minor - pc based combined protection system for electrical machine
TRANSCRIPT
CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DESIGN PRINCIPLE and OPERATION
3. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
I. Power supply
II. Led Indicator Section
III. Relay driver
IV. Signal conditioning circuit
V. Comparator
a. Over / Under voltage
VI. Buzzer Driver
4. FUTURE EXPANSION
Introduction
In the present scenario of technological revolution it has been observed that
every application products are impacted with multiple functions. The design is
also moving forward the miniature architecture; all this properties can be
achieved in a product by using programmable device. When ever we are thinking
about any programmable devices then the embedded technology comes into fore
front. The embedded is now a day very much popular and most the product are
developed with Microcontroller based embedded technology. The electrical
engineering and its applications are the oldest streams of engg. In the present
scenario all the electrical protection systems are based on electro mechanical
devices. Though these systems are quit reliable and cheaper. It has certain
disadvantages. The electro mechanical protection relays are too bulky and needs
regular maintenance. The multifunctionality is out of question. Recently, the
technical revolution made embedded technology cheaper, so that it can be
applied to all the fields. The pioneer manufactures of switch gear and protection
system such as SIMENS,LARSON & TUBRO,CUTLER HAMPER
etc.manufacturing protection relays based on embedded technology. The
proction devices may be of any kind but they are very much important,
interconnectivity and networking between different proactive devices are very
much required in the modern age instrumentation and control. Now a days the
protective devices and developed with Rs485 compatible and also multiple
protections are integrated in a small and economical package. This technology is
very fast so controlling of multiple parameters is possible, also the parameters
are field programmable by the user. The ancent electromechanical relays cannot
be adjusted very accurately.
The combined protection relay is one of the relays, which basically
designed to protect the user device from negative phase sequence, single
phasing and also the power distribution line with the help of a differential relay.
The negative phase sequence relay basically protects the devices against the
reverse phase sequence and also against the unbalance phase sequence
generated due to unbalance loading. Single phasing relays protect the device
against the phase failure. The differential relay protect the zone of the
transmission line.
The specialty in this project is the design is made on 89c51 micro
controller, which is faster and controls all the relays. This is static relay so no
much mechanical movement is there. The response time is very fast and can be
programmed fro any value. The great advantage of programmability is available
to the user.
This protection is developed on a 89C51 Microcontroller. If the relay will
be developed with same facility by electro mechanical comnponent, then the cost
and size of the device will be too high. The use of Microcontroller reduces extra
hard wares such as timers and connectors etc. The controller is embedded with
all the components. The controller is the heart of the device and there are other
hardwares used for signal conditions and comparison. In this relay there are four
current setting and it can handed maximum up to 15A current.
Design principle and operation
PRINCIPAL OF OPERATION:
Single Phasing Relay
Principle:
Single-phase relay can be designed on many principles the most popular
methods are voltage sensing and current sensing methods. The voltage sensing
method is quit popular compared to the current sensing method. In current
sensing method the abrupt current change cannot be taken care and the design
is for a specific load only. Where as voltage sensing method is very much
flexible and can be designed for any system.
The basic principle of this relay that senses the three phase voltage and step
down it, which further converted in Square waves. This signal is conditioned to a
CMOS compatible signal pulses and feed to the micro controller and checked
sequentially for its presence.
The phase to neutral voltage is VPN =230volt, with the help of a voltage divider
network a low voltage is sampled and pulses are generated at the zero cross
points.
Differential Relay:
This relay works on the principle of current sensing. There are two special type of
current sensors used to sample current. The output of both the current
transformer are compared and found if both the C.T. s are reading the same
current then the transmission line connected between the C.T.s is found to be
normal and there is no fault. Whenever there is a short circuit in the protected
zone, then the current bleed on the short-circuited path so the reading of both the
C.T. s differs that out put is taken into the micro controller for deciding the fault
condition.
B) CURRENT SIMPLING SECTION: This section consists of a special type of
ferrite core transformer a signal condition circuit. The current transformer
develops a secondary voltage proportional to primary current.
Current transformer
1) Design of current transformer.
This is a special type of current transformer which is having 5 turns of 10SWG
winding in the primary and 350 turns of 38SWG at secondary winding. The cone
is high-density ferrite cone. The cones are made out of E-section and the winding
is made as the central limb.
