Management Information System

Management Information System plays a very important role in an organization. There is hardly a business magazine that dos not contain article about information system.

MIS can be defined as –

“A system which collects, processes, stores and distributes information to help in decision making for managerial functions.”

(Planning, staffing, directing, controlling, organizing and budgeting)

It may also be defined as Integrated user/ Machine system for providing information to support the decision making process.

MIS is a computer based system, which presents both external and internal information of business.

This system utilizes computer hardware and software, manual procedure for analysis, planning, control and decision making.

These system do not take decisions but they assist in providing a necessary information as an input to the decision making process.

MIS should provide information which is consistent, accurate, timely, economically flexible and relevant.

MIS can be computerized or manual. MIS provides information in report format on regular basis to assist managers with decision which occur frequently and can be anticipated.

MANAGEMENT

Management has been defined in a variety of ways, but for our purpose it compromises the processes or activities that describes what managers do in the operation of their organization; plan, organize, initiative and control operations.

INFORMATION

Data must be distinguished from information. Data are facts and figures that are not currently being used in decision process.

Information consist of data that have been retrived, processed or otherwise used for informative or inference purposes, arguments, or as a basis for forecasting or decision making.

SYSTEMS

A system can be described simply as a set of elements joined together for a common objective. The system concept of mis is therefore one of the optimizing the output of the

organization by connecting the operating sub-system through the medium of information exchange

PYRAMIDICAL STRUCTURE OF MIS

I) Lower level :-The bottom layer consists of information required for transaction processing and inquiry processing.

II) Operational level: - This layer has the information which is required for day to day performance of activities and their control.

III) Middle level: - This layer has the information which is useful for tactical planning and decision making to implement the policy of top management.

IV) Top level: - This layer has information which is useful for strategies and policy planning.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MIS

The mis plays a vital role in management, administrations and operations of an organization as it helps in information generation, communication, problem identification in the process of decision making.

The main features of mis are:-

I) Management oriented:- The development of mis starts after deciding the management needs and keeping in view overall objective of management.

II) Management directed:- A good mis removes the lack of knowledge, enriches experience and improves analytical abilities leading to better business judgement.

III) Integrated system: - MIS binds together database of business system and through information interchange, integrates the organization. It also provides adequate development resources and removes the human and organizational barriers to progress.

IV) Avoid redundancy: - Since mis is a integrated system, it avoids unnecessary inconsistency and redundancy in data gathering and storage.

V) Common data flow: -MIS provides common data flows, which try to utilize minimum data processing efforts and minimize the number of output document.

VI) Heavy planning element: - Designing and implementation of mis require detailed and meticulous planning of activities like acquisition and utilization of resources.

VII) Common database: - MIS acts as a master that holds the functional sub-system together. It achieves this aim by allowing access to different master files of data to several functional sub-systems.

VIII) Flexibility: - MIS design should be flexible so as to provide alternate ways of processing data and system should be easy to operate so that not much of computers skills are required.

IX) Computerization: - MIS can be computerized because of its nature. This provide speed, accuracy and consistency in creating and access of files.

X) Relevance: - MIS should deal only with operation and control of relevant information.

XI) Support to top management: - MIS cannot be effective unless they receive the full support of top management. For this, top management should be educated about cost and benefits of mis.

XII) Periodic evaluation: - The last feature of mis is that the system should be evaluated at periodic intervals to ensure that mis is achieving the objective of which this has been installed.

COMPONENTS OF MIS

Management information system refers to the data, equipment and computers program that are used to develop information for managerial use. The MIS consists of following components which are as follows-

I) People:- People is only living component of mis which operates and controls the other components of mis. They enter, analyze and diagnose data, so that useful information is produced and provided to top executives for decision making.

II) Data process: - Data process uses different procedures, so that data can be properly analyzed and effective information is generated. Procedures explain people how to operate the computer hardware, what program to run, what data to use and what to do with the results.

III) Data communication:- There are different ways for communication of data. It may be informed orally or in the form of written report. Written forms are more appropriate than oral ones as it is permanent and systematic way of organizing information.

IV) Information: - Data are facts and figures that are not currently being used in decision process. Data is process by applying different procedures to obtain information. It may be recorded into computer, storage media or manual files and is retrived whenever required.

V) System planning: - We have achieved a very high degree of automation and combination sub-system in scientific, mechanical and factory manufacturing operation. The system concept of mis is therefore of optimizing the output of the organization by connecting the operation sub-system, through the medium of information exchange.

