mis programming languages cobol fortran

8/17/2019 MIS Programming Languages COBOL FORTRAN

1/30

REDEEMER UNIVERSITY EDE, OSUN STATE, NIGERIA

COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS STUDIES

COURSE CODE/TITLE: MSM 805/MANAGEMENT

INFORMATION SYSTEM

TERM PAPER TITLE:

COURSE LECTURER: Dr. FADARE T.O.

STUDENTS/MATRIC NUMBERS:

1. AJANI OLAROTIMI A./ RUN/MGT/15/615

. SALIU P.O/ RUN/MGT/15/60

!. IRINYEMI B.A./ RUN/MGT/15/618


2/30

2

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: COBOL AND FORTRAN LANGUAGES IN

MODERN DAY COMPUTING

A"#$r%&$

The efficiency, effectiveness, accuracy and quality of information system of an organization

depends in the modern day, largely, among other factors, on the robustness of the Information

Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure deployed by such organization. The maor

components of the ICT infrastructure are made up of computers. It is very important that the unit

of an organisation charged !ith administration of its "I#, pays attention to one of the maor

ICT infrastructure deployed$ i.e. computers, its components, especially the programs the

computers runs.

Computer %efinitions&

1. 'Computer is a general purpose machine, commonly consisting of digital circuitry, that

accepts (inputs), stores, manipulates, and generates (outputs) data as numbers,

tet, graphics, voice, video files, or electrical signals, in accordance

!ith instructions called a program.*

2. “an electronic device !hich is capable of receiving information (data) in a particular form

and of performing a sequence of operations in accordance !ith a predetermined but

variable set of procedural instructions (program) to produce a result in the form ofinformation or signals. 2 (+oogle.com)

rom the above definitions of computer, 'r()r%* is a very vital component of computer that is

common to the t!o definitions.

Therefore, this paper !ill focus on computer program, its definitions, the programming

languages and especially the t!o old computer programming languages$ C--/ and

-0T01.

C(*'+$r Pr()r%* %- Pr()r%**-)


3/30

3

%efinitions

'1 &(*'+$r 'r()r%* is a collection of instructions that performs a specific tas4

!hen eecuted by a computer . 1 computer requires programs to function, and typically eecutes

the program5s instructions in a central processing unit. 3

1nother definition of a computer program is a series of commands that are eecuted by the

computer. These programs are !ritten in binary, i.e. a series of 6s and *s$ !hich is the only code

the computer can read and process. 7e require therefore, a programming language to be able to

!rite commands that the computer can eecute, but in a legible manner, i.e. commands that are

understood by humans. These programs are then translated into machine code (in binary) by a

&(*'r.

A computer program is usually written by a computer programmer in a programming

language. From the program in its human-readable form of source code,

a compiler can derive machine code—a form consisting of instructions that the

computer can directly execute. Alternatively, a computer program may be executed with

the aid of an interpreter .

A part of a computer program that performs a well-defined task is known as

an algorithm.

The follo!ing terms of computer programs are hereby defined for further understanding&

A)(r$*

This is a part of a computer program that performs a well-defined task.

Software

This is a collection of computer programs, libraries and related data. omputer

programs may be categori!ed along functional lines, such as application

software or system software.

S(+r& C(

"ource code is any collection of computer instructions #possibly with comments$ written

using some readable computer , usually as text. The source code of a program is specially

designed to facilitate the work of computer programmers, who specify the actions to be

performed by a computer mostly by writing source code. The source code is often

transformed by a compiler program into low-level machine code understood by the


4/30

8

computer. The machine code might then be stored for execution at a later time.

Alternatively, an interpreter can be used to analy!e and perform the outcomes of the

source code program directly on the fly.

Compiler

A compiler is a computer program #or a set of programs$ that transforms source

code written in a programming language #the source language$ into another computer

language #the target language$, with the latter often having a binary form known

as ob%ect code.&'( The most common reason for converting source code is to create

an executable program.

