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"Cell Phone" redirects here. For the film, seeCell Phone (film).

"Handphone" redirects here. For the film, seeHandphone (film).

Motorola SLVR L7 mobile phone

A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a devicewhich can make and receivetelephone callsover aradio linkwhilst moving around a widegeographic area. It does so by connecting to acellular networkprovided by amobile networkoperator. The calls are to and from thepublic telephone networkwhich includes other mobilesandfixed-linephones across the world. By contrast, acordless telephoneis used only within theshort range of a single, private base station.

In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of otherservicessuch astext messaging,MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications(infrared,Bluetooth), business applications, gaming and photography. Mobile phones that offerthese and more general computing capabilities are referred to assmartphones.

The first hand-held mobile phone was demonstrated byDr Martin CooperofMotorolain 1973,using a handset weighing 2 1/2 lbs (about 1 kg).[1]In 1983, theDynaTAC 8000xwas the first tobe commercially available. In the twenty years from 1990 to 2010, worldwide mobile phonesubscriptions grew from 12.4 million to over 4.6 billion, penetrating thedeveloping economiesand reaching thebottom of the economic pyramid.[2][3][4]

Contents

1 History 2 Features

o 2.1 Software and applicationso 2.2 Power supply

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e_network_operatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_network_operatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Link_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_callhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handphone_(film)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_Phone_(film)

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o 2.3 SIM cardo 2.4 Displayo 2.5 Central processing unit

3 Manufacturers 4 Use of mobile phones

o 4.1 In generalo 4.2 By the mediao 4.3 Sharingo 4.4 Whilst drivingo 4.5 In schoolso 4.6 Tracking and privacy

5 Health effects 6 Future evolution: Broadband Fourth generation (4G) 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading

10 External links

History

Main article:History of mobile phones

An evolution of mobile phones

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Radiophoneshave a long and varied history going back toReginald Fessenden's invention andshore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony, through theSecond World Warwith military useof radio telephony links and civil services in the 1950s.

The first mobile telephone call made from a car occurred inSt. Louis, Missouri, USA on June

17, 1946, using theBell System'sMobile Telephone Service. The equipment weighed 80 pounds(36 kg), and theAT&Tservice, basically a massive party line, cost US$30 per month (equal to$337.33 today) plus 3040 cents per local call, equal to $3.37 to $4.50 today.[5]

In 1956, the worlds first partly automatic car phone system, Mobile System A (MTA), waslaunched in Sweden. MTA phones were composed ofvacuum tubesandrelays, and had a weightof 40 kg. In 1962, a more modern version calledMobile System B (MTB) was launched, whichwas apush-button telephone, and which usedtransistorsto enhance the telephones callingcapacity and improve its operational reliability, thereby reducing the weight of the apparatus to10 kg. In 1971, theMTDversion was launched, opening for several different brands ofequipment and gaining commercial success.[6][7]

Martin Cooper, aMotorolaresearcher and executive is considered to be the inventor of the firstpractical mobile phone for handhelduse in a non-vehicle setting, after a long race againstBellLabsfor the first portable mobile phone. Using a modern, if somewhat heavy portable handset,Cooper made the first call on a handheld mobile phone on April 3, 1973 to his rival, Dr.Joel S.EngelofBell Labs.[8]

The first commercially automated cellular network (the1G) was launched in Japan byNTTin1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. Within five years, the NTT network had beenexpanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nationwide 1G network. In1981, this was followed by the simultaneous launch of theNordic Mobile Telephone(NMT)

system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.

[9]

NMT was the first mobile phone networkfeaturing internationalroaming. The first 1G network launched in the USA was Chicago-basedAmeritechin 1983 using theMotorola DynaTACmobile phone. Several countries then followedin the early-to-mid 1980s including the UK, Mexico and Canada.

The first "modern" network technology on digital2G(second generation) cellular technologywas launched byRadiolinja(now part ofElisa Group) in 1991 in Finland on theGSMstandard,which also marked the introduction of competition in mobile telecoms when Radiolinjachallenged incumbentTelecom Finland(now part ofTeliaSonera) who ran a 1G NMT network.