VI) Hardware and Software: - The hardware generally consists of computer equipments, on the other hand software consists of programs or instructions given to the computer such as pay roll processing, invoices etc.

FUNCTIONS OF MIS

A MIS is used to collect data, store and process data and present information to managers.

I) Collect data:- Data can be obtained from source within and outside the organization. Internal sources such as records, reports and external sources such as publications, customers and consultancy.

II) Store and process data:- After creation of data, a database must be stored and processed in a form useful to managers. The data can be loaded into computers for easy access by user.

III) Present information to users: - After collection of data, storing and processing of data, the next step is to present the information to managers for their use.

USES/BENEFITS/ROLE OF MIS

I) MIS ensures that appropriate and relevant data is collected from various sources, processed and is sent further to needy destination.

II) It fulfills the needs of individual, group, management.

III) Mis helps in strategic planning, management control, operational control and transaction processing system.

IV) Mis plays an important role in information generation, communication, problem identification and decision making administration.

V) With good mis support marketing, finance, production and personnel functions increases efficiency.

VI) Mis creates structured database and therefore saves time.

VII) Mis brings clarity in communication and understanding, thus helps in bringing degree of professionalism.

INFORMATION

We breathe information, eat information, drink information, wake up with information, sleep with information etc. So information is as life blood of any organization, without information survival of any organization is not possible.

Information means “processing of data or analyses of data in a specific context to get required information”. It is a basis of decision making. The decision taken on basis of complete and accurate information is less risky.

The value of perfect information is calculated by finding out the difference between the optimal policy with and without perfect information.

Characteristics of an information

i) Accuracy :- accuracy means that information is free from mistakes and error and it accurately and clearly reflects the meaning of data from which it is derived. It conveys the accurate picture to receiver and is free from biasness.

ii) Timeliness :- information must be delivered at the right time and the right place to the right person otherwise information would be of little value to the organization. hence, making information available to the receiver within time is very crucial for every organization.

iii) Relevance :- information should be to the point and meaningful to the decision maker. Relevance of information for different users will be different.

iv) Correct information format :- information should be given to the user in such a form that it could be easily understood by user.

v) Completeness :-information is said to be complete if decision maker can satisfactory solve the problem at hand using that information. Incomplete information has no meaning for user.

vi) Subjectivity :- it is the value and usefulness of the information.

vii) Accessibility :- information should be readily accessible in desired format when needed. Technological advancement has made data accessibility easy.

Classification of Information System

I) TPS(Transaction Processing System) :- Most fundamental computer system which is concerned with processing of business is called TPS. The objective of TPS is to improve routine business activities on which functions of organization depends. The main work of TPS is to record and process the data resulting from business transactions. A transaction is an event or entity which affects the organization. Transaction processing could also be considered as a set of procedures for handling transactions and it includes activities like calculation, classification, storage and retrieval, sorting, validation, verification, summarization etc. These activities occur at operational level in nay organization. TPS produces a variety of information system for internal and external cause.

Examples:

a. ATM Machine System – Banking Transactions

b. Cash Register System – Point of Sale Transactions

c. Accounting System – Checking Account Transactions

d. Even Pay-per-view or OnDemand is a TPS

II) Process control system :- PCS collects, processes, stores and transmits data and information in the form of electronic office communication. These automatic systems rely on text processing, telecommunication and offer information system technologies. Example- word processing, electronic mail, desktop publishing, telecommunication and document image processing. It enhances the abilities of users to communicate with their colleagues within their work groups and organization and with external contact such as customers and suppliers.

Examples:

a. Petroleum Refining

b. Power Generation

c. Automobile Manufacturing

Advantages-

They provide more time to managers to concentrate on their basic jobs.

They improve the quality of work in terms of content, throughness, timeliness and accuracy.

They speed up specific functions and thereby increases the quantity of clerical output.

They reduce the time spent on input capture and creation.

They co-ordinate and integrate office tasks.

They enable more cost- effective and time- effective communications.

They increase the productivity of office workers at all levels.

Disadvantages –

Cost of automated office hardware is very high.

Oas can disrupt traditional office work roles and environment.

Oas may lead to security problems.

