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IT Infrastructure and EmergingTechnologies

Chapter Five (10thed)

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Denitions of ITI

ITI is a set of rm wide services budgeted bymanagementand comprising both human andtechnical capailities that provide services toemplo!ees" customers" and suppliers.

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#ignicance of IT Infrastructure

IT infrastructure (ITI) is the foundation for

#erving customers

$or%ing with suppliers and

&anaging internal usiness processes An example: If you are a bank and you want to

sell banking services (savings checking carloans home loans brokerage accounts etc! to all

of your customers on a global level your choicesof ITI will make or break you.

ITI is critical component of an! usinessstrateg!

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'isting of the #ervices from the#econd Denition of ITI

Computing platformsthat provide computingservices

Telecommunication

services provide datavoice and videoconnectivity

pplication softwareservices provide accessto #$% &' '$ and)

h!sical facilitiesmanagement services

IT management servicesforplanning and managingITI

IT standards services for

developing policies IT education services

that provide training IT research and

development servicesfor developing future

pro*ects Data management

services that managedata and provide analysistools

+

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Evolution of IT Infrastructure

*eneral+purpose mainframe and minicomputerera, (1-.- to present)

ersonal computer era, (1-/1 to present)

Clientserver era, (1-/ to present)

Enterprise internet computing era, (1--2 to

present)

Cloud Computing Era (2000 to present)

,

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Technolog! Drivers ofInfrastructure Evolution

&oore3s law and microprocessing power

&icroprocessor power (&I#) doules ever! 1/months

4umer of transistors on a chip doules ever! 1/months

Cost of computing falls ! 5 ever! 1/ months

4ear future will continue" ut heat issues andconsumer needs ma! slow this process

The law of mass digital storage

The numer of %ilo!tes stored for 61 has douledever! 1. months since 1-.0

-

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#even 7e! InfrastructureComponents

'omputer ardware %latforms

/perating &ystem %latforms

#nterprise &oftware Applications

0ata anagement and &torage 1etworkingTelecommunications %latforms

Internet %latforms

'onsulting and &ystem Integration &ervices

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Estimated #i8e of 9#Infrastructure Components (200.)

E:penditure (illions) ; of total

'omputer hardware 4+, 56

/perating system platforms 447 36

#nterprise and other IT soft

apps

253 456

0atabase mgmt and storage +2 "6

1etworking and telecom 3-5 ,76

Internet platforms ", 26

'onsulting services 4"7 56

Total 4,28

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Computer

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Computer #oftware latforms

>perating s!stems 'lient /& dominated by some form of icrosoft

;indows &erver /& dominated by inux

a*or providers of

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Data &anagement and #torage

Data management software /racle and I9 dominate the market. icrosoft (&?> &erver! and &ybase tend to serve

smaller @rms. /pen source >inux y&?>

Data storage hardwareThe hard disk market is consolidating around a few

huge @rms like #' and smaller %' hard disk @rmslike &eagate axtor and ;estern 0igital

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4etwor%ingTelecommunications

latforms 4etwor% operating s!stems

>A1& are dominated by ;indows &erver otherplayers include 1ovell >inux and inux or

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Internet latforms

This area overlaps with networ%ing"

hardware" and software platforms Internet hardware server mar%et

0ell % and I9

#ome $e software tools

Adobe software (0reamweaver and Clash!

;eb&phere from I9 to manage a ;eb site

Apache server is an open source software toolfor managing stored ;eb pages on a server

(on 37 percent of all ;eb servers!

ava from &un for interactive applications

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Consulting and #!stem Integration#ervices

ost @rms today even large @rms cannotdevelop their systems without signi@cant outsidehelp.

D4"7 billion annually spent on computer systemdesign and related business services likebusiness process redesign in the

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Contemporar! verview

Cost of IT infrastructure is rising

Cost of computing services and software Intensit! of computing B communications has increased

reuiring more powerful networ%s and client devices

>ther challenges

Integration of data across platforms

Infrastructures must withstand huge spi%es in demandand continual assaults from hac%ers

n+Demand (utilit!) Computing

utonomic Computing

Airtuali8ation and multicore processors

4,

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Integration of Computing andTelecommunications latforms

Increasingl! computing ta%es place over thenetwor%?

Client level, integration of cell phones and#martphones

Television" video" and radio move towarddigital production?

#erver level, The integration of voicetelephone and the Internet ring together

two historicall! separate and distinct gloalnetwor%s?

The networ% in man! respects is the source

of computing power?

4-

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>n+Demand (9tilit!) ComputingAariation of Cloud Computing

Firms o+loading pea% demand forcomputing power to remote" large+scaledata processing centers

Developed ! I&" #94" and

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utonomic Computing

utonomic computing is an industr!+wide eort

to develop s!stems that can, 'on@gure optimiFe and tune themselves eal themselves when broken %rotect themselves from outside intruders and selfG

destruction

$h! is there a need for this 'omputer systems (both hardware and software!

have become so complex that the cost of managingthem has risen.