In 2001, the launch of3G(Third Generation) was again in Japan byNTT DoCoMoon theWCDMAstandard.[10]

One of the newest 3G technologies to be implemented isHigh-Speed Downlink Packet Access(HSDPA). It is an enhanced3G(third generation)mobile telephonycommunications protocolinthehigh-speed packet access(HSPA) family, also coined 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allowsnetworks based onUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS) to have higher datatransfer speeds and capacity.

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Features

Main articles:Mobile phone featuresandSmartphone

Aprinted circuit boardinside aNokia 3210

All mobile phones have a number of features in common, but manufacturers also try todifferentiate their own products by implementing additional functions to make them moreattractive to consumers. This has led to great innovation in mobile phone development over thepast 20 years.

The common components found on all phones are:

A battery, providing the power source for the phone functions. An input mechanism to allow the user to interact with the phone. The most common input

mechanism is akeypad, buttouch screensare also found in some high-end smartphones. Basicmobile phone servicesto allow users to make calls and send text messages. AllGSMphones use aSIM cardto allow an account to be swapped among devices. Some

CDMAdevices also have a similar card called aR-UIM. Individual GSM, WCDMA, iDEN and some satellite phone devices are uniquely identified

by anInternational Mobile Equipment Identity(IMEI) number.

Low-end mobile phones are often referred to asfeature phones, and offer basic telephony, aswell as functions such as playing music and taking photos, and sometimes simple applicationsbased on genericmanagedplatforms such asJava MEor BREW. Handsets with more advancedcomputing ability through the use of native software applications became known assmartphones.The first smartphone was theNokia 9000 Communicatorin 1996 which addedPDAfunctionality to the basic mobile phone at the time. As miniaturization and increased processingpower of microchips has enabled ever more features to be added to phones, the concept of thesmartphone has evolved, and what was a high-end smartphone five years ago, is a standardphone today.

Several phone series have been introduced to address a given market segment, such as the RIMBlackBerryfocusing on enterprise/corporate customer email needs; the SonyEricsson Walkmanseries of musicphones and Cybershot series of cameraphones; theNokia Nseriesof multimediaphones, thePalm PretheHTC Dreamand the AppleiPhone.

Other features that may be found on mobile phones includeGPS navigation, music (MP3) andvideo (MP4) playback,RDSradio receiver, alarms, memo recording,personal digital assistantfunctions, ability to watchstreaming video, video download,video calling,built-incameras

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/Subscriber_Identity_Modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_screenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keypadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_3210http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_features

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(1.0+Mpx) andcamcorders(video recording), withautofocusand flash,ringtones, games,PTT,memory card reader(SD),USB(2.0), dual line support,infrared,Bluetooth(2.0) andWiFiconnectivity,instant messaging, Internet e-mail andbrowsingand serving as awireless modem.Nokiaand the University of Cambridge demonstrated abendablecell phone called theMorph.[11]Some phones can makemobile paymentsvia direct mobile billing schemes or through

contactless paymentsif the phone andpoint of salesupportNear Field Communication(NFC).[12]Some of the largest mobile phone manufacturers and network providers along withmany retail merchants support, or plan to support, contactless payments through NFC-equippedmobile phones.[13][14][15]

Some phones have an electromechanicaltransduceron the back which changes the electricalvoice signal into mechanical vibrations. The vibrations flow through the cheek bones or foreheadallowing the user to hear the conversation. This is useful in the noisy situations or if the user ishard of hearing.[16]

Software and applications

AToshiba TG01phone with touchscreen featureSee also:Mobile Industry Processor Interface

The most commonly used data application on mobile phones isSMStext messaging. The firstSMS text message was sent from a computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in the UK, while the firstperson-to-person SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland in 1993.

Other non-SMS data services used on mobile phones include mobile music, downloadable logosand pictures, gaming, gambling, adult entertainment and advertising. The first downloadablemobile content was sold to a mobile phone in Finland in 1998, when Radiolinja (now Elisa)introduced the downloadable ringtone service. In 1999, Japanese mobile operator NTT DoCoMointroduced its mobile Internet service,i-Mode, which today is the world's largest mobile Internetservice.