The name )compiler) is primarily used for programs that translate source code from

a high-level programming language to a lower level language #e.g., assembly

language or machine code$. *f the compiled program can run on a computer

whose + or operating system is different from the one on which the compiler runs,

the compiler is known as a cross-compiler . ore generally, compilers are a specific type

of translator .

M%&- C(

Machine code or machine language is a set of instructions executed directly by

a computer s central processing unit #+$. /ach instruction performs a very specific task, such as a

load, a %ump, or an A0 operation on a unit of data in a + register or memory. /very program

directly executed by a + is made up of a series of such instructions.

I-$r'r$r

1n interpreter is a computer program that directly eecutes instructions !ritten ina programming or scripting language, !ithout previously compiling them intoa machine language program. 1n interpreter generally uses one of the follo!ing

strategies for program eecution&

*. parse the source code and perform its behavior directly.

2. translate source code into some efficient intermediate representation and

immediately eecute this.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler#cite_note-1


5/30

9

3. eplicitly eecute stored precompiled code made by a compiler !hich is part of

the interpreter system.

A''&%$(- S(2$3%r

This is also referred to as application program #app or application for short$. *t is a computer

program designed to perform a group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities for the benefit of

the user. /xamples of an application include a word processor , a spreadsheet, an accounting

application, a web browser , a media player , an aeronautical flight simulator , a console game or

a photo editor . The collective noun application software refers to all applications collectively.

System Software

This is a computer software designed to provide services to other software. /xamples of system

software include operating systems #e.g. icrosoft 1indows, ac 2" 3, 0inux, Android, Apple i2"$

computational software, game engines, industrial automation, and software as service applications.

Computer Programming Languages

%efinitions

'1 programming language is a notation designed to connect instructions to a machine or a

computer. :rogramming languages are mainly used to control the performance of a machine or to

epress algorithms 8.

1 programming language is a formal constructed language designed to communicate instructions to a

machine, particularly a computer . :rogramming languages can be used to create programs to control the

behavior of a machine or to epress algorithms.

'1 ;programming language; is a language designed to describe a set of consecutive actions to be eecuted by a

computer. 1 programming language is therefore a practical !ay for us (humans) to give instructions to a

computer. 9

4escription of a programming language is usually split into the two components of syntax #form$ and

semantics #meaning$. "ome languages are defined by a specification document #for example, the

programming language is specified by an *"2 "tandard$, while other languages #such as +erl$ have

a dominant implementation that is treated as a reference. "ome languages have both, with the basic

language defined by a standard and extensions taken from the dominant implementation being

common.


6/30

<

Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computer field, and

many more are still being created every year. any programming languages re5uire computation to

be specified in an imperative form #i.e., as a se5uence of operations to perform$, while other

languages use other forms of program specification such as the declarative form #i.e. the desired

result is specified, not how to achieve it$.

Usage of A Computer Programming Language

i. to write computer programs, which involve a computer performing some kind of

computation or algorithm

ii. to control external devices such as printers, disk drives, robots and so on. For

example, +ost"cript programs are fre5uently created by another program to control

a computer printer or display.

iii. to describe computation on some, possibly abstract, machine. *t is generally

accepted that a complete specification for a programming language includes a

description, possibly ideali!ed, of a machine or processor for that language. *n most

practical contexts, a programming language involves a computer6 conse5uently,

programming languages are usually defined and studied this way.

iv. +rogramming languages differ from natural languages in that natural languages are

only used for interaction between people, while programming languages also allow

humans to communicate instructions to machines.

E%r4 D('*-$# - Pr()r%**-) L%-)+%)

. First-Generation Programming anguages !"G#$ The earliest computers were often

programmed without the help of a programming language, by writing programs in

absolute machine language. The programs, in decimal or binary form, were read in

from punched cards or magnetic tape, or toggled in on switches on the front panel of the

computer.

