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GIS Best Practices

Mining

August 2006


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Table of Contents

What Is GIS? 1

GIS for Mining 3

British Columbia Administers Mining Titles Online 4

Mining Gold in Montana With GIS and Underground 9Modeling

Stockton-on-Tees, United Kingdom, Identifies and 15Remediates Potentially Contaminated Land With GIS

Priori tizing Acid Mine Drainage Stream Remediation 21

In Maryland, Abandoned Coal Mine Stabilization Is Made 25Economical with GIS


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GIS for Mining

Mineral exploration geoscientists use diverse types of datasets to search fdeposits. Data sources vary from geologic maps, hyperspectral airborne asatellite images, and geophysical images to databases in many formats. Gto bring them together in a geoscientists computer and deliver meaningful

GIS is now able to help geoscientists in many aspects of their activities: damanagement, analysis, and reporting. Field geologists can now capture fieusing ArcPad and global positioning system (GPS) receivers. Other datase

downloaded from the Internet. All of these datasets can be integrated, mananalyzed using GIS.

Pipelines, electric lines, roads, ramps, and other mining facilities change frand operations staff use GIS for facility planning applications. Keeping tracinfrastructure and integrating it with the mine plan and block models can beGIS can also be used to integrate recent survey data with block models or from other mining software packages such as GeoSoft, Vulcan, MineSightMining Visualization System (MVS).

Most mining information, including financial and asset information, has somcomponent that can be represented in map form. Management and minerausing GIS in their evaluation of corporate and competitor assets. Mining coGIS to actively monitor the environmental impacts that may be caused by tconduct reclamation.

Various types of geologic datasets, such as geophysical images, geochem

radiometric measurements, boreholes, and mineral deposits, can be displaand analyzed simultaneously using GIS.


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British Columbia Administers Mining TitlesBy Andy Lang, Pacific GeoTech Systems Ltd.

With the election of a liberal government in British Columbia in 2001, a newgovernment administration was conceived. Government was reorganized, and database management functions were grouped together.

These new ministries faced a reduction in the workforce as well as an increreengineered technical applications and a leaner, enhanced administrative

called for a collaborative and integrated approach that forced government tinfrastructure and IT services to achieve service delivery.


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ministry is confident that most existing claims will be merged with the grid overof incentives will be put in place to achieve this goal. The ministry is also comm

improving MTO and offering assistance and training to clients.(Reprinted from the OctoberDecember 2004 issue ofArcNewsmagazine.)


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Mining Gold in Montana With GIS and Und

ModelingVirtual 3D Model of the Mayflower Mine

In the mid-1990s, Brimstone Mining, Inc., purchased the historic MayfloweMontana. The Mayflower Mine had been a top gold producer in the 1930s.when Brimstone bought the mine, along with the prospect of applying moretechniques, provided the stimulus to reopen the mine.


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Years of previous mining activity had left numerous stopes, open undergrounore had been extracted, and drifts, horizontal tunnels that led from the accesbodies. In all, mining had been conducted at 20 different horizontal levels reacbelow ground level. Detailed mapping of these excavations over the years reflwhich they were conducted. Brimstone had a collection of drafting on linen, oldsurveys of varying degrees of detail and accuracy.

Brimstone needed to bring in experts to help it make sense of the data. In 199Business Partner DTM Consulting of Bozeman, Montana, to help it visualize th

historic excavation and help plan future drilling by identifying and quantifying nDTM is a GIS consulting firm with a strong background in natural resources anDTMs experience in the mining sector and detailed knowledge of the local geowith its extensive GIS and CAD capabilities, made it a perfect choice for compThe firm has clients in the areas of environmental assessment, water resourceand gas, mining, and urban and rural planning.


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This view is to the northwest and shows the heavily mined western ore body (left) and the narrow

What we did is to take all of the historic data sources and put them in a digwe could visualize them within the GIS, says Tony Thatcher, co-owner, DTThe process involved in the analysis and targeting of potential new gold restreamlined by working within the digital environment.

Much of the drafting of the old mine working surveys was done with a CAD


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In the meantime, DTM has been working with advancing GIS technologiesits skills to the Mayflower Mine again, if called on by the mines new owner

One of the things weve worked on subsequent to this project has been a analytical tools that run within the ArcView 3.2 environmentAvenue extenthat allow us to analyze the 3D geologic information, says Marshall. We caccurately understand the geological environment in which these gold depthat we can extrapolate where we might find more gold reserves. Overall, wanalytical capability for this type of data.