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The first mobile news service, delivered via SMS, was launched in Finland in 2000.Mobile newsservices are expanding with many organizations providing "on-demand" news services by SMS.Some also provide "instant" news pushed out by SMS.

Mobile payments were first trialled in Finland in 1998 when two Coca-Cola vending machines in

Espoo were enabled to work with SMS payments. Eventually, the idea spread and in 1999 thePhilippines launched the first commercial mobile payments systems, on the mobile operatorsGlobe and Smart. Today, mobile payments ranging frommobile bankingto mobile credit cardsto mobile commerce are very widely used in Asia and Africa, and in selected European markets.

Power supply

Mobile phone charging service in Uganda

Mobile phones generally obtain power fromrechargeablebatteries. There are a variety of waysused to charge cell phones, includingUSB, portable batteries, mains power (using anACadapter), cigarette lighters (using an adapter), or adynamo. In 2009, the first wireless charger

was released for consumer use.[17]

Various initiatives, such as the EUCommon External Power Supplyhave been announced tostandardize the interface to the charger, and to promote energy efficiency of mains-operatedchargers. A star rating system is promoted by some manufacturers, where the most efficientchargers consume less than 0.03 watts and obtain a five-star rating.

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The world's five largest handset makers introduced a new rating system in November 2008 tohelp consumers more easily identify the most energy-efficient chargers

[18]

Battery

A popular early mobile phone battery was thenickel metal-hydride(NiMH) type, due to itsrelatively small size and low weight.Lithium ionbatteries are also used, as they are lighter anddo not have theVoltage depression due to long-term over-chargingthat nickel metal-hydridebatteries do. Many mobile phone manufacturers uselithiumpolymer batteriesas opposed to theolder Lithium-Ion, the main advantages being even lower weight and the possibility to make thebattery a shape other than strict cuboid.[19]Mobile phone manufacturers have been experimentingwith alternative power sources, includingsolar cells.[20]

SIM card

This section needs additionalcitationsforverification. Please helpimprove thisarticleby adding citations toreliable sources. Unsourced material may bechallengedandremoved.(September 2009)

Main articles:Subscriber Identity ModuleandRemovable User Identity Module

Typical mobile phoneSIM card

GSMmobile phones require a smallmicrochipcalled a Subscriber Identity Module orSIM Card,to function. The SIM card is approximately the size of a small postage stamp and is usuallyplaced underneath the battery in the rear of the unit. The SIM securely stores theservice-subscriber key (IMSI)used to identify a subscriber on mobile telephony devices (such as mobilephones and computers). The SIM card allows users to change phones by simply removing the

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SIM card from one mobile phone and inserting it into another mobile phone or broadbandtelephony device.

A SIM card contains its unique serial number, internationally unique number of the mobile user(IMSI), security authentication and ciphering information, temporary information related to the

local network, a list of the services the user has access to and two passwords (PIN for usual useand PUK for unlocking).

SIM cards are available in three standard sizes. The first is the size of a credit card (85.60 mm 53.98 mm x 0.76 mm, defined byISO/IEC 7810as ID-1). The newer, most popular miniatureversion has the same thickness but a length of 25 mm and a width of 15 mm (ISO/IEC 7810 ID-000), and has one of its corners truncated (chamfered) to prevent misinsertion. The newestincarnation known as the 3FF or micro-SIM has dimensions of 15 mm 12 mm. Most cards ofthe two smaller sizes are supplied as a full-sized card with the smaller card held in place by a fewplastic links; it can easily be broken off to be used in a device that uses the smaller SIM.

The first SIM card was made in 1991 by Munich smart card makerGiesecke & Devrientfor theFinnish wireless network operatorRadiolinja. Giesecke & Devrient sold the first 300 SIM cardsto Elisa (ex. Radiolinja).

Those cell phones that do not use a SIM Card have the data programmed in to their memory.This data is accessed by using a special digit sequence to access the "NAM" as in "Name" ornumber programming menu. From there, information can be added, including a new number forthe phone, new Service Provider numbers, new emergency numbers, new Authentication Key orA-Key code, and a Preferred Roaming List or PRL. However, to prevent the phone beingaccidentally disabled or removed from the network, the Service Provider typically locks this datawith a Master Subsidiary Lock (MSL). The MSL alsolocksthe device to a particular carrier

when it is sold as aloss leader.

