 13 Essay #2 CONS Use embryos (kill them) Dont have a lot of success yet Who funds it (private v. government) Slide 14 1. Sexual and Asexual ASEXUAL One parent Two Identical offspring SEXUAL Two parents 4 different offspring Slide 15 2. Chromatin, chromosomes, chromatids (all DNA + protein) Interphase loose chromatin Prophase tightly coiled sister chromatids form through metaphase Anaphase + Telophase sister chromatids separate to single chromosomes Slide 16 3. Nucleosomes and Histones 8 histone proteins are wrapped with chromosomes to tightly coil into chromatids Histones + chromosomes = nucleosome Slide 17 4. Asexual Reproduction Prokaryotes (no nucleus) Binary fission Eukaryotes (nucleus) mitosis Slide 18 5. Phases of Mitosis PMAT Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Slide 19 6. Nuclear Envelope Changes Prophase = nuclear envelope dissolves Telophase = nuclear envelope reforms Slide 20 7. Diff Cytokinesis = Division of the cytoplasm Mitosis = Division of nucleus Slide 21 8. Cytokinesis Animal Cells Cleavage furrow Plant Cells Cell Plate Slide 22 9. G1, S, G2 Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 G1 = organelle growth, and growth of cell S = DNA synthesis (replication) G2 = centriole and spindle growth, and growth of cell Slide 23 10. Locate on a dividing cell: Chromatids Centrioles Centromeres Spindle fibers Asters Slide 24 10. Locate on a dividing cell: Chromatids Centromeres Centrioles Spindle fibers Asters Slide 25 centrioles Asters Spindle fibers chromatids centromeres Slide 26 11. What makes chromatids move to poles? Contraction of spindle fibers Slide 27 12. What are cyclins (and Cdks)? Protein regulators of the cell cycle Slide 28 13. Cells Dividing A lot Blood Skin Digestive tract Not after formed Nerve muscle Slide 29 13. B Cancer Cells Cancer cells due to an abnormal cell cycle Cells grow abnormally and do not stop, even if there are too many Breast cancer cells Slide 30 What phase? Chromatin thickens? Prophase Nuclear envelope disappears Prophase Nuclear envelope reappears telophase Slide 31 What phase? Centrioles move to opposite poles Prophase Spindle fibers form Prophase Cell plate forms Cytokinesis Slide 32 Which phase? Chromosomes line up at the equator metaphase Cytoplasm divides Cytokinesis Nucleoli break down Prophase Nucleoli reform Telophase Slide 33 15. As the cell increases in size The surface area to volume ratio decreases Slide 34 16. Why do cells divide? cell membrane could not keep up with bringing in enough oxygen/nutrients DNA cant keep up Slide 35 17. How many chromosomes Are in each human body cell? 46 Slide 36 18. How many times is the reduction In length of the chromatid than it is in the chromosome form? 10,000 times Slide 37 19. A cell spends what % of time in interphase? 90% Slide 38 What is the purpose of p53? It is the tumor suppressor gene. It checks that the DNA is OK. If not, it repairs it or kills the cell. IF it is faulty, it leads to a lot of cancer. Slide 39 How does a cell respond to growth When it comes in contact with other cells? Stops growing