mines and infrastructure industries · plan and prepare for risk control : 1.1 access, ... assess...

Conduct local risk control

RIIRIS201

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Mines and Infrastructure Industries

RIIRIS201D – Conduct local risk control

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Contents

Unit Overview ............................................................................................................................. 2

Unit Name .......................................................................................................................................... 2

Nominal Duration ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Prerequisites ...................................................................................................................................... 2

Unit Descriptor ................................................................................................................................... 2

Application of the Unit ....................................................................................................................... 2

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) ................................................................................................... 2

Safety.................................................................................................................................................. 2

Assessment ........................................................................................................................................ 3

Elements and Performance Criteria ............................................................................................. 4

Required Skills and Knowledge .................................................................................................... 5

Range Statement ................................................................................................................................ 5

Evidence Guide ................................................................................................................................... 7

Awarding Competence ................................................................................................................ 8

Quality systems ........................................................................................................................... 9

Legislation ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Duties of workers ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Being accountable ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Key Performance Indicators ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Quality standards ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Quality system ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Work quality ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Forms of instruction ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Applying Quality Systems .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Different tasks ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Problem solving ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Quality systems ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Standards ............................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Procedures .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Safety................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Environmental Requirements ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Monitor and Report on Standards ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Maintaining Quality and Quality Outcomes ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Continuous improvement ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Attachment One................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Unit Overview

Unit Name

RIIRIS201D: Conduct local risk control

Prerequisites

There are no prerequisites for this unit.

Unit Descriptor

This unit covers the conduct of local risk control in resources and infrastructure industries. It includes identifying hazards; assessing risk and identifying unacceptable risk; identifying, assessing and implementing risk treatments; and completing records and reports.

Application of the Unit

This unit is appropriate for those working in an assistant role at worksites within: • Civil construction • Coal mining • Drilling • Extractive industries • Metalliferous mining

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

If you believe you can demonstrate the standard’s elements and performance criteria for these units, then you should speak to your teacher/trainer about the RPL process. The objective of Recognition of Prior Learning is to ensure that an individual’s prior (current) learning achieved through formal and informal training, work experience or other life experiences is appropriately recognised. The RPL process identifies the knowledge and skills that a person has learned from these experiences and matches this against competencies of the course of study or a set of competency standards as endorsed by Australian Standards Quality Authority and developed by appropriate industry bodies.

Safety

As per the competency standard, all operations are subject to the required Workplace Health and Safety requirements and these are not to be compromised at any time. Where there is an apparent conflict between performance criteria and Workplace Health and Safety requirements, the Workplace Health and Safety requirements take precedence. All Workplace Health and Safety requirements are to be demonstrated at all times.




Assessment

Notes for the Student Prior to Assessment The assessment for this unit covers the skills and knowledge required for RIIRIS201D. It has been developed to meet the outcomes required by the training package and relevant competency standard. The assessment consists of both theory and practical components and each section must be successfully completed to be deemed competent. Unless otherwise stated in the assessment tool:

• All Knowledge/theory questions must be completed correctly. • All practical components must be demonstrated to reflect the requirements of the

standard. This may be required more than once to show consistency and will require the application of site procedures including environmental and health and safety.

Preparation for the Assessment You are advised to familiarise yourself with the National Competency Standard against which you will be assessed. Each standard outlines an evidence guide which lists the critical aspects of evidence and the required knowledge and skills you must demonstrate to achieve competence in the unit. It is advised that you take particular note of the Critical Aspects of Evidence within the standard and be able to apply them in the context of the assessment. You may access the details of this standard through the website, www.training.gov.au , or by requesting these from your trainer. Note: It is the responsibility of the assessor to fully brief and instruct you on the assessment

format and the WHS requirements. Prior to Commencing the Assessment Before commencing the assessment, please read the following carefully;

1. Read through the assessment tool and instructions before beginning the assessment as there may be specific requirements of which you may not be aware.

2. Note the time allocated to complete the theory component. 3. If you have difficulty reading or understanding the questions within the assessment, please

ask your assessor for assistance. 4. As this assessment relates to the Civil construction, Coal mining, Drilling, Metalliferous

mining and Extractive industries, you may need to reference the specific requirements of the site at which you are working.

Assessment Process The assessment may be commenced at any stage. If at any point you are identified as Not Yet Competent (NYC) for the criteria or section being assessed the assessment process will cease immediately and you will be informed of the decision. On completion of the assessment: Upon successful completion of this assessment, the results will be recorded and you will be asked to verify that you have been informed of the result. You will be recognised as being competent against the standard and a statement of results will be issued. If you are deemed not yet competent, your supervisor/assessor will discuss the outcome of the assessment with you. As part of this process, the assessor will identify the skills gap and


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recommend a plan for further training. The Not Yet Competent result will still be recorded and the assessor may be required to notify the workplace supervisor of the outcome of the assessment. When you are considered to be ready for reassessment, a new assessment date will be set.