Signal conditioning`
The output of the current transformer is rectified and the DC output is
smoothened by using a RC filter and that out put is feed to the comparator circuit
through a voltage divider network.
UNDER VOLTAG & OVERVOLTAGE RELAY
The under voltage and over voltage section samples the line voltage through a
step-down transformer and converts it into DC voltage and compare it with a
reference to detect under voltage and over voltage condition. The corresponding
bits are send to the micro controller for action.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
I) POWER SUPPLY:-( +ve)
Circuit connection: - In this we are using Transformer (0-12) VAC, 1A, IC 7805
& 7812, diodes IN 4007, LED & resistors.
Here 230V, 50 Hz ac signal is given as input to the primary of the transformer
and the secondary of the transformer is given to the bridge rectification diode.
The o/p of the diode is given as i/p to the IC regulator (7805 &7812) through
capacitor (1000mf/35v). The o/p of the IC regulator is given to the LED through
resistors.
Circuit Explanations: - When ac signal is given to the primary of the
transformer, due to the magnetic effect of the coil magnetic flux is induced in the
coil(primary) and transfer to the secondary coil of the transformer due to the
transformer action.” Transformer is an electromechanical static device which
transformer electrical energy from one coil to another without changing its
frequency”. Here the diodes are connected in a bridge fashion. The secondary
coil of the transformer is given to the bridge circuit for rectification purposes.
During the +ve cycle of the ac signal the diodes D2 & D4 conduct due to
the forward bias of the diodes and diodes D1 & D3 does not conduct due to the
reversed bias of the diodes. Similarly during the –ve cycle of the ac signal the
diodes D1 & D3 conduct due to the forward bias of the diodes and the diodes D2
& D4 does not conduct due to reversed bias of the diodes. The output of the
bridge rectifier is not a power dc along with rippled ac is also present. To
overcome this effect, a capacitor is connected to the o/p of the diodes (D2 & D3).
Which removes the unwanted ac signal and thus a pure dc is obtained. Here we
need a fixed voltage, that’s for we are using IC regulators (7805 & 7812).”Voltage
regulation is a circuit that supplies a constant voltage regardless of changes in
load current.” This IC’s are designed as fixed voltage regulators and with
adequate heat sinking can deliver output current in excess of 1A. The o/p of the
bridge rectifier is given as input to the IC regulator through capacitor with respect
to GND and thus a fixed o/p is obtained. The o/p of the IC regulator (7805 &
7812) is given to the LED for indication purpose through resistor. Due to the
forward bias of the LED, the LED glows ON state, and the o/p are obtained from
the pin no-3.
Description (78XX regulator)
The L78xx series of three-terminal positive regulators is available in TO-
220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and DPAK packages and several fixed output
voltages, making it useful in a wide range of applications. These regulators can
provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated
with single point regulation. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal
shut-down and safe area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If
adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1 A output current.
Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be
used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and currents.
Features
■ Output current to 1.5 A
■ Output voltages of 5; 6; 8; 8.5; 9; 12; 15; 18; 24 V
■ Thermal overload protection
■ Short circuit protection
■ Output transition SOA protection
1k
0-12/1A
230V
50H
z
POWER SUPPLY
2.2K
L ED
L ED
IN 4007 * 4
1000
uF/3
5V
+5V
7812 +12V
7805
II.LED INDICATOR The indicator section consists of a light emitting diode and its driver circuit is
designed on the basis of current required to glow the light emitting diode. Here
the driver circuit is required for the following functionality.
1) The Microcontroller cannot provide adequate current for glowing the LED.
The LEDs requires a current between 10mA to 20mA of current to glow.
2) The driver circuit provides current to the load from a separate source, so
the load current used not pass through the Microcontroller.
3) The driver circuit activates the load on receipt of a logic signal from the
Microcontroller and of the load in the absence of the signal as he current
requirement Is very less to glow a LED a single stage driver is sufficient to
drive the load. The driver circuit is nothing other than a perfect a transistor
switch. The driver transistor goes in to saturation on receipt of base signal
and drives into cut-off region, in absence of base signal.
The driver designs around a BC548/BC547 transistor and designed for a
working voltage of +5 V dc and 10mA current.
