mistrals malta 2011 homere...

Societies, environments, and resources in

the western Mediterranean : the

contribution from history and

archaeology

Aline Durand

MISTRALS MALTA 2011

HOMERE

Mediterranean Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences

Aix-en-Provence

Medieval Mediterranean Archaeology Laboratory UMR 6572 CNRS-Aix-Marseille I University

Cliché Y. Arthus-Bertrand

For a long time For a long time landscapelandscape, and , and especiallyespecially

the «the « incultumincultum » part, » part, currentlycurrently

consideredconsidered

as as motionlessmotionless, , typicallytypically or or traditionnaltraditionnal

AnthropomorphicAnthropomorphic conception of conception of HumanitiesHumanities

Environnement = an invariant of rural Environnement = an invariant of rural

societiessocieties and Nature and Nature isis onlyonly a a naturalnatural spacespace

no no historyhistory and no culture and no culture atat allall

CHANGE OF PARADIGMCHANGE OF PARADIGM

•• birth of field archaeology and «birth of field archaeology and « incultumincultum » »

space by using mechanical machinesspace by using mechanical machines

•• new definition of archaeological sitenew definition of archaeological site

•• ecofact recognized as plenary ecofact recognized as plenary

archaeological and historical remains archaeological and historical remains

which can help to write an history of which can help to write an history of

practices and technical gesturespractices and technical gestures

•• TAKE OFF OF RESCUE ARCHAEOLOGYTAKE OFF OF RESCUE ARCHAEOLOGY

•• USE OF BIOLOGICAL TOOLSUSE OF BIOLOGICAL TOOLS

•• QUESTIONS FROM CONTEMPORARY SOCIETYQUESTIONS FROM CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY

19901990--20002000

InterdisciplinaryInterdisciplinary practices to practices to studystudyhistoryhistory of of relationshipsrelationships betweenbetween

societiessocieties and environnementand environnement

Cross-reading of different type of sources

-- written sourceswritten sources-- iconographic documentsiconographic documents-- archaeological resultsarchaeological results-- bioarchaeological databioarchaeological data-- current observationscurrent observations

-- ethnoarchaeologyethnoarchaeology-- geographygeography

Methodological changes

• formation of sources very different with their own space and timereferences ; limited corpus of written sources (no reproducibility)

the complementarity does not exist

• different manners to register in time : each source has her own timetime of materialsocial timeenvironnemental time

• Integrated protocol with change of paradigm. The framework isestablished at the end, when the framework, the acculturation of scientificpratices and the agreement on aims is real, not at the beginning ascommon in each science

integrated space and time scalesnodes of blocking

A. D. Bouches-Rhône B 1847 Compte de clavaire Draguignan, 1351, f°55v Chateaudouble. Cl. S. Burri

• heavy work to built referred data with new protocols of analyzes and tocriticism sources.

New New themesthemes of of researchresearch

•• History and archaeology of «History and archaeology of « incultumincultum », and », and

ecological resources management ecological resources management

•• History and archaeology of fields and agrarian practicesHistory and archaeology of fields and agrarian practices

•• Ecological history, bioarchaeology or palaeoenvironmentEcological history, bioarchaeology or palaeoenvironment

•• Anthropological and ethnoarchaeological approachesAnthropological and ethnoarchaeological approaches

Cliché Y. Arthus-Bertrand

High High MediterraneanMediterranean mountainmountain

DiachronicDiachronic evolutionevolution of «of « incultumincultum » areas » areas

Impact, adapation/use of the

historical societies on environnement

evolution described

CaracterizationCaracterization of of agrarianagrarian cycles cycles

and and systemssystems

Historicisation of «Historicisation of « terroirsterroirs » » veryvery

littlelittle knownknown

Cliché J. Palet Martinez

CHAMPSAUR

excavation

XIIIth c.