Elements and Performance Criteria

ELEMENT PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

1. Plan and prepare for risk control

1.1 Access, interpret and apply risk management documentation and ensure the work activity is compliant.

1.2 Inspect work area conditions to identify potential hazards.

1.3 Apply risk management procedures to deal with recognised hazards.

1.4 Recognise the type and scope of unresolved hazards and their likely impact.

2. Assess and identify

unacceptable risk

2.1 Assess and determine consequence of an event. 2.2 Consider and determine likelihood of the event. 2.3 Identify criteria for the acceptability/unacceptability of

the risk. 2.4 Assess risk against criteria to identify if it warrants

‘unacceptable risk’ status and action. 2.5 Effectively communicate and clarify the decision to

others. 3. Identify, assess and

implement risk treatments

3.1 Identify and consider all possible risk treatment options. 3.2 Identify options by preliminary analysis and

consideration of options. 3.3 Analyse options, including resource requirements. 3.4 Select most appropriate and effective course of action. 3.5 Plan and prepare the course of action in detail and

acquire/obtain required resources and approval. 3.6 Implement the approved risk treatment. 3.7 Review risk management processes.

4. Complete records and reports

4.1 Effectively communicate accurate information to others on the course of action and implementation.

4.2 Complete written records and reports for hazards and actions from personal risk assessment.




Required Skills and Knowledge This section describes the skills and knowledge required for this unit.

Required skills

Specific skills are required to achieve the Performance Criteria of this unit, particularly for its application in the various circumstances in which this unit may be used. This includes the ability to carry out the following as required to maintain and monitor site quality standards:

• apply legislative, organisation and site requirements and procedures for maintaining and monitoring site quality standards

• maintain, monitor and recommend changes to system documents including reporting documents, work systems and/or plant

• solve problems, particularly in teams, paying particular attention to safety issues and adjusting performance indicators to reflect changed circumstances

• show initiative in adapting to changing work conditions or contexts particularly when working across a variety of work areas

• access, interpret and apply information on relevant organisation policies, procedures and instructions

• use mathematical ideas and techniques to complete quality documentation

Required knowledge

Specific knowledge is required to achieve the Performance Criteria of this unit, particularly for its application in the various circumstances in which this unit may be used. This includes knowledge of the following as required to maintain and monitor site quality standards:

• site/enterprise quality systems and processes • work planning processes • technical and operational capability and limitations of resources and workplace

equipment • company and statutory guidelines, procedures and practices • reporting procedures

Range Statement

The range statement relates to the unit of competency as a whole. It allows for different work environments and situations that may affect performance. Bold italicised wording, if used in the performance criteria, is detailed below. Essential operating conditions that may be present with training and assessment (depending on the work situation, needs of the candidate, accessibility of the item, and local industry and regional contexts) may also be included. Compliance documentation may include:

• Legislation • Regulation • Code of practice • Standards • Company policy and procedure • Manufacturer’s guidelines and specifications




Hazard is defined as:

A source of potential harm or a situation with a potential to cause loss to life, health, property or the environment

Hazards may include:

• Tools/equipment • Plant/machinery • Stored energy • substance • method/process • plans • people • the work environment

Risk is defined as:

The chance of something happening that will have an impact upon objectives. It is measured in terms of consequences and likelihood.

Risk treatment is defined as:

Risk treatment involves identifying the range of options for treating risk, assessing those options, preparing risk treatment plans and implementing them.

Consequence is defined as:

The outcome of an event or situation expressed qualitatively or quantitatively, being a loss, injury, disadvantage or gain.

Frequency is defined as:

A measure of likelihood expressed as the number of occurrences of an event in a given time.

Likelihood is defined as:

A qualitative description of probability and frequency.

Probability is defined as:

The measure of the chance that an event will occur and can be expressed as a number between 0 (will not occur) and 1 (will occur).

Criteria for the acceptability/ unacceptability of the risk must be determined by:

The organisation’s internal policy, goals and/ or objectives in reference to relevant legislation.

Risk treatment options may include:

• eliminating the hazard • implementing the hierarchy of controls

Records and reports may include:

• hazard reporting forms or documents • supervisor/deputy/OCE reports • incident reports • near miss reports • shift reports




Evidence Guide

The evidence guide provides advice on assessment and must be read in conjunction with the performance criteria, required skills and knowledge, range statement and the Assessment Guidelines for the Training Package.