. Second-Generation Programming anguages !%G#$ This is also referred to as assembly

languages. These were closely tied to the instruction set architecture of the specific

computer. These served to make the program much more human-readable, and relieved the

programmer of tedious and error-prone address calculations.

iii. &igh-e'el Programming anguages!(G#$ These are also referred to as third-generation

programming languages #780$. The first high-level programming languages were written in

'9:;s. nlike machine code, "hort ode statements represented mathematical expressions

in understandable form.


7/30

=

(G &istory$

• +lankalk=l, developed for the 8erman >7 by ?onrad >use between '9@7 and

'9@:.


8/30

>

C%##2&%$(-# (2 Pr()r%**-) L%-)+%)#

T4'# (2 Pr()r%**-) L%-)+%)# 6

Computer programming languages can be mainly classified into&

• L(3L L%-)+%)#: 1 language that corresponds directly to a specific machine

• 7)L L%-)+%)#: 1ny language that is independent of the machine

O$r C%##2&%$(-#

Classifications are also done by their types, purpose and functions. ind belo! the list&

1rray language

1ssembly languages

1uthoring languages

Constraint programming

Command line interface

languages

Compiled languages

Concurrent languages

Curly?brac4et languages

%ataflo! languages

%ata?oriented languages

%ata?structured languages

%ecision table languages

%eclarative languages

@mbeddable languages

? In source code

? #erver side

? Client side

? In obect code

@ducational languages

@soteric languages

@tension languages

ourth?generation

languages

unctional languages

? :ure

? Impure

Aard!are description

languages

? A%/s for analog

circuit design

? A%/s for digital

circuit design

Imperative languages

Interactive mode languages

Interpreted languages

Iterative languages

/ist?based languages B

/I#:s


9/30

/ittle languages

/ogic?based languages

"achine languages

"acro languages

Tetual substitution macro

languages

1pplication macro

languages

"etaprogramming

languages

"ultiparadigm languages

? umerical analysis

on?@nglish?based

languages

-bect?oriented class?

based languages

? "ultiple dispatch

? #ingle dispatch

-bect?oriented prototype?

based languages

-ff?side rule languages

:rocedural languages

0eflective languages

0ule?based languages

#cripting languages

#tac4?based languages

#ynchronous languages

#ynta handling languages

Transformation languages

Disual languages

7irth languages

E"/ based language

Aere is another list of programming languages, types and their application area, this list is notehaustive&

L%-)+%) M%- %''&%$(- %r% C(*'/-$r'r$

1%1 0eal?time Compiled language

1#IC :rogramming for educational purposes Interpreted language

C #ystem programming Compiled language

CFF #ystem obect programming Compiled language

Cobol "anagement Compiled language

ortran Calculations Compiled language

Gava Internet oriented programming Intermediary language

"1T/1 "athematical calculations Interpreted language

"athematica "athematical calculations Interpreted language

/I#: 1rtificial intelligence Intermediary language

:ascal @ducation Compiled language

:A: %ynamic !ebsite development Interpreted language


10/30

*6

:rolog 1rtificial intelligence Interpreted language

:erl :rocessing character strings Interpreted language

C--/ and -0T01$ the t!o earliest high level programming languages !ill be loo4ed at in details.

C("( Pr()r%**-) L%-)+%)

C--/ is an acronym that stands for Common usiness?-riented /anguage.

C--/ is a compiled @nglish?li4e computer programming language designed for business use.

It is imperative, procedural and, since 2662, obect?oriented.

C--/ is designed for developing business, typically file?oriented, applications. It is not

designed for !riting systems programs. or instance, you !ould not develop an operating system

or a compiler using C--/.

7#$(r4 (2 COBOL

In the late *96s, computer users and manufacturers !ere becoming concerned about the rising

cost of programming. 1 *9 survey had found that in any data processing installation, the

programming cost H#>66,666 on average and that translating programs to run on ne! hard!are

!ould cost

#everal initiatives came up to develop business oriented programming languages that !ill useful

in various sectors and also can be developed further by programmers subsequently.