The MSL applies only to the SIM, so once the contract has expired, the MSL still applies to theSIM. The phone, however, is also initially locked by the manufacturer into the Service Provider'sMSL. This lock may be disabled so that the phone can use other Service Providers' SIM cards.Most phones purchased outside the U.S. are unlocked phones because there are numerousService Providers that are close to one another or have overlapping coverage. The cost to unlocka phone varies but is usually very cheap and is sometimes provided by independent phonevendors.

A similar module called aRemovable User Identity Moduleor RUIM card is present in someCDMA networks, notably in China and Indonesia.

Multi-card hybrid phones

A hybrid mobile phone can take more than one SIM card, even of different types. The SIM andRUIM cards can be mixed together, and some phones also support three or four SIMs.[21][22]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giesecke_%26_Devrienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giesecke_%26_Devrienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giesecke_%26_Devrienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiolinjahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiolinjahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiolinjahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_lockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_lockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_lockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_leaderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_leaderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_leaderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removable_User_Identity_Modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removable_User_Identity_Modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removable_User_Identity_Modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removable_User_Identity_Modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_leaderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_lockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiolinjahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giesecke_%26_Devrienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMSI

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From 2010 onwards they became popular in India and Indonesia and other emerging markets,[23]attributed to the desire to obtain the lowest on-net calling rate. In Q3 2011,Nokiashipped 18million of its low cost dual SIM phone range in an attempt to make up lost ground in the higherend smartphone market.[24]

Display

Mobile phones have adisplay device, some of which are alsotouch screens. Thescreen sizevaries greatly by model and is usually specified either as width and height in pixels or thediagonal measured ininches.

Some mobiles have more than one display, for example theKyocera Echo, anAndroidsmartphonewith a dual 3.5 inch screen. The screens can also be combined into a single 4.7 inchtablet style computer.[25]

Central processing unit

Mobile phones havecentral processing units(CPUs), similar to those in computers, butoptimised to operate in low power environments.

Mobile CPU performance depends not only on the clock rate (generally given in multiples ofhertz)[26]but also thememory hierarchyalso greatly affects overall performance. Because ofthese problems, the performance of mobile phone CPUs is often more appropriately given byscores derived from various standardized tests to measure the real effective performance incommonly used applications.

Manufacturers

See also:List of best-selling mobile phones

Quantity Market Shares by Gartner

(New Sales)BRAND Percent

Nokia 2009 36.4%

Nokia 2010 28.9%

Samsung 2009 19.5%Samsung 2010 17.6%

LG Electronics 2009 10.1%

LG Electronics 2010 7.1%

Research In Motion 2009 2.8%

Research In Motion 2010 3.0%

Apple 2009 2.1%

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_screenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_screenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_screenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional_display_sizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional_display_sizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional_display_sizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyocera_Echohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyocera_Echohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyocera_Echohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_mobile_phoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_hierarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyocera_Echohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional_display_sizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_screenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-22

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Apple 2010 2.9%

Others-1 2009 12.6%

Others-1 2010 9.8%

Others-2 2009 16.5%

Others-2 2010 30.6%

Note: Others-1 consist of Sony Ericsson, Motorola, ZTE, HTC and Huawei.(2009-2010)

Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants 19972007

Global mobile phone subscribers per country from 1980-2009. The growth in users has beenexponential since they were first made available.