Overview of assessment

Critical aspects for assessment and evidence required to demonstrate competency in this unit

The evidence required to demonstrate competency in this unit must be relevant to worksite operations and satisfy all of the requirements of the performance criteria, required skills and knowledge and the range statement of this unit and include evidence of the following: • knowledge of the requirements, procedures and

instructions for maintaining and monitoring site quality standards

• implementation of requirements, procedures and techniques for the safe, effective and efficient completion of maintenance and monitoring of site quality standards

• working with others to undertake and complete the maintenance and monitoring of site quality standards that meets all of the required outcomes

• consistent timely completion of maintenance and monitoring of site quality standards that safely, effectively and efficiently meets the required outcomes.

Context of and specific resources for assessment

This unit must be assessed in the context of the work environment. Where personal safety or environmental damage are limiting factors, assessment may occur in a simulated environment provided it is realistic and sufficiently rigorous to cover all aspects of workplace performance, including task skills, task management skills, contingency management skills and job role environment skills. • Assessment of this competency requires typical

resources normally used in a resources and infrastructure sector environment. Selection and use of resources for particular worksites may differ due to the site circumstances.

• The assessment environment should not disadvantage the participant. For example, language, literacy and numeracy demands of assessment should not be greater than those required on the job.

• Customisation of assessment and delivery environment should sensitively accommodate




cultural diversity. • Aboriginal people and other people from a non-

English speaking background may have second language issues.

• Where applicable, physical resources should include equipment modified for people with disabilities. Access must be provided to appropriate learning and/or assessment support when required.

Method of assessment

This unit may be assessed in a holistic way with other units of competency. The assessment strategy for this unit must verify required knowledge and skill and practical application using more than one of the following assessment methods: • written and/or oral assessment of the candidate's

required knowledge • observed, documented and/or first-hand

testimonial evidence of the candidate's: • implementation of appropriate requirement,

procedures and techniques for the safe, effective and efficient achievement of required outcomes

• consistent achievement of required outcomes • first hand testimonial evidence of the candidate's: • working with others to undertake and complete the

maintenance and monitoring of site quality standards

Guidance information for assessment

Consult the TEIA website for further information on assessment including access and equity issues.

Awarding Competence The Performance Criteria for this unit will be assessed using the assessment tools detailed below:

1. Work Journal provided by the trainer of this course. 2. All theory questions (all to be correct) 3. Practical work initiated tasks completed to the satisfaction of the nominated company

assessor. (This may be recorded in either the Observation or Third Party Report formats) The pass mark for all assessments is 100%. If you do not obtain 100% on the applied assessment items, you will be deemed ‘not yet competent’ and asked to undertake further study prior to being re-assessed.




Introduction In this short course you are to develop an understanding of the basic concepts of risk management. You will need to understand what a systematic approach to the identification, assessment and control of risk means and how to participate in such activities. The major purpose of risk assessment is to lower the rate of accidents and injuries while improving the efficiency of the company. Remember the purpose of risk assessment is to prevent the recurrence of incidents and accidents and to identify the actions that will improve the safety management plan of the work place. Workers must carry out assessments of workplaces to find hazards and to enable them to understand the risks that are present and take corrective action before incidents occur. Hazard identification is an important part of the Risk Assessment process that can be easily overlooked when wanting to rush in and 'fix' a problem. Consideration and thought must be made before a risk value can be placed on a hazard, so that the true extent of the issue can be recognised think before acting even when trying to fix what you initially thought was a hazard or risk.

Activity

Why do you think that you should stop, investigate and think carefully about what the solution may be to a hazard you have identified? Write a short response outlining your thoughts on this question and email to your trainer.

Compliance documentation

Compliance documentation are the documents that must be completed in a job. These documents are required to show that the workplace is following the established laws, set practices and standards that must be in place. It is not about you might complete; it is not about you'll finish them later; it is not about you'll work on if you have time! Compliance documents are documents that must be read and followed and in some cases completed by you. Failing to follow and work correctly with compliance documents may lead you to lose your job. In workplaces where there are inherent dangers around you, if you do not follow the rules you can expect to be looking for another line of work!

Examples of compliance documents

Compliance documents that you carry in a person sense would be a driver's license and an Adult Proof of Age Card.




Here are two types of workplace compliance documents. The first one in purple is a pre-start inspection checklist for dump trucks and other heavy equipment. The second one (red) is a light vehicle inspection form - this would be used on utes, four wheel drives, etc. Investigate both forms.