III) Enterprise collaborative system : Abbreviated as ECS, Enterprise Collaboration Systems is a type of information system (IS). ECS is a combination of groupware, tools, Internet, extranets and other networks needed to support enterprise-wide communications, such as the sharing of documents and knowledge to specific teams and individuals within the enterprise. Some examples of enterprise communication tools include e-mail, videoconferencing, collaborative document

sharing, project management tools and others. The objective of an ECS is to provide each user with the tools for managing communications, documents and other information that individuals need to manage their own tasks efficiently in their departments.

Examples:

a. E-mail

b. Chat

c. Video Conferencing

d. Calendaring

e. Journaling

f. Workflow

g. File Sharing (Kazaa, Morpheus, Limework, Napster)

IV) Management Information System : An organized approach to the study of the information needs of an organization's management at every level in making operational, tactical, and strategic decisions. Its objective is to design and implement procedures, processes, and routines that provide suitably detailed reports in an accurate, consistent, and timely manner. In a management information system, modern, computerized systems continuously gather relevant data, both from inside and outside an organization. This data is then processed, integrated, and stored in a centralized database (or data warehouse) where it is constantly updated and made available to all who have the authority to access it, in a form that suits their purpose.

V) Decision Support System: Decision support system (DSS) is a computer program application that analyzes business data and presents it so that users can make business decisions more easily. It is an "informational application" (to distinguish it from an "operational application" that collects the data in the course of normal business operation).Typical information that a decision support application might gather and present would be:

• Comparative sales figures between one week and the next

• Projected revenue figures based on new product sales assumptions

• The consequences of different decision alternatives, given past experience in a context that is described

A decision support system may present information graphically and may include an expert system or artificial intelligence (AI). It may be aimed at business executives or some other group of knowledge workers.

VI) EIS(Executive Information System): - The decision made by executives are mostly unstructured for which informational requirements are generally for processed and summarized data from variety of sources. Initially tip executive information system relies on non computer source. Top level executives get information whenever they require from many sources like letters, memos, periodicals and report produced manually as well as by computer system. Thus, with computer based EIS provides top management with immediate and easy access to selective information, which reduces the information overload on executives and help to achieve firm’s strategic objective.

Advantages:-

Planning:- ES can make a valuable contribution to planning. It can use information from earlier project which can be used to improve subsequent plans.

Decision making: - ES can support decision making by storing information in its knowledge base from several experts rather than a single expert.

Monitoring: - ES can be used to monitor the process, activities of employees and cash management etc.

Diagnosis: - ES can be used in diagnosing different conditions. Ex- in diagnosing the reasons for manufacturing equipment, human diseases in medicine etc.

Training: - when an ES is being used as a regular nature in the course of work, users learn the way the system reaches destination.

Timely response: - ES are available on call at all the time and, can be used to provide immediate support and to perform task immediately.

Reliability: - they are reliable in the sense that they do not become tired or bored. They pay attention to all details and do not overlook any relevant information.

Disadvantages:-

Expert system are not problem solver.

It may take longer time to solve problem than an expertise.

Expert systems takes long development time and are expensive.

Information Flow

Executive Information System

Executives

MIS

TPS

PCS

Operational Systems and Staff

DSSManagers

Enterp

rise Collab

oratio

n S

ystem

Operations

Management

Artificial Intelligence:

Artificial Intelligence can be defined as an area having over half a century of the history.

First of all in the late 1940’s, the emergence of the computers took place and it was dur-

ing this phase only that the Artificial Intelligence began in the earnest.

These machines have the ability to store huge amount of the data and after this step

these machines process it into the information at a very high speed. Although the Artifi-

cial Intelligence was born in the 1940’s but it did not receive a great response from the

various users at that particular time. It was only in the 1980’s that the Artificial Intelli-

gence received the popular economic and the managerial acclaim. All along during this

period, a large amount of the transition took place in the concept of the Artificial Intelli-

gence and one of the main transitions included the transition from a primary research

area to the potential commercial applications.

After this period of the major transitions only, the Artificial Intelligence was accepted as

an emerging technology and got a very hot response from the different types of the

users using it. The major reason of its acceptance was the fact that the Artificial Intelli -

gence does – not replace people but in fact the Artificial Intelligence liberate the experts

from solving the common and the simple types of the problems, hence in – turn leaving

the experts for solving the various complex problems.

One of the major advantages of the Artificial Intelligence is that it helps to avoid making

the mistakes and also helps in responding very quickly to any type of the problem that

may arise.