To this end, In 1pril *9, representatives from academia, computer users and manufacturers

met at the Hniversity of :ennsylvania to organize a formal meeting on common business

language. -ther meetings !ere held in "ay 2> and 2, *9 at the H# pentagon to discuss the

creation of a common programming language for business. The meeting resulted in the creation

of a steering committee and short?, intermediate? and long?range committees.

inally, on Gune 8, *9, The steering committee met and agreed to name the entire activity as

the Committee on %ata #ystems /anguages, or C-%1#J/, and to form an eecutive committee.


11/30

**

%r. +race Aopper, !ho invented /-7"1TIC (the @nglish?li4e data processing language)

earlier in *96, led the team that finally !rote the C--/ programming language that year.

0epresentatives among others, included, Gean #ammet and #aul +orn.

The C--/ was partly based on /-7"1TIC programming language design work.

This committee completed the specifications for C--/ by the end of *9 came. These !ere

then approved by the @ecutive Committee in Ganuary *


12/30

*2

synta and semantic language standards. C--/ has been ported to virtually every

hard!are platform ? from every favour of 7indo!s, to every falser of Hni, to 1#M866,

D#@, -#M2, %-#, D"#, Hnisys, %+, D", and "D#.

8. COBOL # M%-$%-%"

C--/ has a 36?year proven trac4 record for application maintenance, enhancement and

production support at the enterprise level. @arly indications from the year 2666 problem

are that C--/ applications !ere actually cheaper to fi than applications !ritten in

more recent languages. N Capers GonesO NPapplemanO*6.

C--/ applications are also very long?lived. ecause of the huge investment in building

C--/ applications of a millionF lines, these applications cannot be abandoned

!henever a ne! technology or programming language becomes popular. This is !hy

business applications bet!een *6 and 36 years old are common. This is also !hy most of

the applications affected by the J2P problem !ere in C--/ (*2,666,666 C--/

applications vs. 3=9,666 C and CFF applications in the H# alone ? Jones, Capers - The

global economic impact of the year 2000 software problem (Jan, 1997 )

The reasons for the maintainability of C--/ are&

•

the readability of C--/ code as stated above.• another reason is C--/5s rigid hierarchical structure. In C--/ programs all

eternal references, relating to devices, files, command sequences, collating

sequences, the currency symbol and the decimal point symbol, are defined in the

@nvironment %ivision.9. COBOL %''&%$(-# &%- " r4 %r)

The C--/ program applications are !ith typically more than *,666,666 lines of code.


13/30

*3

C--/ programs are hierarchical in structure. @ach element of the hierarchy consists of one or

more subordinate elements. The levels of hierarchy are %ivisions, #ections, :aragraphs,

#entences and #tatements. There are 8 main divisions and each division provides an essential

part of the information required by the complier. 1t the top of the C--/ hierarchy are the four

divisions. The sequence in !hich they are specified is fied, and must follo! the order&? I%@TIIC1TI- %IDI#I- supplies information about the program

to the programmer and the compiler.? @DI0-"@T %IDI#I- is used to describe the environment in

!hich the program !ill run.? %1T1 %IDI#I- provides descriptions of the data?items processed by

the program.? :0-C@%H0@ %IDI#I- contains the code used to manipulate the data

described in the %1T1 %IDI#I-. It is here that the programmerdescribes his algorithm.

#ome C--/ compilers require that all the divisions be present in a program !hile others only

require the I%@TIIC1TI- %IDI#I- and the :0-C@%H0@ %IDI#I-.

C--/ :rogram hierarchical structure diagram Q ( Michael Coghlan , Introduction to COBOL,

http!""www#csis#l#ie"cobol"corse"C$%$&'ntro#htm 2)-*pril-201+

COBOL Pr()r%* E=%*'


14/30

*8

7(>(r E=%*'

666*66 I%@TIIC1TI- %IDI#I-.

666266 :0-+01"?I%. A@//-7-0/%.

666366

666866 @DI0-"@T %IDI#I-.