Rc= Vcc-VCEsat = 5-0.2V
IC 10mA
= 4.8K
Ib=Ic/=10mA/200=5x10-5 A=0.5x10-6A
=0.5A
As per the design a 0.5A current is sufficient to trigger the driver circuit. As
this current is very small and to avoid mistriggering a base current of 100A is
assumed
VB-IBRB-VBE=0
IBRB = 5-0.7
RB = 5-0.7V/100A = 4.3/100 M
= 0.043x10-6
= 43K
On approximation 68K is connected by calculating back
IB = 4.3/68K = 60 70A
Which is adequate to avoid mis-triggering level also this amount of current
can be drawn from the Microcontroller without any problem.
The indicator section consists of 8 no of driver with 8 no of LED as indicator
load. The circuit diagram is enclosed.
Whenever there is a fault in any of the condition (parameter) it indicates a
high output at the Microcontroller, which is given to the base of the driver
transistor (BC547/BC548) with a base resistance (68k/56k) & thus transistor
comes to saturation condition i.e. ON condition, thus the emitter current flows
to the collector of the transistor at which the LED is connected through a
current limiting resistor (330E/470E) thus the LED gets forward biased which
turns ON the LED it indicates the channels fault .
LED
RELAY
Normal
68k
68k
LED
LED
Y
LED
LED INDICATOR
68k
BC547
BC547
470E
B
LED
470E
BC547
470E
LED
470E
470E
470E
VCC=+5V
68k
BC547
BC547
68k
68k
68k
LED
BC547
68k
U.V
BC547
470E
BC547
R
470E
O.V
LED
FAULT
330E
LED INDICATOR
68k
BC 547
DATAINPUT
V CC
L ED
III. RELAY DRIVER
The relay driver is design by using a BC547 transistor .The relay used here
having the specification as follows
Coil resistance =400ohm
Coil voltage=12Vdc
Contact capacity=230V, 7A
The above specification indicates that the coil requires 12V dc and 200mA
current dc. The Microcontroller can’t supply more then 10mA current. So driver
section is very much required. BC547 has a typical current gain of 200 and
maximum current capacity of 1A. So a typical base current of 200 A can trigger
to on the relay.
ELECTRO MAGNETIC RELAY
These are vary much reliable devices and widely used on field. The operating
frequency of these devices are minimum 10-20ms.That is 50Hz – 100Hz.The
relay which is used here can care 25mA currents continuously. The
electromagnetic relay operates on the principle magnetism. When the base
voltage appears at the relay driver section, the driver transistor will be driver
transistor will be driven into saturation and allow to flow current in the coil of the
relay, Which in turn create a magnetic field and the magnetic force produced
due to that will act against the spring tension and close the contact coil.
Whenever the base voltage is withdrawn the transistor goes to cutoff .So no
current flow in the coil of the relay. Hence the magnetic field disappears so the
contact point breaks automatically due to spring tension. Those contact points
are isolated from the low voltage supply, so a high voltage switching is possible
by the help of electromagnetic relays.
The electromagnetic relays normally having 2 contact points. Named as normally
closes (NC), normally open (NO). Normally closed points will so a short CKT path
when the relay is off. Normally open points will so a short CKT path when the
relay is energized.
10u F
RELAY DRIVER
1.5K
BC 547
DATAINPUT
IN 4007
REL A Y SPDT
35
412
V CC
IV. SIGNAL CONDITIONING The output form the input signal i.e. comparator or any other external circuit must
be compatible with the -controller, because the -controller can takes 5V as
input voltage and gives a 5V as output voltage. That for we need a signal
conditioning circuit as given in the below figure.
BC5471.5k
10k
(1:0)
VCC= +5vVCC= +5v
(1:1)
INPUT
1.5k
SIGNAL CONDITIONING
OUTPUT
10kOUTPUT
BC547
INPUT
fig..1:1
In the fig1: 1, whenever the base voltage is HIGH the transistor comes to
saturation condition i.e. the collector current flows to the emitter which gives a
high voltage at the output corresponding to Vcc given at the collector. The output
is taken from the emitter junction through a current limiting resistance and the
output signal is given to the - controller or any other circuit which needs a
compatible (5V) voltage. Similarly, whenever the base voltage is LOW the emitter
current flows from the emitter junction of the transistor, which gives a low voltage
at the output corresponding to GND. The output is taken from the emitter junction
through a current limiting resistance and the output signal is given to the -
controller or any other circuit which needs a compatible (5V) voltage.