Meaning and the Definition

George Luger and William Stabblefied defined Artificial Intelligence as “a branch of the

computer science that is mainly concerned with the automation of the intelligent behav-

ior”.

Dan Patterson defined Artificial Intelligence as “a branch of the computer science con-

cerned with the study and the creation of the computer systems that exhibit some form

of the intelligence: systems that learn the new concepts and the tasks, systems that can

reason and also draw the useful conclusions about the world around us, systems that can

under – stand the various natural languages and perceive and comprehend a visual

scene and the systems that perform the other types of the feats that essentially require

the human types of the intelligence”.

Artificial Intelligence can be under – stood as the technology playing a very major part in

the application of the computers to the areas or the fields, which requires the basic

knowledge, the perception, the reasoning, the understanding and the cognitive abilities.

By having all this, it really becomes possible to distinguish the human behavior from the

machines like the computers etc. Artificial Intelligence actually is the science and the en-

gineering involving the making of the intelligent machines and one major point to be re-

membered here is that the Artificial Intelligence is related a great deal to the similar task

of making use of the computers in order to under – stand the human intelligence. Human

intelligence is also referred to as the natural intelligence and the below explained com-

parison between the Natural Intelligence and the Artificial Intelligence helps a great deal

in under – standing the concept of both the Artificial Intelligence and the Natural Intelli-

gence and the basic differences that occur between them.

Examples Of Artificial Intelligence

Expert Systems!!

An expert system is a computer program that is designed to hold the accumulated

knowledge of one or more domain experts. It reasons with knowledge of some specialist

subject with a view to solving problems or giving advice. They are tested by being placed

in the same real world problem solving situation.

Machine Learning!

Machine learning is a scientific discipline concerned with the design and development of

algorithms that allow machines to mimic human intelligence.

There are three ways that A.I learns

1. Failure Driven Learning

2. Learning by being Told

3. Learning by Exploration

Failure-Driven Learning

Failure-driven learning is based on creating a program that will learn by making mistakes

and then finding a solution so that mistake doesn't happen again. This is similar to the

way humans learn. If we make a mistake we usually try to learn from that mistake to im-

prove upon ourselves so we don't make it again. 

The above animation shows a graphical representation of a program that has to put the

"a" block on top of the "b" block. At first the program can't because the "c" block is on

top of the "a" block. The program now has to figure a solution to why it can't lift the "a"

block. It devises a solution to move the "c" block off the "a" block. Once the "c" has been

moved, it can now place the "a" block on top of the "b" block and its objective is com-

pleted. 

Learning by being told

Learning by being told is another area of AI learning. It's simply interaction of a teacher

(human) and the AI student. The teacher is there to teach the AI how to do things in the

real world. Because the teacher has a grasp on the real world situation, it virtually eli-

mates the need for induction by the AI. The only problem is communication between the

teacher and the AI. Preferably the teacher would want to teach in english, but the AI

doesn't understand english. There isn't a sufficient english to code translator around. 

One solution is for the teacher to use partial english. This reduces the need to interpret

unnecessary parts of the sentence such as some pronouncs and articles.

i.e. Instead of saying "It's easier to move the little boxes first" the teacher could say

"move little boxes first."

This reduces the command down to a verb, adjective, noun, and word telling the program

in what order to move the boxes.

Learning by exploration

Learning by exploration is a little different than the other ways of learning. The purpose

of learning to explore is to just gather information, and not really pursue a goal. All it

tries to do is find interesting information so it can store and learn from it. But it doesn't

explore until it has nothing left to explore. It will follow a series of tasks. It will perform

one task, which may add more tasks, and then move onto the next task. This causes a

database of concepts to continue to grow. 

Human Intelligence VS Artificial Intelligence

Pros

Human Intelligence

• Intuition, Common sense, Judgement, Creativity, Beliefs etc

• The ability to demonstrate their intelligence by communicating effectively

• Plausible Reasoning and Critical thinking

Artificial Intelligence

• Ability to simulate human behavior and cognitive processes

• Capture and preserve human expertise

• Fast Response. The ability to comprehend large amounts of data quickly.

Cons

Human Intelligence

• Humans are fallible

• They have limited knowledge bases

• Information processing of serial nature proceed very slowly in the brain as compared to computers

• Humans are unable to retain large amounts of data in memory.

