MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

Third Year Information Technology

Part 08Geographical Information System

Tushar B Kute,Department of Information Technology,Sandip Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Nashikhttp://www.tusharkute.com

Flying Blind

Jul 24th 2003 The Economist

WE LIVE IN TWO WORLDS

Self-Regulating Managed

Natural World Constructed World

. . . These Are Increasingly In Conflict

Watersheds Communities Neighborhoods Districts

CONTEXT AND CONTENT

Patterns Linkages Trends

Seeing the Whole Managing Places

ABSTRACTING THE REAL WORLD

WHAT IS GIS?

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based system including software, hardware, people, and geographic information

A GIS can: create, edit, query, analyze, and display map

information on the computer

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

Geographic – 80% of government data collected is associated with some location in space

Information - attributes, or thecharacteristics (data), can be used to symbolize and provide further insight into a given location

System – a seamless operation linking the information to the geography – which requires hardware, networks, software, data, and operational procedures

…not just software! …not just for making maps!

WHO USES GIS? International organizations

UN HABITAT, The World Bank, UNEP, FAO, WHO, etc. Private industry

Transport, Real Estate, Insurance, etc. Government

Ministries of Environment, Housing, Agriculture, etc. Local Authorities, Cities, Municipalities, etc. Provincial Agencies for Planning, Parks, Transportation,

etc. Non-profit organizations/NGO’s

World Resources Institute, ICMA, etc. Academic and Research Institutions

Smithsonian Institution, CIESIN, etc.

The possibilities are unlimited… Environmental impact assessment Resource management Land use planning Tax Mapping Water and Sanitation Mapping Transportation routing and more ...

WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH A GIS?

HOW DOES A GIS WORK?

GIS data has a spatial/geographic reference

This might be a reference that describes a feature on the earth using:

a latitude & longitude a national coordinate system an address a district a wetland identifier a road name

A GIS stores information about the world as a collection of thematic layers that can be linked together by geography

Polygon 3 Scrub 17 Very high Clay

GEOGRAPHY AND DATABASES

GIS PROVIDES DATA INTEGRATION

Vectors

Topology

Networks

Terrain

Surveys

Images

CADDrawings

Annotation

Addresses

27 Main St.

Attributes

ABC

107’

3D Objects

Dimensions

• Roads• Land Parcels• Population• Utilities• Land Mines• Hospitals• Refugee Camps• Wells• Sanitation

TWO FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF DATA

Vector A series of x,y coordinates For discrete data represented as points, lines, polygons

Raster Grid and cells For continuous data such as elevation, slope, surfaces

A Desktop GIS should be able to handle both types of data effectively!

Raster

Vector

Real World

DATA REPRESENTATION

OTHER FEATURES OF A GIS

Produce good cartographic products (translation = maps)

Generate and maintain metadata Use and share geoprocessing models Managing data in a geodatabase using

data models for each sector

HINT – HAVING GIS SOFTWARE DOES NOT A CARTOGRAPHER MAKE!

Good to know something about these issues when creating a map and doing spatial analysis… Scale/Resolution Projection Basic cartographic principles regarding

design, generalization, etc.

GIS IS (RAPIDLY) EVOLVING

Projects Systems Networks

Integrated Coordinated Cooperative

Societal

Collaborative

Problem Statement – ?????*

Formulate the question

Mitigate and change Seek solutions

Observe, acquire data

Analyze

Diagram courtesy of Michael Goodchild, UCSB

Geospatialdata

Socio-Economic

data

Ground-BaseddataOther

Ancillarydata

* Added

GIS AS PART OF YOUR DECISION MAKING PROCESS…

SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE (SDI)

Definition - the technology, policies, standards, human resources, and related activities necessary to acquire, process, distribute, use, maintain, and preserve spatial data

Part of many nation’s e-Gov strategy

www.GSDI.org

The WorldGeographicKnowledge

Citizens

Inventory

Decision Support

WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2002

“Promote the development and wider use of earth observation technologies, including satellite remote sensing, global mapping and geographic information systems, to collect quality data on environmental impacts, land use and land use changes.”

POVERTY INDICATORS

MONITORING FAIR TRADE - LOCAL BANANA FARMERS

A Tale of Two Cities

The formal and the informal

Both deserve GIS… complexity is not an accuse!

GIS for planning underdeveloped areas

Source: Rosario Giusti de Perez

The lack of public open space.Barrios have a percentage of public space between 5% and 10%. In the average city total space constitute over 30% of the total space.

Urban poverty measured in terms of quantity and quality of public space.

The absence of adequate infrastructure,Urban furniture and maintenance which combined produces unhealthy and insecure conditions.

GIS FOR PLANNING UNDERDEVELOPED AREAS

Source: Rosario Giusti de Perez

DEALING WITH A COMPLEX MORPHOLOGY REQUIERES: Understanding the existing physical order

Identifying the social order conformed by community ties and with no physical evidence

Transformation capacity is determined through a detailed review of the built form

GIS for planning underdeveloped areas

Source: Rosario Giusti de Perez

Sustainability is preserving the small social groups

Analysis of the social network and community ties

The social network is topology related.

GIS for planning underdeveloped areas

Source: Rosario Giusti de Perez

…working together!

Achieving the MDGs requires all of us…

REFERENCE

Waman Jawadekar, "Management Information Systems” , 4th Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited.

E. Turban, J. Aronson, T.P. Liang, R. Sharda, “Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems”, 8th Edition, Pearson Education.