fig..1:0
In the fig1: 0, whenever the base voltage is HIGH the transistor comes to
saturation condition i.e. the emitter current flows to the collector which gives a
low voltage at the output corresponding to GND. The output is taken from the
collector junction through a current limiting resistance and the output signal is
given to the - controller or any other circuit which needs a compatible (5V/0V)
voltage. Similarly, whenever the base voltage is LOW the collector current flows
from the collector junction of the transistor, which gives a high voltage at the
output corresponding to Vcc. The output is taken from the emitter junction
through a current limiting resistance and the output signal is given to the -
controller or any other circuit which needs a compatible (5V/0V) voltage.
10K
SIGNAL CONDITIONING / NOT GATE
1.5K
BC 547
DATAINPUT
V CC
V. COMPARATOR
a. UNDER / OVER VOLTAGE: In this section our aim is to detect the line varying voltage.
10K100uF
LINE VOLTAGE
IN4007 10k
SIGNALLING CKT
50Hz
TO COMP..
230VAC
0-9V/500mA
The line voltage (230vac) coming from the mains is to be step down that voltage
with the help of a step down transformer. If the line voltage varies, the step down
voltage also varies in accordance with the input voltage. Due to the mutual
induction of the transformer, if the primary winding of the transformer voltage is
more the flux induced is more and the secondary voltage is more. Similarly, if the
primary winding of the transformer voltage is less the flux induced is less and the
secondary voltage is less. In this way under/over voltage occurs.
The above figure shows a half-wave rectifier, in which it will
converts ac to dc voltage. We can vary the voltage with the variable load
resistance (10k) The sample voltage can be calibrated by varying the load
resistance RL The important part of this design to sample the voltage accurately
as an replica of the line voltage. The step down transformer samples the line
voltage at a reduced signal voltage
Vac = (N2/N1)*VL
The DC voltage after the half wave rectifier is approximately Vm due to the
charging of the capacitor, this capacitor voltage represents the line voltage. The
time constant of the circuit is defined by C*RL. The time constant of the circuit
must be more then five times of the time period of the signal. RC>5T. If the RC
value is less the 5T then the sample voltage fluctuates unnecessarily, if the RC
value is too high the sampling response becomes too slow.
Operation: The output of the signal sampling voltage (3v) goes to the input of
both of the comparator. In the first comparator we have set the voltage say
3.5Vto the non-inverting terminal. In this case non-inverting terminal is greater
than the inverting terminal. That means output of the first comparator is LOW. At
present under temperature cant be done because the room temperature will be
always available If we wants to do under temperature, we have to vary or
change the set point which is connected to the inverting terminal of that
comparator. Similarly, for the second comparator we have set the voltage say 4V
to the inverting terminal. In this case inverting terminal is greater than the non-
inverting terminal that means output of the second comparator is HIGH.
If the temperature increases, the corresponding voltage will
increase say 4.5V. That voltage goes to the input of both of the comparator. In
the first comparator we have set the voltage say 3.5Vto the non-inverting
terminal. In this case inverting terminal is greater than the non- inverting terminal.
That means output of the first comparator is HIGH this means that over
temperature has occurred. Similarly, for the second comparator we have set the
voltage say 4V to the inverting terminal. In this case non- inverting terminal is
greater than the inverting terminal that means output of the second comparator is
LOW.
That output signal is not compatible with the -controller because as we
know that the controller takes input signal as 5V and gives output as 5V.
VCC= +5v
1.5k
OUTPUT-2 10k
SIGNAL CONDITIONING
10k
COMP-11.5k
VCC= +5v
BC547
OUTPUT-1
COMP-2
BC547
FIG..-2
For this reason we needs a signal conditioning circuit which is given in the below
figure-2. That output signal is compatible with the controller because the current
will flows from the collector of the transistor whenever the base voltage is high
due to the transistor action. Similarly the output is low in the absence of the input
signal to the signal conditioning circuit from the comparators.