The world's largest individual mobile operator by subscribers isChina Mobilewith over 500million mobile phone subscribers.[27]Over 50 mobile operators have over 10 million subscriberseach, and over 150 mobile operators have at least one million subscribers by the end of 2009(source wireless intelligence). In February 2010, there were 4.6 billion mobile phone subscribers,a number that is estimated to grow.[4]

Prior to 2010,Nokiawas the market leader. However, during that year competition emerged inthe Asia Pacific region with brands such as Micromax,Nexian, and i-Mobile and chipped awayat Nokia's market share. Android powered smartphones also gained momentum across the regionat the expense of Nokia. InIndia, their market share also dropped significantly to around 31percent from 56 percent in the same period. Their share was displaced by Chinese and Indianvendors of low-end mobile phones.[28]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Mobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Mobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Mobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-cbsnews-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-cbsnews-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-cbsnews-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_map_1980-2009.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_map_1980-2009.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_subscribers_per_100_inhabitants_1997-2007_ITU.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_subscribers_per_100_inhabitants_1997-2007_ITU.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_map_1980-2009.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_map_1980-2009.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_subscribers_per_100_inhabitants_1997-2007_ITU.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_subscribers_per_100_inhabitants_1997-2007_ITU.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_map_1980-2009.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_map_1980-2009.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_subscribers_per_100_inhabitants_1997-2007_ITU.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_subscribers_per_100_inhabitants_1997-2007_ITU.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_map_1980-2009.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_map_1980-2009.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_subscribers_per_100_inhabitants_1997-2007_ITU.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_subscribers_per_100_inhabitants_1997-2007_ITU.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-cbsnews-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Mobile

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In 2010 worldwide sales were 1.6 billion units, an increase of 31.8 percent from 2009. The topfive manufacturers by market share were Nokia followed by Samsung, LG Electronics, ZTE andApple. The last three replaced RIM, Sony Ericsson and Motorola who were previously amongthe top five list.[29][30]Outside the top five a significant market share increase from 16.5 percentto 30.6 percent was achieved by many smaller and new brands.

In Q1 2011, Apple surpassed Nokia as the world's biggest handset vendor by revenue, as Nokia'smarket share dropped to 29 percent in Q1 2011, the lowest level since the late 1990s. In June2011, Nokia announced lower expectations for sales and margin due to global competition inboth low-and-high end markets.[31]

By Q2 2011, worldwide sales grew 16.5 percent to 428.7 million units.

Top five manufacturers by market share in Q22011

Manufacturer Gartner[32]

IDC[33]

Nokia 22.8% 24.2%

SAMSUNG 16.3% 19.2%

LG 5.7% 6.8%

Apple 4.6% 5.6%

ZTE 3.0% 4.5%

Others 47.6% 39.7%

Note: Vendor shipments are branded shipments and exclude OEM sales for all vendors

Other manufacturers outside the top five areResearch In Motion Ltd.(RIM),HTC Corporation,

Motorola,Huawei,Sony Ericsson. Smaller players includeAudiovox(nowUTStarcom),BenQ-Siemens,CECT,Fujitsu,Kyocera,Mitsubishi Electric,NEC,Panasonic,Palm,Pantech WirelessInc.,Philips,Qualcomm Inc.,Sagem,Sanyo,Sharp,Sierra Wireless,Just5,SK Teletech,T&AAlcatel,Trium,Toshiba, andVidalco.

Use of mobile phones

In general

Mobile phones are used for a variety of purposes, including keeping in touch with family

members, conducting business, and having access to a telephone in the event of an emergency.Some people carry more than one cell phone for different purposes, such as for business andpersonal use. Multiple SIM cards may also be used to take advantage of the benefits of differentcalling plansa particular plan might provide cheaper local calls, long-distance calls,international calls, or roaming. A study byMotorolafound that one in ten cell phone subscribershave a second phone that often is kept secret from other family members. These phones may beused to engage in activities including extramarital affairs or clandestine business dealings.[34]Themobile phone has also been used in a variety of diverse contexts in society, for example:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZTEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZTEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_In_Motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_In_Motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_In_Motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaweihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaweihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaweihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Ericssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Ericssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Ericssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiovoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiovoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiovoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTStarcomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTStarcomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTStarcomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BenQ-Siemenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BenQ-Siemenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BenQ-Siemenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BenQ-Siemenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyocerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyocerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyocerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Inchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Inchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Inchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantech_Curitelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantech_Curitelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantech_Curitelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantech_Curitelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcommhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcommhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcommhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGEM_Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGEM_Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGEM_Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Teletechhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Teletechhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Teletechhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCL_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCL_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCL_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCL_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshibahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshibahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshibahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vidalco&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vidalco&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vidalco&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vidalco&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshibahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCL_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCL_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Teletechhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGEM_Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcommhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantech_Curitelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantech_Curitelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Inchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyocerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BenQ-Siemenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BenQ-Siemenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTStarcomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiovoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Ericssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaweihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_In_Motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZTEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#cite_note-28