Legislation

Legislation are the formal rules and laws set by governments. The following regulations, procedures, standards and safety considerations may apply to planning and organise your work activities:

• Mining Act and Regulations • Environmental Protection Act • Equal Employment Opportunity and Disability Discrimination legislation • Employment and workplace relations legislation • Duty of care • Code of Practice • Occupational Health and Safety legislation • Australian Standards • Manufacturer’s specifications and recommendations • Site specific regulations and procedures




What is the difference between an Act and a Regulation? An Act is passed by Parliament and provides the framework which deals with administration, management, inspection, areas of responsibility, duties and penalties, i.e. for Ministers, Inspectors, Mine Managers. Acts are LAW. Regulations are an Act passed by Parliament and details the specific elements, such as regulations concerning the use and operation of mobile lighting plant, the levels of a specific chemical that can be found in the air within a mine, etc. They are the minimum standard to be complied with. Regulations are also law.

Hazards in the workplace There are many meanings for hazard and these are often confusing. In workplace health and safety, a hazard is any source of possible damage, harm or poor health effects on something or someone at work. A hazard can cause harm or bad effects to either individuals as health effects or to organizations as equipment or business losses. In any work environment, there are potentially a number of areas that pose a risk to the health and safety of workers.

Hazards

Risk management is a workplace process that protects people's safety and creates a safe work environment. In Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) terms, risk management is the most common way of identifying situations that might cause harm to people, services being offered or even property. One of the prime purposes of risk management processes is to prevent a harmful situation happening or a person being hurt. Work place hazards arise from:

• the work conditions • the use of machinery and substances • poor work procedures and design • wrong or out-of-date systems and procedures • inappropriate actions or behaviour

Identifying Hazards

Identifying hazards means trying to find out what, why and how things can happen. There are a number of ways to identify potential sources of injury or disease. The most commonly ways of identify hazards in the workplace include:

• Looking around • Conducting a walk through survey using a checklist




• Investigating accidents and near misses • Talking to workers • Checking with industry bodies, workplace health and safety or relevant literature

Workplace procedures

In the workplace there are a number of formal ways hazards are identified. These include:

• Hazard reporting • Safe work observations • Incident reporting • Auditing • Job safety analysis

Where you identify a hazard during the course of your daily work activities, you need to complete some form of documentation such as a hazard report form. Once a hazard is identified then the risk management process moves into its other stages: risk analysis, evaluation, control and review.

Classifying hazards

When a hazard has been identified, the next stage is to classify the hazard. Hazards are classified into five broad areas:

• Physical • Chemical • Biological • Mechanical and/or Electrical • Psychological

We classify hazards as this helps us to prepare a Hazard Management Plan for our work site.

Informal risk assessment

An informal risk assessment is a simplified process used by workers on a daily basis. This process is a way of identifying hazards that are associated with a particular type of work, and then identifying and applying control measures. This is often done in large work sites through the use of a simple tool (e.g. recording the hazard in a pocket note book and reporting to the supervisor when appropriate). There are several 'packages' that use this approach and some of these are specifically for the mining and infrastructure industries. Check out these three informal risk assessment packages:

Take 5 SLAM or Stop, Look, Assess and Manage SAM or Stop, Assess, Manage




Workers on site are encouraged to undertake this kind of informal assessment at least on a daily basis, or when the work changes from the usual method.

S.L.A.M.

The S.L.A.M method of risk management is a proven, effective and simple system employed by mining companies and businesses around the world. This simple risk management strategy works because it follows a simple, logical sequence. It doesn't involve reams of paper yet it provides documented and verifiable evidence that health and safety risks have been identified and controlled within a work site. STOP Begin the Job plan with risk assessment. Ask yourself five important questions: How can I be injured? How can others be injured? How can equipment be damaged? What is the safest, most productive, highest-quality way to accomplish the task? What information do I need? Consider the following: surroundings/ environment, equipment/tools/parts, skills required, assistance needed, changes from previous experience, and procedures/job safety analyses (JSAs)/regulations. LOOK After stopping, the employee must look for energies or specific hazards created through the interaction of the human, the machine and the environment. This review includes ergonomic and health hazards in the workplace that have the potential to cause accidents and injuries. ASSESS The employee must then assess the risks and rate them according to the risk matrix. Based on the hazards identified in the LOOK phase, the employee assesses the consequences and the likelihood of their occurrence and determines the level of risk to which he or she will be exposed in performing the task. MANAGE The employee must then manage all risks to As Low A Level As Reasonably Possible (ALARP) with current and/or additional controls. Reduce the consequence through:

• Reducing energy - electrical; mechanical (motion, spring, etc.); chemical; thermal; gravity; noise; etc.

• Isolation and guarding - mechanical, PPE. Reduce the likelihood through:

• knowledge and skills, • job planning with risk assessment, • procedures with JSAs, • effective tools and processes.




Controls include the elimination of the hazard; substitution or redesign; training, planning and management; and guarding or PPE.

Daily S.L.A.M.