666966 C-I+H01TI- #@CTI-.

66666

66666 %1T1 %IDI#I-.

66*666 I/@ #@CTI-.

66**66

*6*266 :0-C@%H0@ %IDI#I-.

*6*366

*6*866 "1I?/-+IC #@CTI-.*6*966 %I#:/1J ;Aello !orldR;

*6*


15/30

*9

"H/TI:/J a J b +IDI+ c.

%IDI%@ a IT- b.%IDI%@ a IT- b +IDI+ c.

C-":HT@ U a F b V c."-D@ a T- b c.

#-0T sort?file- 1#C@%I+ P@J 4H#I+ inventory?file+IDI+ sorted?inventory?file.

"@0+@ merge?!or4?file- 1#C@%I+ P@J PH#I+ input?file* input?file2+IDI+ output?file.

%I#:/1J total?cost.1CC@:T identifier.

:@0-0" paragraphname* TA0-H+A paragraphname2

D10JI+ inde 0-" value* J value2HTI/ condition.

A $% =%*' - COBOL

6666*6 I%@TIIC1TI- %IDI#I-.666626 :0-+01"?I%. #1":/@.666636 1HTA-0. G.:.@. A-%+#-.666686 %1T@?70ITT@. 8 ebruary 266666668*666682V 1 sample program ust to sho! the form.666683V The program copies its input to the output,

666688V and counts the number of records.666689V 1t the end this number is printed.66668<666696 @DI0-"@T %IDI#I-.66666 #@/@CT #TH%@T?I/@ 1##I+ T- #J#I66666 -0+1I1TI- I# /I@ #@WH@TI1/.666*66 #@/@CT :0IT?I/@ 1##I+ T- #J#-HT666**6 -0+1I1TI- I# /I@ #@WH@TI1/.666*26666*36 %1T1 %IDI#I-.666*86 I/@ #@CTI-.

666*96 % #TH%@T?I/@666*6 6* #TH%@T?I :IC E (83).666*6666266 % :0IT?I/@6662*6 0@C-0% C-T1I# >6 CA101CT@0#666226 %1T1 0@C-0% I# :0IT?/[email protected] 6* :0IT?/I@ :IC E (>6).666286


16/30

*<

666296 7-0PI+?#T-01+@ #@CTI-.6662 69 I//@0 :IC E(93) D1/H@ #:1C@#.6663*666326 :0-C@%H0@ %IDI#I-.66632*666336 :0@:10@?#@I-0?0@:-0T.

666386 -:@ I:HT #TH%@T?I/@666396 -HT:HT :0IT?I/@.66639* "-D@ @0- T- 0@C-0%#[email protected] @%?0@1%.66636 :@0-0" :0-C@##?0@C-0%#6668*6 HTI/ %1T1?0@"1I#?#7ITCA U 5-5.6668** :@0-0" :0IT?#H""10J.666826 C/-#@ #TH%@T?I/@666836 :0IT?I/@.666886 #T-: 0H.666896

66686 "-D@ %@T1I/?/I@ T- :0IT?/[email protected] 70IT@ :0IT?/[email protected] 1%% * T- 0@C-0%#[email protected]*6 0@1% #TH%@T?I/@666926 1T @% "-D@ 5-5 T- %1T1?0@"1I#?#7ITCA666936 @%?0@1%.666986666996 :0IT?#H""10J.66696

C)*) Pr()r%**-) L%-)+%) I*'(r$%-$ F%$+r#

C--/, as one of the oldest programming languages in use, has some peculiarities !hich programmers used to other languages may find irritating. #uch peculiarities include&

? -ne of the design goals !as to ma4e it as @nglish?li4e as possible.Therefore, C--/ uses structural concepts normally associated !ith


17/30

*=

@nglish prose such as section, paragraph and sentence. It also has anetensive reserved !ord list !ith over 366 entries and the reserved!ords themselves, tend to be long. C--/ programs tend to be verboseespecially !hen compared to languages li4e C.