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Organizations that aid victims of domestic violence may offer a cell phone to potentialvictims without the abuser's knowledge. These devices are often old phones that are donatedand refurbished to meet the victim's emergency needs.[35]

The advent of widespread text messaging has resulted in thecell phone novel; the firstliterary genre to emerge from the cellular age viatext messagingto a website that collects the

novels as a whole.

[36]

Paul Levinson, in Information on the Move (2004), says "...nowadays,a writer can write just about as easily, anywhere, as a reader can read" and they are "not onlypersonal but portable."

Mobile telephonyalso facilitates activism and public journalism being explored byReutersandYahoo![37]and small independent news companies such asJasmine Newsin Sri Lanka.

Mobile phones help lift poor out of poverty. The United Nations has reported that mobilephonesspreading faster than any other information technologycan improve thelivelihood of the poorest people in developing countries. The economic benefits of mobilephones go well beyond access to information where alandlineor Internet is not yet availablein rural areas, mostly inLeast Developed Countries. Mobile phones have spawned a wealthof micro-enterprises, offering work to people with little education and few resources, such as

selling airtime on the streets and repairing or refurbishing handsets.

[38]

In Mali and some African countries, villagers sometimes had to go from village to village all

day, covering up to 20 villages, to let friends and relatives know about a wedding, a birth ora death, but such travel is no longer necessary if the villages are within the coverage area of amobile phone network. Like in many African countries, the coverage is better than that oflandline networks, and most people own a mobile phone. However, small villages have noelectricity, leaving mobile phone owners to have to recharge their phone batteries using asolar panelor motorcycle battery.[39]

The TV industry has recently started using mobile phones to drive live TV viewing throughmobile apps, advertising,social tv, andmobile TV.[40]86% of Americans use their mobilephone while watching TV.

In March 2011, a pilot project experimenting withbranchless bankingwas launched by theInternational Finance Corporation, a member of theWorld Bank, and Bank Harapan Bali, asubsidiary ofBank Mandirithe biggest bank in Indonesia and one of the cellular operatorsinBali. Its aim is to increase the amount of bank customers. In Indonesia, only 60 millionpeople have a bank account even though banks have existed for more than a hundred years,whereas 114 million people have become users of mobile phones in only two decades.Branchless banking has been successful in Kenya, South Africa and Philippines.[41]

By the media

In 1998, one of the first examples of selling media content through the mobile phone was the sale

ofringtonesby Radiolinja in Finland. Soon afterwards, other media content appeared such asnews, video games, jokes, horoscopes, TV content and advertising. Most early content formobile tended to be copies of legacy media, such as the banner advertisement or the TV newshighlight video clip. Recently, unique content for mobile has been emerging, from the ringingtones andringback tonesin music to "mobisodes," video content that has been producedexclusively for mobile phones.

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In 2006, the total value of mobile-phone-paid media content exceeded Internet-paid mediacontent and was worth 31 billion dollars.[42]The value of music on phones was worth 9.3 billiondollars in 2007 and gaming was worth over 5 billion dollars in 2007.[43]

The advent of media on the mobile phone has also produced the opportunity to identify and track

alpha usersor hubs, the most influential members of any social community. AMF Venturesmeasured in 2007 the relative accuracy of three mass media, and found that audience measureson mobile were nine times more accurate than on the Internet and 90 times more accurate thanon TV.[original research?]

The mobile phone is often called the "fourth screen" (if counting cinema, TV and PC screens asthe first three) or "third screen" (counting only TV and PC screens).[weasel words] It is also called theseventh of the mass media(with print, recordings, cinema, radio, TV and internet the first six).