Workers on site should undertake this kind of assessment at least on a daily basis, or when starting a new job. If you were setting up monitoring processes for quality and the environment you may consider the following:

• Are there existing monitoring systems/procedures? • What needs to be monitored? • How is this best achieved? • What is the frequency of monitoring? • Who is best placed to monitor? • Does the monitoring process allow for changing circumstances? • How are findings/feedback managed/responded to?

SAM

Remember that in any workplace, it is far better to take precautions to prevent accidents and illness from occurring than it is to take action after an accident. There are many simple ways to remember about your responsibility with hazards and risks. Any of the simple approaches are worthwhile, e.g. SLAM. A similar approach to SLAM is the three steps that are a sound guide to preventing • Spot the Hazard • Assess the risk • Make the changes SAM is formed from the first letter of each stage...

S - Spot the Hazard

This is also known as Recognise the Risk. It is important that hazards in the workplace are identified. This is generally the role of the employer, WHS representatives and workers. In a work situation, hazards might include:

• Environment hazards such as poor lighting, temperature too hot or cold, inadequate equipment such as non-ergonomically designed chairs or poorly maintained lifting gear and lack of appropriate work area.

• Chemical hazards such as toners from photocopiers, acetone from painting and cleaning materials.

• Biological hazards such bacteria from poor hygiene practices in the workplace. • Risks of Occupational Overuse Syndrome • Psychological hazards such as poor work organisation, too great a workload and stress. • Electrical hazards from work equipment.




A - Assess the risk

Once a hazard has been identified, it is important to assess the seriousness of the situation. All risks should be reported and other staff made aware of the risk. Serious risks should be reported to management immediately. Once a hazard has been identified, it is important to assess the seriousness of the situation. All risks should be reported and other staff made aware of the risk. Serious risks should be reported to management immediately. In serious instances OHS representatives may issue in writing Provisional Improvement Notices to employers for serious OHS concerns. The employer must then take appropriate action to fix the situation. In very serious cases, OHS authorities may issue Improvement or Prohibition Notices to employers where there has been a clear breach of the law. Employers are given a set time limit to fix the problem.

M - Make the changes

Make the Changes is also known as Control the Risk. Once a hazard has been identified and reported in the workplace, it is important to take the necessary steps to control the risk. This might include: • Removing the hazard from the work environment • Replacing the hazard with a safer alternative • Improving the organisation of work routines • Improving workplace layout • Making changes to the workplace • Training of employees in risk minimisation

Job Safety Analysis or JSAs

In current workplace health and safety activity one of the most valuable and important management tools to prevent accidents and to improve health conditions is the technique known as job or task analysis. This process is referred to as Job Safety Analysis (J.S.A). Job Safety Analysis aims to prevent accidents and losses by identifying and controlling potential loss producing situations. Job analysis studies a job or task in order to develop the safest, most efficient work method or way to complete the task.




JSA's assumptions

Job Safety Analysis or JSA is based on these ideas:

• Any job or task can be separated into a series of relatively simple steps. • Potential hazards or risks associated with each step are identified and evaluated. • Solutions can be developed to control and eliminate these potential hazards. • JSAs are used as a positive step to reduce accidents by identifying and rectifying possible

accident causes before accidents and injuries occur. The results from JSAs are used to build safe work procedures for existing workers and as basic guides for training new workers.

Advantages of JSAs

The Job Safety Analysis procedures offer several advantages to a work site. These advantages include:

• Development of safe work procedures for skill training. • Safe work procedures can be used to induct new workers to safe, efficient work procedures. • Maintains a higher level of safety awareness which usually results in fewer accidents. • Use as safety standards to develop refresher training programs and retrain reassigned

workers. • Assists supervisors maintain a high level of safety awareness during day to day workforce

contact. • Assists supervisors and employees to make observations to ensure safe work procedures are

being followed. • Provides uniform safety instructions and procedures for each critical job. • Review and elimination of outmoded procedures or equipment. • Involves the people who carry out the tasks in the development of safe work procedures.




Constructing a JSA

The technique for the development of Job Safety Analysis has six simple steps:

1. Select the job or task to be analysed. 2. Separate the job into its basic steps. 3. Identify all the hazards/potential losses associated with each step. 4. Evaluate your options for hazard/loss control action. 5. Establish controls for each hazard or other potential loss area. 6. Prepare a safe work procedure.

1. Task selection

• Identify critical jobs, prepare an inventory and set priorities for analysis. • Inform people who are involved with the process what you are doing and why. • Encourage workers to contribute safety improvement ideas. • Where possible use the people who normally carry out the task.

2. Separation into steps

• Separate the selected tasks into 5-15 basic steps and record each step on a Risk Assessment and JSA Report.

• Each "Step" listed should briefly describe what is being done but not how to do the operation.