? 7hen C--/ !as designed, programs !ere !ritten on coding forms(see belo!), punched on to punch cards, and loaded into the computerusing a punch card reader. These media (coding forms and punch cards)required adherence to a number formatting restrictions that someC--/ implementations still enforce today, long after the need forthem has gone. 1lthough modern C--/ (C--/ >9 and --?C--/) has introduced many of the constructs required to !rite !ell?structured programs it also still retains elements !hich, if used, ma4e itdifficult, and in some cases impossible, to !rite good programs.

A-&-$ COBOL C(-) F(r*

C)*) Ar%# (2 A''&%$(-

According to a B;;9 survey commissioned by icro Focus and conducted by


18/30

*>

systems, insurance systems, automotive systems, traffic signal systems. #"eeI ?rill,

Tech1orld6 8affney, Deuters6 and *ndustry Eits, "ystem*Getwork articles below$.J 9;L of global financial transactions are processed in 2E20. #"eeI *ndustry Eits,

"ystem*Getwork article$J The language supports over 7; billion transactions per day. #"ee 8affney, Deuters article$J The average American still interacts with a 2E20 program '7 times a day. #"eeI


19/30

*

'It is a general?purpose, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric

computation and scientific computing. -riginally developed by I" in the *96s for scientific

and engineering applications, ortran came to dominate this area of programming early on and

has been in continuous use for over half a century in computationally intensive areas such

as numerical !eather prediction, finite element analysis, computational fluid

dynamics, computational physics and computational chemistry*2

7#$(r4

It !as developed by a team of I" engineer, led by Gohn ac4us in *9=. -ther team members

consisted of programmers 0ichard +oldberg, #heldon . est, Aarlan Aerric4, :eter

#heridan, 0oy utt, 0obert elson, Irving iller, /ois Aaibt, and %avid #ayre *3.

The earliest version of -0T01 !as released as a programming tool for the I" =68.

'It is a language specially developed to let the computer eecute number crunching operations. It

!as the first high level language, one in !hich the programmer did not have to directly deal !ith

assembler or machine code (65s and *5s). It !as the first language to be !idely used and it is the

oldest language still !idely used today. It !as designed to epress scientific and mathematical

formulas and it is still used in that area.*8

FORTRAN Vr#(-#

The follo!ing is the chronological list of versions of -0T01 before the first official

-0T01 II version unveiled in *9> till date&

*. 1?5@1?5 ? The first compiler !as developed from scratch. In those days there !ere no

;high level languages; (UA//) at all, most operating systems !ere simple and memory

!as small, li4e *< Pb. The first compiler ran on an I" =68. This first A// language

!as much more efficient than programming in assembler and !as popular pretty soon.

2. FORTRAN II !as officially released in *9>. The main enhancement !as to

support procedural programming by allo!ing user?!ritten subroutines and functions


20/30

26

!hich returned values, !ith parameters passed by reference. The C-""- statement

provided a !ay for subroutines to access common (or global) variables. #i ne!

statements !ere introduced&

#H0-HTI@ ,

HCTI-,

and @%

C1//

and 0@TH0

C-""-

3. FORTRAN III !as also developed in *9>, but !as not released.

8. FORTRAN IV !as developed in *


21/30

2*

6. The ne! -0T01 also officially denoted E3.?

*=>, added a number of significant features to address many of the shortcomings of

-0T01 standard$ these include& ree?form source input, also !ith lo!ercase ortran 4ey!ords

Identifiers up to 3* characters in length (In the previous standard, it !as

only < characters). Inline comments


22/30

22

1bility to operate on arrays (or array sections) as a !hole, thus greatly

simplifying math and engineering computations.

? !hole, partial and mas4ed array assignment statements and array

epressions, such as E(*&)U0(*&)VC-#(1(*&))

? 7A@0@ statement for selective array assignment

? array?valued constants and epressions,

? user?defined array?valued functions and array constructors.