Wed also probably bring this into the new ArcGIS 8.2 environment. The v

capabilities within ArcGIS 3D Analyst are greatly improved, adds Thatcherbetter visualizations for potential investors including animated fly-throughs

Although the Mayflower Mine project is on hold, DTM Consulting is far fromto consult on other mining projects, but the DTM partners say that one of thgrowing sectors of its Business is water resource management. The firm hhelping state regulatory agencies meet EPA mandates associated with the

(Reprinted from the Winter 2002/2003 issue ofArcNewsmagazine.)


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Stockton-on-Tees, United Kingdom, Identifi

Remediates Potentially Contaminated LandA mixture of busy town centers, urban residential areas, and picturesque von-Tees Borough Council (SoTBC) lies in northeastern England. It began asettlement close to the River Tees. In later times this area became the site belonging to the Prince Bishops of Durham, and by the 17th century Stockas the main port on the River Tees and had developed an important Baltic a largely agricultural district until the opening of the Stockton and Darlingto

worlds first public railway) in 1825, which brought about significant increaspopulation of Stockton. This began with the transport of lead from the daleslocal mines but later developed to the heavy industries that have left a conthe country today. These included mineral extraction, brick and tile manufamanufacturing, shipbuilding, and engineering and chemical works.


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Mapping capabilities include amalgamating historical land use maps such as this, circa

As a result of this long and extensive industrial heritage, there is a considerablindustrial and derelict land within the area Today the SoTBC covers 20 400 h

The AftermathThe Aftermath


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pathways according to their likely efficiency in enabling contaminants to migraccording to their sensitivity.

These scores are then used in the risk assessment algorithm to derive an oveeach potentially contaminated area. The scores themselves are not an absolutthe risk presented by an area and are intended merely to provide a measure oto statutory receptors in comparison to other similar areas. The primary objectan internally consistent risk ranked list of potentially contaminated areas of landetailed inspections in a rational, ordered, and efficient manner, where areas wlikelihood of causing problems can be targeted first.

Steve Smith, environmental health officer of SoTBC, comments, Given the cotask, the need for transparency, and the number and variety of geodata sets inproject, it was clear that the use of GIS was essential, helping us meet these rhighly effective manner.

Considering the large number and variety of geodata sets needed to fulfill the of the risk assessment, robust data management was a fundamental part of threcognizing this, the Section 57 CoreTools extension comprises

ArcView tools (data management, modeling, mapping)

Land quality management database (LQMD)

First Metadatabase

After risk ranking the whole SoTBC area in a strategic and rational manner, the

implemented to record all relevant information relating to each potentially contaland. The LQMD is populated with information about those areas that have thecomparative potential to pollute. Since it is directly linked with ArcView shapefian efficient extension to the data storage facilities of the GIS data sets. The re

Land Quality

Management Database


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might be present for a particular industrial use and should be investigated.nearly two dozen different types of information to be stored for each areato site investigation reports.

(Reprinted from the Summer 2004 issue ofArcNewsmagazine.)


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Priorit izing Acid Mine Drainage Stream ReBy Yasser Ayad, Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Coal mining activities in the Clarion River basin, located in northwestern Pescars on the landscape and severely polluted many streams in the basin.

Streams are prioritized for remediation based on different combinations of acidity level and


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from predefined locations included stream discharge; temperature; acidity conductivity; and iron (Fe), sulfate, and nitrate concentrations.

The Toby Creek watershed shows the effects of pollution, particularly the

high levels of iron concentrations on the surrounding vegetation.

Preliminary interpretation of the collected data showed interesting relationconditions, excess precipitation, and normal seasonal fluctuations in the waddition, the boundaries of Toby Creek watershed were queried and expord d l d d f h P l i S i l D A W b i


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segments, adding missing streams, adjusting the stream lines to to fit the topoensuring all datasets shared a common coordinate system, were performed. F

points were interpolated to present the collected water samples on the preparesegments. Accordingly, water sample reading attributes were assigned to eachusing table joins.