• Usually use 3-4 words for each job step. • Show the activity first and complete the description by naming the item that is acted upon. • Ensure no important steps are missed, but also ensure there are no more than are actually

needed to describe the work. 3. Hazard identification Examine each step to identify any hazards or other potential accident loss sources. We include hazards associated with:

• Machine • Tools • Supplies • Worker actions or lack of action • Job procedures • Overall work environment

4. Evaluate hazard controls The following steps are outlined in general terms. You will cover these later in this course. However for general understanding of this stage in constructing a JSA - Evaluating hazard controls - check out this information. 5. Establish controls Develop suitable control solutions designed to eliminate, or if this is not feasible, to adequately control these hazards. For every known hazard associated with a job step, there must be a solution that off-sets that hazard.




6. Establish hazard controls Hazard control solutions normally come from one of the following four (4) categories:

1. Making changes in the condition of the environment, e.g. Housekeeping, Work area layout, Equipment, Job location, Lighting and Tools.

2. Altering a job procedure to minimise potential hazard. 3. Alter the frequency of doing the task to a safer level (how often the task is carried out). 4. The provision of protective clothing or equipment.

Controls for hazards should be considered in the following sequence: Eliminating the hazard, Substitution, Controls (Engineering then Administrative) and finally, PPE.

When to construct a JSA?

A Job Safety Analysis (JSA) can be completed at any time, e.g. when a task is changed due to changing conditions at a mine site or when new equipment is introduced to a work process. If there is a safety incident at a work site, then the existing JSA should be reviewed during any incident investigations. If a JSA is not available, a new one can be developed as part of the investigation to help determine the events that lead to the incident and to provide a JSA for the task in future.

Identifying hazards

When trying to identify hazards, use the broad questioning approach of asking yourself "what would happen if ……..?" At each step in the job ask that question to identify potential hazards to the you or other workers. When you have identified a hazard, then apply the eleven step hazard identification approach outlined in the attached document. Attachment 1 demonstrates a Hazard Identification Checklist form.

Risk? What is risk? Risk is the chance of something happening that will have an impact upon our work objectives. It is measured in terms of consequences and likelihood.

Risk: An Example

You are working in the heavy haulage maintenance workshop and one of the large tippers comes in.




The rear tyre is very worn and the side wall is missing large chunks of material. The maintenance record indicates that a replacement tyre is well overdue. You know you are and the others are pushed for time and the boss has been on about being careful to save money. Do you think you could leave the tyre on and just send the machine back out to the open cut? The risk: The worst case is the failure of the tyre while the truck is loaded and hauling up the steep incline from the bottom of the pit. The consequences range from a major accident with the truck going over the edge and killing or severely injuring the driver (and perhaps others) as well as major delays in production

What is risk assessment? Risk assessment is the process you undertake to identify what risks might exist, their likelihood of occurring and the consequences on our work and safety. It is a process of identifying, analysing and judging.

Risk assessment model

The assessment of risk can be carried out using a simple four step process. The four steps are:

Identify Assess Control Evaluate

What could go wrong?

In this step all persons must be aware of and participate in identifying all the hazards that are or may be associated with the task under assessment.

How real is the danger?

Hazards can range from the very minor to the very dangerous. In this step of the risk assessment workers and management must give the hazard a rating.

What could be done better?

How can workers and site management make the risk of the identified hazard safe?

Is it working?

The work team must continually check to ensure that the controls put in place are working.




Risk analysis

Once the hazards are recognised and the possible risks are identified, these risks need to be analysed to determine their level of severity, i.e. whether the risks are low, medium or high risks. Remember risk is made up of two elements:

Consequence Likelihood

Consequence is the resultant harm of the out-of-control energy, if it does occur. Likelihood is the probability of the harm occurring and the frequency with which it will occur.

Risk assessment tool

In this discussion, you are being introduced to a common risk assessment tool that makes use of a numerical rating system to gauge the level of risk. This tool is commonly used in Australia though in another short course a different form of risk assessment is presented. This provides you with a broader idea of how risk assessment works.

Step One

The first step in the process of finding the level of risk is to determine the consequences associated if the event occurred. In the Consequences table below the two columns on the left give a numerical rating and category of the consequence, i.e. 1 - Insignificant to 5 - Catastrophic.




Step Two

In Step 2 you determine the likelihood of the consequences if the event occurs. Looking at Likelihood Table again, the two columns on the left show a numerical rating and category of the likelihood, i.e. 1 - Rare to 5 - Almost certain.

Step Three

Once you have determined the consequence and likelihood, you can then calculate the risk on a risk matrix (to the right). First, take the consequence rating from Step 1 and select the correct column along the horizontal axis of the table in the risk matrix. Then take the likelihood rating from Step 2 and select the correct row on the vertical axis of the risk matrix.




Where the column and row cross on this matrix is the calculated risk. It is both a numerical number and a colour.