0@CH0#ID@ procedures

"odules, to group related procedures and data together, and ma4e them

available to other program units, including the capability to limit the

accessibility to only specific parts of the module. 1 vastly improved argument?passing mechanism, allo!ing interfaces to be

chec4ed at compile time Hser?!ritten interfaces for generic procedures

-perator overloading

%erived (structured) data types

e! data type declaration synta, to specify the data type and other

attributes of variables

%ynamic memory allocation by means of the 1//-C1T1/@ attribute

and the 1//-C1T@ and %@1//-C1T@ statements

:-IT@0 attribute, pointer assignment, and H//IJ statement to

facilitate the creation and manipulation of dynamic data structures

#tructured looping constructs, !ith an @% %- statement for loop

termination, and @EIT and CJC/@ statements for terminating

normal %- loop iterations in an orderly !ay

#@/@CT . . . C1#@ construct for multi?!ay selection

:ortable specification of numerical precision under the user5s control

e! and enhanced intrinsic procedures.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion_(computer_science)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion_(computer_science)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)


23/30

23

8. F(r$r%- ?5 !as officially released as I#-MI@C *93?*&*= in *=. -nly minor

revision, mostly to resolve some outstanding issues from the ortran 6 standard, !as

carried out on this version. ortran 9 also added a number of etensions, notably from

the Aigh :erformance ortran specification&

-01// and nested 7A@0@ constructs to aid vectorization

Hser?defined :H0@ and @/@"@T1/ procedures

%efault initialization of derived type components, including pointer

initialization @panded the ability to use initialization epressions for data obects

Initialization of pointers to H// ()

Clearly defined that 1//-C1T1/@ arrays are automatically

deallocated !hen they go out of scope.

. F(r$r%- 00! !as officially released as #-MI@C *93?*&2668 in year 2668. This came

!ith a maor revision introducing many ne! features. The ne! features include**), deferred type parameters, D-/1TI/@ attribute, eplicit type

specification in array constructors and allocate statements, pointer

enhancements, etended initialization epressions, and enhanced intrinsic

procedures

InputMoutput enhancements& asynchronous transfer, stream access, user

specified transfer operations for derived types, user specified control of


24/30

28

rounding during format conversions, named constants for pre?connected

units, the /H#A statement, regularization of 4ey!ords, and access to

error messages

:rocedure pointers

#upport for I@@@ floating?point arithmetic and floating point eception

handling (incorporating T0 *99>6)

Interoperability !ith the C programming language

#upport for international usage& access to I#- *6


25/30

29

F2DTDAG code on a punched card, showing thespeciali!ed uses of columns '-:, and K7-;. @.7 E"4 for the 4igital /5uipment

orporation #4/$ HA3, displaying themanual for F2DTDAG KK #fKK$ compiler

The follo!ing are some of the significant features of the -0T01 programming /anguage&

*. S*' $( %r- ? !hen -0T01 !as design one of the obectives !as to !rite a

language that !as easy to learn and understand.

2. M%&- I-'--$ ? allo!s for easy transportation of a program from one machine

to another.

3. M(r -%$+r% 3%4# $( ='r## *%$*%$&% 2+-&$(-# ? -0T01 permits even

severely comple mathematical functions to be epressed similarly to regular algebraic

notation.

8. Pr("* (r-$%$ %-)+%)

9. R*%-# &(# $( %- ='($# $ %%%" %r3%r


26/30

2<

-0T01 is useful for in many areas of applications, some of the more important areas are as

follo!s&

• N+*"r &r+-&-) ? due to the more natural (li4e it5s true algebraic form) !ay of

epressing comple mathematical functions and it5s quic4 eecution time, -0T01 is

easy and efficient at processing mathematical equations.

• S&-$2&, *%$*%$&%, #$%$#$&%, %- -)-r-) $4' 'r(&+r# ?due to its rapid

number?crunching ability -0T01 is a good choice for these type of applications.