XVth

century

Dessin M. Segard (CCJ)

Bronze Age

Middle Ages

Modern Times

The wooded meadow

system

described by

P. di Crescenzi

agronomic litteratureXIIIth century

Subalpine or mountain

Mediterranean

level of vegetation

L’écobuage herbager

d’après

P. de CrescentXIIIe s.

Subalpine or mountain level of vegetation

The role of fire in the agrarian practices to manadge environnement and resources is

rehabilitated

Pattern’sPattern’s restitution of «restitution of « terroirsterroirs » »

and and landscapeslandscapes

Importance of fruitImportance of fruit--treestrees and and

usefullusefull--treestrees isis pointedpointed outout

CaracterizationCaracterization of cultural practicesof cultural practices

TreesTrees in Roman and in Roman and medievalmedieval

MediterraneanMediterranean landscapeslandscapes

TechnicalTechnical knowledgeknowledge and and transferstransfers

of technologies of technologies

Les Girardes à Lapalud (Vaucluse). Cl. Ph. Boissinot

Density of medieval vineyards XIII th c. (archaeological data). C. Puig 2003

Commune Name of site Plantation Density to the hectare

Perpignan RD22c AL1 3086 feet /ha

Perpignan RD22c EP29 3361 feet /ha

Perpignan RD22c PL1

Perpignan RD22c PL2

Perpignan Orle ouest agraire PCL 10066 3906 feet /ha

Carcassonne Hauts de Narbonne STP 3001 5002 feet /ha

Perpignan Agrosud PCL 1007 4357 feet /ha






Le Parc des Oliviers, Béziers, INRAP 2004

Fosse de plantation

d’arbre

Surcreusement

circulaire

Fosse de plantation de vigne

RD22c, Perpignan, INRAP 2000

Pits of vine plantation

Pits of trees plantation

Limite de la plantation

Répartition des

arbres dans la vigne

Orle Ouest, Perpignan, INRAP 2002

LANGUEDOCLANGUEDOC--ROUSSILLONROUSSILLON--PROVENCEPROVENCE--CATALOGNECATALOGNE

Trees are in the gardensTrees are in the gardens--orchards, vineyards…..orchards, vineyards…..

Association vineAssociation vine--oliveolive--tree= 25 to 30% of medieval vine yard tree= 25 to 30% of medieval vine yard except in Provenceexcept in Provence

End of XIII th century End of XIII th century ––beginning of the XIVth beginning of the XIVth centurycentury

Increase of trees and oliveIncrease of trees and olive--trees in enclosure fields, fields trees in enclosure fields, fields and cereals fields but less than in gardensand cereals fields but less than in gardens--orchards and orchards and vineyards vineyards

Importance oliveImportance olive--tree/vineyardtree/vineyard

End of XIth centuryEnd of XIth century

Lunel-Viel (IXe-Xe s.)

Tarragone et Cabrera d’Anoia

(XIIe-XVe s.)

L’Ortolo (XVe s.)

Olivier irrigué

Olivier à sec

Current vineyard (Languedoc)

Example of complant in current vineyard

(Languedoc)

FIRE CRAFTS AND FIRE CRAFTS AND MANAGEMENT OF MANAGEMENT OF

RESOURCESRESOURCES

Mouha Baghbou charbonnier Naour (Maroc). Octobre 2008. Cl. S. Burri

•• impact of craft activities on vegetal and mineral impact of craft activities on vegetal and mineral environnementenvironnement

•• systems of landscape managementsystems of landscape management

•• ethnoarchaeological approachesethnoarchaeological approaches

Variations of forest structures more than floristic variations : cycle of exploitation

XIe-XIIe siècles XIIIe-XIVe siècles

Le système minier d’exploitation cyclique des résineux sur la longue durée

Martigues

Vallon du Fou Cl. S. Duval (Archaeological board service, Martigues, 2008)

0,0%

10,0%

20,0%

30,0%

40,0%

50,0%

60,0%

70,0%

80,0%

90,0%

100,0%

Erica arborea Erica sp. Quercus

sempervirens

Nœuds

Nombre d’occurrences : 160Nombre d’occurrences : 160

Nombre d’occurrences : 102


Vallon du Fou Cl. S. Duval (Archaeological board service, Martigues, 2008)


Pourcieux

Erica arboreaThe tree heath

Reconstitution of sedimentology

and vegetation (du Vallon du Fou)

V. Biringuccio (XVe s.)

H.-L. Duhamel du Monceau (XVIIIe s.)

Crop of heather and wood of pines

(Southern West France).