Step Four

Where the column and row cross on this matrix is the calculated risk. It will show whether the risk is high, moderate or low as per the table (right) that also forms part of the risk matrix. The 'score' determines the level of risk as follows: 1 - 5 (Green) Low level of risk 6 - 17 (Yellow) Medium level of risk 18 - 25 (Red) High level of risk

Some risk matrix tables may have four or five levels of risk so that fine tuning of decisions can occur.

Another example of risk matrix

This risk assessment matrix has five categories of risk ratings.

Risk value

When a risk value is made, you may need to consider a number of factors before making a decision about likelihood and value of risk. The main factors or elements to be considered are listed on the document - Risk Values. Print out the document and ensure you are familiar with the elements you must consider when constructing a JSA.




Attachment 2 contains a list of risk values Remember that you are less likely to miss vital information if you 'communicate and consult' along the way. For a 'job safety analysis' and 'risk evaluation' to be really effective in the workplace, it must be carried out using a team approach. When an individual does it without consulting the work team they may underestimate or even overestimate the risk in the task.

Hierarchy of control

Control Strategies are arranged in a Hierarchy of Control or the ways to prevent injury organised in order of most successful to least successful. As the diagram on the right shows the easiest solutions, such as making people wear PPE, are often the least effective way of controlling risk and reducing hazards. Elimination of risk is always the best solution, but may not be practical, e.g. we would not have road deaths if we stopped everyone driving, but that is not possible.

What can we do better?

To establish a continuous improvement cycle we must always ask ourselves a series of questions about risks. You should start seeking the most effective treatment of a risk, which is elimination, and working down the triangle to the least effective, which is personal protective equipment. These questions to ask are:

Elimination Substitution Redesign Isolation Administration PPE




Elimination: Is it possible to re-design the project or task to eliminate the risk? Substitution: Is it possible to substitute materials, equipment or process with less hazardous ones? Redesign: Is it possible to redesign the work procedure or even the equipment and machinery to remove the hazard from people? Isolation: Is it possible to isolate the hazard through guards and barriers from the people working near it? Administration: Are there policies, standards and standard working procedures in place to minimise the risk? Personal Protective Equipment: Should PPE be used as additional protection?

Unacceptable level of risk

An unacceptable level of risk is where the probability or chance of an injury/damage causing incident may occur is high. This means that if the current work situation remains the same there is a real chance that an injury or equipment damage will result. Where this occurs, an unacceptable level of risks exists and work should not continue. Work should only be resumed when changes have occurred that reduce the risk from High.

• When making judgments about the effectiveness of the control measures you should also consider:

• What types of control measures are provided? • Are these control measures adequate and have sufficient quality to be worthy? • Are there enough control measures in place? • Does the combination of control measures increase as the hazard and risk increase? • Are the control measures maintained in working order at all times? • What contingencies are provided to support and are there back-ups in place?

Risk Control

When risks are identified, then workers and employers must consider how the risks with be controlled. The 'risk control' needs to reduce or remove the chance of injury, but still be able to be used in the workplace. Also the control measures cannot introduce any new risks! There are six accepted ways of controlling risk in workplaces. Investigate the six ways of controlling risk in workplaces.

Elimination Substitution

Redesign Isolation Training

PPE




Six Control Measures

The best control measures, in order of priority, are: 1. Eliminate the hazard 2. Substitute a less hazardous process or equipment 3. Redesign equipment or work processes 4. Isolate the hazard e.g. by putting guards around a dangerous part 5. Train people in how to work safely 6. Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as ear plugs, safety boots

The role of PPE

PPE stands for Personal Protective Equipment. Remember: Physical control measures such as elimination, substitution, design and isolation are stronger and more effective than person-oriented controls like education, procedures and administration. However Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is used to protect workers from hazards such as noise, respiratory issues (e.g. dust, fumes, vapour), chemicals, high and low temperatures and flying materials (e.g. dust, metal fragments).

Personal Protective Equipment

Depending upon the type of job you get, the things you are required to work with or the type of tasks you are given, it will be necessary for you to wear personal safety equipment. Personal safety equipment can sometimes be called 'personal protective equipment'. Personal safety equipment will range from brightly coloured 'visibility' vests, types of shoes and boots through to 'hard hats and face masks. As a future employee you must be aware of the need for personal protection equip ment and follow the job requirements in wearing these. Personal safety equipment cover the items that protect you from your immediate working conditions, e.g. breathing masks, gloves, aprons, safety vests, safety boots, hard hats, earmuffs and goggles/face shields.