Levels of acidity and iron concentration were classified as high, medium, or lowstream segments with high levels of both acidity and iron are extremely high premediation, a subclass was created that combined iron concentration with pHfield for remediation class identification (class_id) was added to the streams atprioritizing segments using different levels of acidity and iron concentration cla

method, four streams were ranked extremely high, six very high, and nine high

In this study, GIS enabled researchers to prepare spatial information and join tcollected to the streams attribute table. Querying each stream for different acidconcentrations provided a simple and efficient method for selecting and categosegments that require immediate intervention. The resultant maps show the lotype of pollution of different stream segments that are prioritized for future remaction.

The development of a full watershed remediation plan should involve focusingimplementing projects at identified sites, which might include considering the cwith different treatment methods, the effectiveness of each method for treatingand the presence of other elements and factors that might affect the water condirection of water discharge; rainfall; and aluminum, manganese, and sulfate cIn addition, socioeconomic factors that impact local residents, landownership, aspects might be assessed in relation to a larger watershed remediation plan.

(Reprinted from the OctoberDecember 2004 issue ofArcNewsmagazine.)


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In Maryland, Abandoned Coal Mine Stabil iz

Made Economical with GISAcid Mine Discharge Adversely Impacts Communi ty Develo

By Joseph F. Giacinto, ERM, Inc., Annapolis, Maryland

The Maryland Department of Natural Resources Power Plant Research Prformed in 1971 to ensure that Maryland meets electricity demands at reasoprotecting the states valuable natural resources. A component of ensuringis the cost-efficient and environmentally friendly management of coal comb(CCPs) generated by coal-fired power plants in and around the state. As amining, western Maryland is associated with detailed but often nongeorefethreat of land subsidence from mine tunnel (void) collapse and acid mine dfrom these abandoned mines has adversely impacted development in andsprawling communities.


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Simulated grout movement through the mine tunnel voids starting from land surface to the lowest poi

When mixed in the proper proportions with water, CCP grout is a viable and malternative to conventional concrete and can be used to effectively fill abandonand restore structural integrity to the subsurface, as well as mitigate AMD. Thefilled by pumping CCP grout through boreholes that are drilled specifically to pvoids. Therefore, an accurately georeferenced mine map for optimal borehole spacing over mine voids is a prerequisite for efficient planning and implementastabilization operations.

In western Maryland, pilot projects have been undertaken to demonstrate the eof CCP grouting in abandoned underground coal mines. The projects require ghistoric (circa early 1900s) mine maps typically available only in paper copies.


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GIS environment for estimating grout flow through mine tunnel voids.

Although most of the old commercial mines were originally surveyed in a ncoordinate system, many of the survey reference points are inside inaccesmany former survey mine monuments have been destroyed or are overgrofield investigations using geophysical surveys and downhole video camerapositioning with respect to tunnel voids may be required to adjust and trans

georeferenced coordinate system. A rotational adjustment to the maps is omagnetic declinations depicted on old maps have changed since map prod


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Abandoned underground mine lands in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands.

Once the mine maps are finalized, GIS can be used to create a grid of optiboreholes based on the mine floor slope (calculated with ArcGIS Spatial A

flow (rheologic) distance characteristics of the CCP grout. The CCP grout capproximately 400 feet given a four- to seven-degree mine floor slope. Bordetermined in ArcGIS may be extracted and distributed to field crews for plocations that will penetrate the mine tunnel network Typically a few explo


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grout strengths equal to or greater than the typical surrounding rock. The fact tmaintained strength and low permeability demonstrated that CCP grout is adecontrolling mine subsidence and mitigating AMD. The CCP grouting approach benefit of reducing the stress on existing landfills to continually stockpile an evinventory of CCPs from coal-fired power plants.

While the Winding Ridge project demonstrated considerable success for one aabandoned subsurface mines number in the thousands across the Mid-Atlanticare often overlaid by ever-expanding communities, towns, and cities. Emergencommunity roads and buildings affected by mine void subsidence are an expeand may cripple a community disaster response plan. Using ArcGIS tools, man

Mid-Atlantic Highlands are developing coal mine mapping projects and repositstep is to prioritize the risk associated with subsidence to key community infrasmanner similar to the work done for interstate highways by the Federal Highwa(www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/geotech/hazards/mine/index.cfm). Once identprioritized, these risks can be mitigated with proactive measures, including thegrout, which has been demonstrated by PPRP to cost an average of 50 perceconventional concrete grouting applications.

(Reprinted from the Spring 2006 issue ofArcNewsmagazine.)


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