10k
VCC=+5v
BC547
LED
10k
10k
1.5k
P1.7
VCC=+12v
15k
BC547
VCC=+5v
LM393
1
3
2
84
OUT
+
-
+vcc
-vcc
BC547
10k
10k
P1.6
VCC=+12v
LED
15k
470E
UNDER/OVER VOLTAGE
68k
470E
10k
VCC=+5v
10k
68k
VCC=+5v
LM393
7
5
6
84
OUT
+
-
+vcc
-vcc
BC5471.5k
VCC=+12v
Under voltage/over voltage detector
In this section our aim is to detect the line varying voltage.
10K100uF
LINE VOLTAGE
IN4007 10k
SIGNALLING CKT
50Hz
TO COMP..
230VAC
0-9V/500mA
The line voltage (230vac) coming from the mains is to be step down that voltage with the
help of a step down transformer. If the line voltage varies, the step down voltage also
varies in accordance with the input voltage. Due to the mutual induction of the
transformer, if the primary winding of the transformer voltage is more the flux induced is
more and the secondary voltage is more. Similarly, if the primary winding of the
transformer voltage is less the flux induced is less and the secondary voltage is less. In
this way under/over voltage occurs.
The above figure shows a half-wave rectifier, in which it will converts ac
to dc voltage. We can vary the voltage with the variable load resistance (10k) The sample voltage
can be calibrated by varying the load resistance RL The important part of this design to sample
the voltage accurately as an replica of the line voltage. The step down transformer samples the
line voltage at a reduced signal voltage
Vac = (N2/N1)*VL
The DC voltage after the half wave rectifier is approximately Vm due to the charging of the
capacitor, this capacitor voltage represents the line voltage. The time constant of the circuit is
defined by C*RL. The time constant of the circuit must be more then five times of the time period
of the signal. RC>5T. If the RC value is less the 5T then the sample voltage fluctuates
unnecessarily, if the RC value is too high the sampling response becomes too slow.
Operation: The output of the signal sampling voltage (3v) goes to the input of both of the
comparator. In the first comparator we have set the voltage say 3.5Vto the non-inverting
terminal. In this case non-inverting terminal is greater than the inverting terminal. That
means output of the first comparator is LOW. At present under temperature cant be done
because the room temperature will be always available If we wants to do under
temperature, we have to vary or change the set point which is connected to the inverting
terminal of that comparator. Similarly, for the second comparator we have set the voltage
say 4V to the inverting terminal. In this case inverting terminal is greater than the non-
inverting terminal that means output of the second comparator is HIGH.
If the temperature increases, the corresponding voltage will increase say 4.5V. That
voltage goes to the input of both of the comparator. In the first comparator we have set the
voltage say 3.5Vto the non-inverting terminal. In this case inverting terminal is greater than
the non- inverting terminal. That means output of the first comparator is HIGH this means
that over temperature has occurred. Similarly, for the second comparator we have set the
voltage say 4V to the inverting terminal. In this case non- inverting terminal is greater than
the inverting terminal that means output of the second comparator is LOW.
Description (lm393)The LM2903/LM2903I, LM393/LM393A, LM293/ LM293A consist of two independent voltage
comparators designed to operate from a single power supply over a wide voltage range.
Features
• Single Supply Operation: 2V to 36V
• Dual Supply Operation: ア 1V to ア 18V
• Allow Comparison of Voltages near Ground Potential
• Low Current Drain 800μA Type.
• Compatible with all Forms of Logic
• Low Input Bias Current 25nA Type.
• Low Input Offset Current ア 5nA Type.
• Low Offset Voltage ア 1mV Type.
470E
VCC=+12V
10K
10K
P1.1
UNDER/OVER VOLTAGE
VCC=+12V
10K15k
VCC=+5V
VCC=+5V
1.5k
BC547
VCC=+5V
10K
VCC=+5V
VCC=+12V
+
-
LM393
2
31
84
68k
P1.0
BC547
470E
68k
-
+
LM393
5
67
84
BC547
15k
10K
BC547
1.5k
10K
10K
FUTURE EXPANSION
This project can be expanded in the following direction,
1. The protective relays like distance relays and over current relays can
be incorporated in this project.
2. This setup can be interfaced to computer network and keep a log on
the faults.
CONCLUSION
This project is working satisfactorily in the laboratory condition and with the
simulated faults. The performance of the relay can be improved by using better
quality current Transformer (CT)