Thirty to @fty percent of a companyHs IT budget is

spent preventing or recovering from systemcrashes. /perator error is the most common cause of

crashes. E:ample, $indows G and &a: G >#

automaticall! download patches and updates?48

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Airtuali8ation and &ulticorerocessors

oth of these techniues are designed toreduce power consumption

Virtualizationis the process of presenting a set ofcomputing resources so that they can be access inmultiple ways without regard to physical

con@guration or geographical location irtual version of hardware platform /& &torage etc

#g. ;indows /& on ac/&= as a Virtual Machine(Platform Virtualization)

#g. &eparating logical desktop from physical machineduring 1&< Advicing (Desktop Virtualization)

#g. ounting a disk image on to a virtual drive(Storage Virtualization)

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ulticore processors

As the clockspeed of cpus increased theamount of heat generated and electricityconsumed increased.

&olution is to use two or more slower

processors to generate the same computingpower but reduce heat and power consumption

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#oftware latform Trends,>verview

'inu: and the open+source softwaremovement

Hava

#oftware for enterprise integration

#nterprise wide systems >inkage to older systems and applications

HG" &ashups and $e+ased softwareapplications

#oftware outsourcing

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The >pen+#ource #oftware&ovement

>pen+source software is free and can e modied ! users?

Developed and maintained ! a worldwide networ% ofprogrammers and designers under the management of usercommunities

&a=or e:amples include 'inu:" Firefo: (rowser)" and pache($e server software that resides on the server and delivers$e content to !our rowser)

J 'inu: is the most widel! used open+source software program?'inu: is an operating s!stem derived from 9ni:?

I9 % Intel 0ell and &un have adopted and support >inux. >inux is

a ma*or alternative to ;indows server and even client operatingsystems

>inux runs on all ma*or hardware platforms mainframes servers and

clients

a*or threat to icrosoft

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Hava

A programming language that is independent of

the operating system and hardware processor. Applications written in ava can run on any

hardware for which a ava virtual machine hasbeen de@ned.

Anytime an ob*ect moves or input is reKuired from

a user a ava applet has been employed Applets are small ava programs that are

downloaded from the server.

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HG

A*ax (asynchronous ava&cript and =>! is a group ofinterGrelated ;eb development tools for creatinginteractive ;eb applications . A*ax enables increased

responsiveness and interactivity of ;eb pages byexchanging small amounts of data with the serverLbehind the scenesL so entire ;eb pages do not haveto be reloaded each time there is a need to fetch datafrom the server. ava&cript is the language in which

AA= function calls are usually made.M4

A*ax is one form of a set of related techniKues called

rich Internet applications ($IA!. AdobeHs Clash isanother member of $IA.

2+

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$e+ased pplications

The *oogle model *oogle delivers a numer of applications including a

word processor" spreadsheet" email" instantmessaging" and a calendar in a suite called *ooglepps?

9sers pa! a suscription fee that provides unlimitedusage for a specied time?

ll of the apps and data are stored on *oogle servers?

*oogle uses =a: and other @I tools to do this?

Enterprise software rms li%e # and >racle are also

delivering software in this same manner The *oogle model is a direct threat to &icrosoft3s

usiness model

2,

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;eb 9ased Applications

2-

Noho $eaderG/OcePou/&G;eb/&EmailG;ebmail

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&ashups

mashup is a $e application that cominesdata andor functionalit! from more than onesource? The term is derived from the hip hoppractice of uilding a new song ! cominingparts of other songs?

E:ample mashups T!pical mashups comine mapping and satellite

image software with local content (seehttp,housingmaps?comor http,8illow?com)?Enales real estate listings to e displa!ed on

*oogle maps? Celerities lin%ed to maps and ouTue

http,www?mia8aar?comtop100celerities

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http://housingmaps.com/http://zillow.com/http://www.mibazaar.com/top100celebrities/http://www.mibazaar.com/top100celebrities/http://zillow.com/http://housingmaps.com/

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#oftware >utsourcing, ac%ages

J rewritten o+the+shelf software uilt ! asoftware compan!

J Eliminates the need for the compan! towrite their own

J vailale for all standard usinessapplications within and across industries

J Includes all the transaction processings!stems mentioned in earlier chapters

J lso includes the large enterpriseapplications

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#oftware >utsourcing, pplication#ervice roviders

J usiness that delivers and manages

applications and computer services from remote

computer centers to multiple users using the

Internet or a private networ%? #oftware is not

installed on the rm3s s!stems? @ather than purchase hardware and software"

rms can go onto the Internet and nd providerswho oer the same functionalit! over theInternet" and charge on a per+user or licenseasis?

E:ample, #alesforce?com provides customerrelationship management and sales forcemanagement services to rms

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#oftware >utsourcing, Custom#oftware

rm contracts custom softwaredevelopment or maintenance of e:istinglegac! programs to outside rms" often inlow+wage countries?

E:ample, Dow Chemical hired I& for 61?1illion to create an integratedcommunication s!stem for .0"000 Dowemplo!ees in J countries?

$h! would Dow not uild this s!stem itself

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&anagement Issues

ITI management must e guided ! the rm3s

need to provide computer+ased services tocustomers" emplo!ees" and suppliers? To thiswisel! the rm must deal with,