mis & decision making
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MIS & Decision Making
By Arun Mishra
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DECISION MAKING Decision making is the developing
concepts leading to the selection of a course of action among variations. Every decision making process produces a final choice
It can be an action or an opinion. It begins when we need to do something but we do not know what
e.g. Decision to raise a Purchase Order
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Decision making in business and management
In general, business and management systems should be set up to allow decision making at the lowest possible level.
Several decision making models or practices for business include:– SWOT Analysis - Evaluation by the decision making
individual or organization of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats with respect to desired end state or objective.
– Buyer decision processes - transaction before, during, and after a purchase
• Corporate finance:• The investment decision• The financing decision• The dividend decision• working capital management decisions
– Cost-benefit analysis - process of weighing the total expected costs vs. the total expected benefits
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Types of Decisions
Unstructured/ Nonprogrammed
Structured/ Programmed
Semi-structured
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Information Requirements of Key Decision-Making Groups in a Firm
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The Decision-Making Process
Phases of Decision Making ProcessIntelligence
Design
Choice
Implementation
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Stages in Decision Making
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Phases of Decision Making Process Intelligence gathering
– Definition of problem– Data gathered on scope– Constraints identified
Design phase– Alternatives identified and assessed
Choice– Selection of an alternative
Implementation– Testing the selected alternative.
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Typical Inputs and Outputs
Inputs: Information from the TPS Outputs: hard and softcopy reports
– Scheduled reports– On-demand reports– Key-indicator (business fundamentals)– Exception reports
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MIS Support to Decision Making
Process
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Functional Perspectives of MIS
Financial MIS–Will integrate information from
multiple sources–Functions
• Costing• P&L reporting• Auditing• Funds management
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Functional Perspectives of MIS
Manufacturing–Design and Engineering–Master Production Scheduling– Inventory Control–Materials Planning–Manufacturing and Process Control–Quality Control
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Functional Perspectives of MIS
Marketing–Market research
• Web-based market research–Pricing
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Functional Perspectives of MIS
Transportation and Logistics–Route and schedule optimization
Human Resources Accounting
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Systems for Supporting Decisions
• Management information systems (MIS)
• Decision-support systems (DSS)
• Executive support systems (ESS)
• Group-decision support systems (GDSS)
• Intelligent techniques
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Management Information Systems (MIS)
• Help managers monitor and control a business
• Produce regular reports on performance, such as monthly or annual sales
• Sometimes highlight exceptional conditions
• Reports often available online
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Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Support semi-structured and unstructured problem analysis
Characteristics– Data from multiple sources internal and
external to organization– Presentation flexibility– Simulation and what-if capability– Support for multiple decision approaches– Statistical analysis
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Components of DSS• DSS database
• DSS software system
• Models
• Sensitivity analysis
• DSS user interface
Examples of DSS• DSS for pricing decisions in FMCG & Pharma
Companies.
• DSS for customer relationship management in Banks
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Group Decision-Support Systems (GDSS)
Very interesting field How can information technology improve how
decisions are made by groups? Interactive, computer-based systems that
facilitates solving of unstructured problems by a set of decision makers
Used in conference rooms with special hardware and software
Support increased meeting sizes with increased productivity
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Applications– Where time is critical– Where participants are geographically
dispersed– Where authority obstructs communication– Military– Business– Government
Group Decision-Support Systems (GDSS)
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Common characteristics– Meeting moderation/facilitation– Signed and anonymous comments– Structured deliberations
• Presentation period• Comment period• Automated collation of comments• “Voting”
Face-to-face and remote
Group Decision-Support Systems (GDSS)
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Executive Information Systems What information does a chief executive
of board member require? High level with drill down Key business and industry data Structured and unstructured information
–Structured: orders–Unstructured: Industry newsfeed
Graphical
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Executive Information Systems Give senior executives a picture of the
overall performance of an organization
Enable an executive to zoom in on details or zoom out for a broader view
Drill down capability
Digital dashboard
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Intelligent Systems for Decision Support
• Artificial intelligence (AI)
• Expert systems
• Case-based reasoning
• Intelligent agents
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Intelligent Agents in P&G’s Supply Chain Network
Intelligent agents are helping Procter & Gamble shorten the replenishment cycles for products, such as a box of Tide.