Sharing

In some parts of the world, mobile phone sharing is common. It is prevalent in urban India, asfamilies and groups of friends often share one or more mobiles among their members. There areobvious economic benefits, but often familial customs and traditional gender roles play a part.[44]For example, in Burkina Faso, it is not uncommon for a village to have access to only one mobilephone. The phone is typically owned by a person who is not natively from the village, such as ateacher or missionary, but it is expected that other members of the village are allowed to use thecell phone to make necessary calls.[45]

Whilst driving

Main article:Mobile phones and driving safety

Texting in stop-and-go traffic in New York City

Mobile phone use while driving is common but controversial. Being distracted while operating amotor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of accident. Because of this, manyjurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal andSingapore ban both handheld and hands-free use of a mobile phone; othersincluding the UK,France, and many U.S. statesban handheld phone use only, allowing hands-free use.

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Due to the increasing complexity of mobile phones, they are often more like mobile computers intheir available uses. This has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials indistinguishing one usage from another as drivers use their devices. This is more apparent in thosecountries which ban both handheld and hands-free usage, rather those who have bannedhandheld use only, as officials cannot easily tell which function of the mobile phone is being

used simply by looking at the driver. This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their deviceillegally on a phone call when, in fact, they were using the device for a legal purpose such as thephone's incorporated controls for car stereo orsatnav.

A recently published study has reviewed the incidence of mobile phone use while cycling and itseffects on behaviour and safety.[46]

In schools

Some schools limit or restrict the use of mobile phones. Schools set restrictions on the use ofmobile phones because of the use of cell phones for cheating on tests, harassment and bullying,

causing threats to the schools security, distractions to the students, and facilitating gossip andother social activity in school. Many mobile phones are banned in school locker room facilities,public restrooms and swimming pools due to the built-in cameras that most phones now feature.

Tracking and privacy

See also:Mobile phone tracking

Mobile phones are also commonly used to collect location data. While the phone is turned on,the geographical location of a mobile phone can be determined easily (whether it is being used ornot), using a technique knownmultilaterationto calculate the differences in time for a signal to

travel from the cell phone to each of severalcell towersnear the owner of the phone.[47][48]

The movements of a mobile phone user can be tracked by their service provider and, if desired,by law enforcement agencies and their government. Both theSIM cardand the handset can betracked.[49]

China has proposed using this technology to track commuting patterns of Beijing cityresidents.[50]In the UK and US, law enforcement and intelligence services use mobiles toperform surveillance. They possess technology to activate the microphones in cell phonesremotely in order to listen to conversations that take place near to the person who holds thephone.[51][52]

Health effects

Main article:Mobile phone radiation and health

Further information:Mobile phones on aircraft

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The effect mobile phone radiation has on human health is the subject of recent interest and study,as a result of the enormous increase in mobile phone usage throughout the world. Mobile phonesuseelectromagnetic radiationin themicrowaverange, which some believe may be harmful tohuman health. A large body of research exists, bothepidemiologicaland experimental, innon-human animalsand in humans, of which the majority shows no definite causative relationship

between exposure to mobile phones and harmful biological effects in humans. This is oftenparaphrased simply as the balance of evidence showing no harm to humans from mobile phones,although a significant number of individual studies do suggest such a relationship, or areinconclusive. Otherdigital wireless systems, such as data communication networks, producesimilar radiation.

On 31 May 2011, theWorld Health Organizationconfirmed that mobile phone use mayrepresent a long-term health risk[53][54], classifying mobile phone radiation as a "carcinogenichazard" and "possibly carcinogenic to humans" after a team of scientists reviewed peer-reviewstudies on cell phone safety.[55]One study of past cell phone use cited in the report showed a"40% increased risk forgliomas(brain cancer) in the highest category of heavy users (reported

average: 30 minutes per day over a 10

year period)."

[56]

This is a reversal from their priorposition that cancer was unlikely to be caused by cellular phones or their base stations and thatreviews had found no convincing evidence for other health effects.[54][57]Certain countries,including France, have warned against the use of cell phones especially by minors due to healthrisk uncertainties.[58]

At least some recent studies have found an association between cell phone use and certain kindsof brain and salivary gland tumors. Lennart Hardell and other authors of a 2009 meta-analysis of11 studies from peer-reviewed journals concluded