Written sources (agronomic litterature and notarial

registers) little documents but documents these practices

agrarian cycle which

maintains a particular

type of vegetation

Importance of social practices in environnemental Importance of social practices in environnemental changes and in environnemental resources managementchanges and in environnemental resources management

Ancient and various anthroposystemsAncient and various anthroposystems

Knowledge on past landscape and environnement Knowledge on past landscape and environnement scenari for futurescenari for future

Decrease of traditionnal rural societies, crafts and Decrease of traditionnal rural societies, crafts and industries implies an homegenisation of Mediterranean industries implies an homegenisation of Mediterranean environnementenvironnement

Social practices and uses of resources is Social practices and uses of resources is a major factor of biodiversity a major factor of biodiversity

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Thank you for

your attendtion

Charbonnière en fin de chemisage. Douar Sidi Sefe (Maroc). Octobre 2009. Cl. A. Durand

Results and prospects

• New corpus of referred data

• Characterization of ancient landscapes systems, social organisations and

agrarian practices

• Proposition s of possible scenari for present and future and of

environnemental ressources

• Creation of landscape and environnemental database

• New methods of analyzes

• Better evaluation of environnemental impact by ancient societies and better

expertise of inheritage

Irrigated wood

Dry cultivated wood

Carte J.-F. Terral

Wild olive-tree

Wild olive-tree in riparian conditions

Olive-tree cultivated in dry conditions

Olive-tree cultivated irrigated

Modern

populationsAncient remains

COMPARATIVE

APPROACH

MODELS of

REFERENCE Charcoals and seeds

STRA

TIGR

AP

HY

Etalonnage de la vitrification sur les charbons de bois d’Erica arborea

Stade 1 Stade 5

Clichés MEB université de Montpellier II

Changements méthodologiques

• Modes différents de production des sources qui on chacune leurpropres références spatiales et temporelles ; corpus fini de sourcesécrites (absence de reproductibilité )

complémentarité des sources n’existe pas

• Modes différents d’inscription dans le temps : chaque objet d’étude a sapropre temporalité

temps des matériauxtemps de la sociététemps de l’environnement

•• DémarcheDémarche d’intégrationd’intégration avecavec changementchangement dede paradigmeparadigme puisquepuisque leleprotocoleprotocole estest établiétabli àà lala finfin quandquand l’acculturationl’acculturation desdes pratiquespratiques estest acquiseacquiseetet queque l’accordl’accord s’ests’est faitfait sursur lesles attendusattendus etet nonnon paspas auau débutdébut commecomme pourpourchaquechaque rechercherecherche disciplinairedisciplinaire

intégrationintégration desdes échelleséchelles dede tempstemps etet d’espaced’espaceapparitionapparition dede nœudsnœuds dede blocageblocage (dialogue(dialogue interdisciplinaire)interdisciplinaire)

A. D. Bouches-Rhône B 1847 Compte de clavaire Draguignan, 1351, f°55v Chateaudouble. Cl. S. Burri

• Long travail de construction des données basée sur de nouveaux référentielset protocoles d’analyse et sur une critique des sources ; nouvelles relationsentre la connaissance et l’action scientifique

CHANGEMENT DE PARADIGMECHANGEMENT DE PARADIGME

•• naissance de l’archéologie du champ et des espaces naissance de l’archéologie du champ et des espaces

cultes ou incultes grâce à l’emploi de moyens cultes ou incultes grâce à l’emploi de moyens

mécaniques lourdsmécaniques lourds

•• redéfinition de la notion de site archéologiqueredéfinition de la notion de site archéologique

•• reconnaissance des reconnaissance des écofactsécofacts comme des objets comme des objets

archéologiques et historiques à part entière archéologiques et historiques à part entière

porteurs d’une histoire des pratiques et des porteurs d’une histoire des pratiques et des

gestes techniquesgestes techniques

•• DÉVELOPPEMENT DE L’ARCHÉOLOGIE PRÉVENTIVEDÉVELOPPEMENT DE L’ARCHÉOLOGIE PRÉVENTIVE

UTILISATION D’OUTILS BIOLOGIQUESUTILISATION D’OUTILS BIOLOGIQUES

•• INTERROGATIONS DE LA SOCIÉTÉ CONTEMPORAINEINTERROGATIONS DE LA SOCIÉTÉ CONTEMPORAINE

décennie 1990décennie 1990--20002000

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