Types of Personal Protective Equipment

There are seven common forms of PPE. These include: Head protection Eye protection Hearing protection Hand protection Respiratory protection Foot protection Skin protection Head protection Wear a current dated safety helmet. State Government or State Authority regulations stipulate that approved safety helmets must be worn on all mine sites. Eye protection You must wear the appropriate safety glasses, goggles or face shields whenever you are working where small flying fragments, dust, splashing hot metals or liquids can be encountered. Hearing protection All workers need to wear ear protectors when working where loud or high frequency operations are carried out, e.g. use of high speed saws, automatic hammers, etc. Disposable compressive plastic foam plugs may also be used as ear protectors. If workers are exposed to loud, continuous noise, even for a short period, they should wear ear protection. It is important to wear ear protection for the entire time a worker is exposed to the noise. Hand protection All workers need to wear stout gloves of the appropriate material when handling sharp or hot materials, or dangerous liquids. Gloves are not mandatory PPE although on some sites workers must carry them at all times. Respiratory protection All workers need to wear to wear respirators to protect all parts of the respiratory system, e.g. lungs and throat, against dust, fumes, gases and mists. There is a wide range of face masks and respirators for various conditions. Workers should use the correct one for their specific work and comply with any instructions about that device. Foot protection All workers need to wear to wear suitable work boots appropriate to the task they are performing. Boots which have steel caps to protect toes from falling objects are usually recommended for mining and civil construction work sites.




Skin protection There are of personal protection that is often overlooked in the skin of the worker. Australia has one of the highest incidences of sun cancer so when workers are outside adequate protection must be used, e.g. long sleeves, trousers, broad brims on helmets or hats and sun cream.

Changes to WHS Expectations

In any job you must have a clear idea of what you are setting out to achieve. Any changes in the Act, Codes of Practice, or Policies and Regulations must be brought to the attention of all workers on site. Each work site will have a specific form of communication though the general forms of communication include the following:

• notice boards • safety meetings • booklets • brochures • training

Your responsibility

Make sure it's your business to attend meetings, access, collect and read articles posted. If you have any problems or trouble understanding them, discuss them with your Health and Safety Representative for further clarification. At your site this designated person might be one of the following. • Health and Safety Officer • Health and Safety Co-ordinator • Safety Manager Your organisation's 'Health and Safety Policy' will relate to the Act, Codes of Practice, Regulations, Terms of Reference for OH&S Committees, Designated Work Area Representative and your own site regulations.




Attachment One

Hazard/risk identification check list The terms/concepts listed in the table below should be applied to each basic step of hazard

identification to make this task easier and also to assist in recording specific hazards and risks in any job analysis.

TERM CONCEPT

1. STRUCK BY Indicated that there is a risk that a person could be forcefully struck by an object. The force of contact would be provided by the object.

2. CONTACT BY Indicated that there is a risk of contact by a substance or material that by its very nature, is harmful and could cause injury.

3. STRUCK AGAINST Indicates a risk that a person, or part of a person in motion could forcefully strike against an object.

4. CONTACT WITH Indicates where a person could come into contact with a harmful material. The person by their own action would initiate the contact.

5. CAUGHT BETWEEN Used to indicate that there is risk of a person being crushed, pinched or otherwise caught between either a moving object and a stationary

6. CAUGHT ON

Indicates there is a risk of a person or part of person's clothing or equipment being caught on an object, that is, either moving or stationary. This could cause the person to lose balance and fall, be pulled into a machine, or suffer some other harm.

7. CAUGHT IN Indicates that there is a risk of a person, or of part of a person's clothing being trapped, stuck, or otherwise caught in an opening or enclosure.

8. FALL TO BELOW Indicates that a person could slip or trip and fall to a level below the one he/she is walking or standing on, eg "down a hole".

9. FALL SAME LEVEL Indicates that a person could slip or trip and could fall to the surface they are standing or walking on.

10. OVER-EXERTION Indicates that there is a task/job risk of over-extending which could cause a strain.

11. EXPOSURE Indicates the danger of someone being exposed to a health risk or to harmful conditions over a period of time.




Attachment Two

Risk Value When a risk value is made during the Job Safety Analysis, you need to ensure that all of the following points or elements have been considered:

• How often does the situation occur?

• How many people are involved/affected/exposed during the task?

• What are the skills and experience of those persons involved/affected/exposed during the task?

• Are there any special characteristics for those persons involved/affected/exposed during the task?

• What is the duration (time period) of the hazard?

• What is the position of the hazard relative to other workers?

• Distractions – are there any in that work area?

• What are the quantities/concentrations/volumes of materials involved?

• What environmental conditions need to be considered and catered for?

• What is the condition of the equipment?

• What is the effectiveness of existing controls that already exist around that task?

• What heights/weights/forces and energies are at play in this task or the surrounding area?

Source: Workplace Health and Safety Risk Management Advisory Standard 2000

After considering these items, a risk value may calculated.


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