• P$r(+* I-+#$r4 B -il companies, especially in the area of eploration and other

engineering !or4s that demand comple calculations

• F-%-& I-+#$r4 B aids comple calculations to analyse stoc4 mar4et and financial

mar4et data

• O$r I-+#$r# %- +#r# B "etrological office, "inistry of %efence, the 1tomic

7eapons @stablishment, the 1ircraft and 1utomobile industries, engineering

consultancies, universities, research laboratories and other scientific institutions, all these

also use the -0T01 *=

asically -0T01 is most useful for applications that are comptational-bon rather

than '"$ bon .

C(-&+#(-#

“Whereas COBOL was created to be a general purpose language that worked well for

creating applications for business and government purposes in which reports and

human-readable output were key, FORTRAN was all about manipulating numbers and

numeric data structures.


27/30

2=

Its numeric capabilities meant that Fortran was the language of choice for the first

generation of high-performance computers and remained the primary development tool

for supercomputers: Platform-specific versions of the language power applications on

supercomputers from Burroughs, Cray, IBM, and other vendors.”

“While many scientific applications have begun to move to C++, Java, and other modern

languages because of the wide availability of both function libraries and programming

talent, Fortran remains an active part of the engineering and scientific software

development world.”19

Cobol and ortran programming languages being the foremost high level programming

languages have been around for over 96 years ago and still relevant in the computer !orld. This

testifies to their robustness and importance.

"any supercomputers across the industries and organisations are still running these

programming languages on their computers despite the observed lac4 of interests among the

maority of ne! generations of programmer to learn the C--/ and ortran. 1lso most

institutions across the !orld and their students are more !illing to teach their students other

common popular programs li4e Gava. T@, CFF etc. than C--/ and ortran.

These attitudes among the generation of programmers portend great dangers for the continuous

eistence of the t!o foremost A//.

7e suggest that those organisations should intensify efforts to !or4 !ith training organisations

and Institutions of higher learning to promote interests in and learning of the t!o foremost

Computer programming languages.

To avoid their etinction

To prevent huge financial loss (estimated in billions of H# dollars) by the

organisations !hose computers run these programs.


28/30

2>

0eferences

1. usinessdictionary.com,

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/computer.html#ixzz46q

!a"$% accessed on &'/(4/&(16

&. )oo$le.com% https://www.$oo$le.com.n$/search*

q+what,is,computer-0rlz+11235en

)78)6(&8)6(&0oq+what,is,computer

-0aqs+chrome...69i'.';(;0sourceid+chrome0ie+#%

accessed on &'/(4/&(16

. Silberschatz, Abraham (1994). Operating System Concepts, Fourth !ition.

A!!ison"#esley. p. $%. &S' "*1"$4%"4.

@. @dgef4its International 7ebsite, 7hat is the +rogramming 0anguage and

4ifferences6 httpIMMrrefxkits.comMblogMtypes-of-programming-languages-with-

differencesM, accessed on B:M;@MB;'.

'. 3.net% ?ro$rammin$ !an$ua$es% http://ccm.net/contents/1'

pro$rammin$lan$ua$es% accessed on &'/(4/&(16

6. @d$e A Bits and Colutions Dnternational 7lo$site% Ehat is the

?ro$rammin$ !an$ua$e and Fifferences%

http://efxGits.com/blo$/typesofpro$rammin$lan$ua$eswith

differences/% accessed on &'/(4/&(16

. EiGipedia.or$% !ist of pro$rammin$ lan$ua$es by type%

https://en.m.wiGipedia.or$/wiGi/!ist5of5pro$rammin$5lan$ua$es5by5t

ype accessed on &'/(4/&(16.

>. 7eyer% Burt H&((9I. )race 2opper and the DnJention of the Dnformation

$e. 3D= ?ress. DC78 9>(&6&(11(9. !8 &((>(44&&9% p. &>&.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-50480-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-50480-4


29/30

2

9. "ichael Coughlan% Dntroduction to 7!%

http&MM!!!.csis.ul.ieMcobolMcourseMC--/Intro.htm N29?1pril?26*


30/30

36

mis programming languages cobol fortran

Documents