Artificial Intelligence

• No “common sense”

• Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge

• May have high development costs

• Raise legal and ethical concerns

Artificial Intelligence

• AI software uses the techniques of search and pattern matching

• Programmers design AI software to give the computer only the problem, not the steps necessary to solve it

Conventional Computing

• Conventional computer software follow a logical series of steps to reach a conclusion

• Computer programmers originally designed software that accomplished tasks by completing algorithms

Artificial Intelligence VS Conventional Computing

Psychology And Artificial intelligence

The functionalist approach of AI views the mind as a representational system and psychology as the study of the various computational

processes whereby mental representations are constructed, organized, and interpreted.

(Margaret Boden's essays written between 1982 and 1988)

Artificial intelligence & Our society

Why we need AI??

To supplement natural intelligence for e.g we are building intelligence in an object so that it can do what we want it to do, as for example-- robots, thus reducing human labour and reducing human mistakes

Applications of Artificial Intelligence

1. Neural Networks,

2. Fuzzy Logical Control System,

3. Virtual Reality ,

4. Expert System(ES),

5. Executive Information System(EIS),

6. Cross Functional Information Systems.

Neural Networks

An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, process information. The key element of this paradigm is the novel structure of the information processing system.

• It is composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurones) working in unison to solve specific problems. ANNs, like people, learn by example. An ANN is configured for a specific application, such as pattern recognition or data classification, through a learning process. Learning in biological systems involves adjustments to the synaptic connections that exist between the neurones. This is true of ANNs as well.

Why use neural networks

• Adaptive learning: An ability to learn how to do tasks based on the data given for training or initial experience.

• Self-Organisation: An ANN can create its own organisation or representation of the information it receives during learning time.

• Real Time Operation: ANN computations may be carried out in parallel, and special hardware devices are being designed and manufactured which take advantage of this capability.

• Fault Tolerance via Redundant Information Coding: Partial destruction of a network leads to the corresponding degradation of performance. However, some network capabilities may be retained even with major network damage.

Neural networks versus conventional computers

• Neural networks take a different approach to problem solving than that of conventional computers. Conventional computers use an algorithmic approach i.e. the computer follows a set of instructions in order to solve a problem. Unless the specific steps that the computer needs to follow are known the computer cannot solve the problem.

Neural networks do not perform miracles. But if used sensibly they can produce some amazing results.

Fuzzy Logical Control System

• Fuzzy logic is widely used in machine control. The term "fuzzy" refers to the fact that the logic involved can deal with concepts that cannot be expressed as "true" or "false" but rather as "partially true“..

• Although alternative approaches such as genetic algorithms and neural networks can perform just as well as fuzzy logic in many cases, fuzzy logic has the advantage that the solution to the problem can be cast in terms that human operators can understand, so that their experience can be used in the design of the controller. This makes it easier to mechanize tasks that are already successfully performed by humans

WHAT IS FUZZY LOGIC?

Definition of fuzzy

Fuzzy – “not clear, distinct, or precise; blurred”

Definition of fuzzy logic

A form of knowledge representation suitable for notions that cannot be defined precisely, but which depend upon their contexts.

TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATION OF LOGIC

Slow Fast

Speed = 0 Speed = 1

FUZZY LOGIC REPRESENTATION

For every problem must represent in terms of fuzzy sets.

What are fuzzy sets?

Slowest

Fastest

Slow

Fast

[ 0.0 – 0.25 ]

[ 0.25 – 0.50 ]

[ 0.50 – 0.75 ]

[ 0.75 – 1.00 ]

FUZZY LOGIC REPRESENTATION CONT.

Slowest FastestSlow Fast

Fuzzy logic provides an alternative way to represent linguistic and subjective attributes of the real world in computing. It is able to be applied to control systems and other applications in order to improve the efficiency and simplicity of the design process.

Virtual Reality

• Virtual reality is an artificial environment that is created with software and presented to the user in such a way that the user suspends belief and accepts it as a real environment. On a computer, virtual reality is primarily experienced through two of the five senses: sight and sound. 

• The simplest form of virtual reality is a 3-D image that can be explored interactively at a personal computer, usually by manipulating keys or the mouse so that the content of the image moves in some direction or zooms in or out. More sophisticated efforts involve such approaches as wrap-around display screens, actual rooms augmented with wearable computers, and haptics devices that let you feel the display images.

Expert System

Artificial intelligence based system that converts the knowledge of an expert in a specific subject into a software code. This code can be merged with other such codes (based on the knowledge of other experts) and used for answering questions (queries) submitted through a computer.

Expert systems parts

(1) A knowledge base: which contains the information acquired by interviewing experts, and logic rules that govern how that information is applied

(2) An Inference engine: an Inference engine that interprets the submitted problem against the rules and logic of information stored in the knowledge base

(3)  Interface: Interface that allows the user to express the problem in a human language such as English.

Despite its earlier high hopes, expert systems technology has found application only in areas where information can be reduced to a set of computational rules, such as insurance underwriting or some aspects of securities trading. Also called rule based system.

Executive Information System(EIS)

• An executive information system (EIS) is a type of management information system that facilitates and supports senior executive information and decision-making needs. It provides easy access to internal and external information relevant to organizational goals. It is commonly considered a specialized form of decision support system (DSS).

• EIS emphasizes graphical displays and easy-to-use user interfaces. They offer strong reporting and drill-down capabilities. In general, EIS are enterprise-wide DSS that help top-level executives analyze, compare, and highlight trends in important variables so that they can monitor performance and identify opportunities and problems. EIS and data warehousing technologies are converging in the marketplace.

Components

EIS components can typically be classified as:

• Hardware

• Software

• User interface

• Telecommunications

Advantages of EIS

• Easy for upper-level executives to use, extensive computer experience is not required in operations

• Provides timely delivery of company summary information

• Information that is provided is better understood

• EIS provides timely delivery of information. Management can make decisions promptly.

• Improves tracking information

• Offers efficiency to decision makers

Disadvantages of EIS

• System dependent

• Limited functionality, by design

• Information overload for some managers

• Benefits hard to quantify

• High implementation costs

• System may become slow, large, and hard to manage

• Need good internal processes for data management

• May lead to less reliable and less secure data

Cross Functional Information Systems

• A cross-functional information system is the third era of information systems, after calculations systems and functional systems. Cross-functional systems were designed to integrate the activities of the entire business process, and are called so because they 'cross' departmental boundaries

UP Board Syllabus

Class – Intermediate (12th)

Subject – English (First Paper)

English prose

   1. Explanation of any one out of three passages.                                                                  4 Marks

   2. Comprehension questions on any one out of two passages.                                             4 Marks

   3. Two out of three short answers type questions.                                                              4 Marks

   4. One out of two long answers type questions.                                                                   6 Marks

   5. Use of expressions or words.                                                                                              2 Marks

                                 Or

   From the four alternatives given, choose the most appropriate word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Julius Caesar

   6. One out of two long answers type questions.                                                                   5 Marks

   7. One out of two short answers type questions.                                                                 2 Marks

English Short Stories

   8. One out of two long answers type questions.                                                                   5 Marks

   9. One out of two short answers type questions.                                                                  2 Marks

English Poetry & The Light of Asia

   10. Explanation of any two out of three passages.                                                               6 Marks

   11. Central idea of one of three passages.                                                                            4 Marks

   12. One out of two long answers type questions on The Light of Asia.                                4 Marks

   13. Identification of Figures of Speech on two of three sentences.                                    1 Marks

   14. Definition with illustration of any one Figures of Speech.                                              1 Marks

English (Second Paper)

Grammar

1. (a) Narration (Direct & Indirect).                                                                                               2 Marks

    (b) Synthesis: Combining of Sentences.                                                                                    2 Marks

    (c) Transformation of Sentences.                                                                                              2 Marks

    (d) Syntax: Correction of Sentences.                                                                                        2 Marks

2. Use of three idioms/ phrases.                                                                                                   3 Marks

Vocabulary

3. (a) Synonyms (two words).                                                                                                        1 Marks

    (b) Antonyms (two words).                                                                                                        1 Marks

    (c) One Word Substitution (two groups of words).                                                                    1 Marks

    (d) Words often Confused (Homophones).                                                                                 1 Marks

Translation

4. (a) Hindi to English                                                                                                                      10 Marks

    (b) English to Hindi                                                                                                                        5 Marks

Composition

5. An essay in about 250 words on one out of 4 or 5 topics.                                                            10 Marks

6. Letter or Application writing.                                                                                                        5 Marks

Unseen Passage

7. Comprehension questions, explanation of italicized group of words, suitable title and summary of the passage.          5 Marks