mineral management in dairy

Minerals Management in Dairy Cattle

Muhammad Naveed ul HaqueMS Animal Production Agrocampus OuestPhD Dairy Nutrition INRA FranceCertified Dairy Herd Management MSU-USAAssistant Professor Animal NutritionUniversity of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lahore, Pakistan

Alltech Dairy Development Program3rd August 2016

Mineral Management in Dairy, M N Haque PhD

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Contents1. Minerals and their classification2. Importance with reference to dairy cattle3. Mineral deficiencies in typical diets of cattle4. Sources of Minerals5. Mineral Requirements and Considerations

5A- Trace Mineral Requirements 5B- Macro Mineral Requirements5C- Anionic Salts supplementation in Close-up cows

6. Methods of Feeding Mineral Premix7. Cost Analysis of Mineral Management in Context

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1-Minerals Classification

Macro Minerals:required in gram quantities• Calcium, Phosphorus,

sodium, chlorine, potassium, magnesium, and sulfur.

Micro Minerals required in milligram

• Cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, chromium.

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2a- Macro Minerals: Importance Mineral Role Deficiency

Ca Bones, teeth, nerves, muscles, blood clotting, body enzyme, milk

Rickets, osteoperosis, milk fever

P Bone, milk, muscle, energy transfer Rickets, pica, low DMI, poor fertility

K Osmotic pressure, nerve impulses, muscle contraction, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, body reactions involving enzymes

Low DMI, skin coat shine loss, Pica

Mg bone growth and maintenance, the nervous system, and body enzymes

Grass tentany

S amino acids, B vitamins like biotin and thiamin Microbial protein synthesis

Na osmotic pressure regulation, acid-base balance, body fluid balance, nutrient transport

Craving, pica, acid base balance

Cl body metabolism, transport of nutrients, acid-base balance

Acid base balance, acidosis


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Mineral Role Deficiency Fe Hemoglobin, immune function AnemiaMn Bone and cartilage Silent heat, skeletal

abnromality Zn metabolism, reproduction, immune

function, hoof integrityReduced growth, DMI, dermatitis

Co Vitamin B12 Poor appetite, muscular weakness

Cu Hair pigment, Electron transport, bone and tissue development, hemoglobin, immune function

Reduced growth, changes in color, dermititis

I Thyroid hormones Goiter, reduced fertilitySe Glutathione peroxidase, which

functions to reduce oxidative stress and cellular damage

WMD, Retained placenta, low fertility

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2b- Micro Minerals: Importance


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3- Mineral in Feedstuffs. • Minerals are supplied through diet in a limited, variable quantity

Mineral Unit Corn Silage Alfalfa Hay Soybean MealCa % DM 0.2 1.32 0.4P % DM 0.1 0.28 0.71

Mg % DM 0.4 0.28 0.31K % DM 1.43 2.45 2.22S % DM 0.17 0.27 0.48

Na % DM 0.03 0.1 0.03Cl % DM 0.23 0.48 0.05Fe mg/kg 200 350 148Zn mg/kg 21 24 61Cu mg/kg 5 11 22Mn mg/kg 34 24 41Se mg/kg 0.0 0.2 0.11Co mg/kg 0.0 0.7 0.07I mg/kg 0.0 0.2 0.0

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Fe and Mn are >300% of required

3- Minerals Supplies through typical diets in PakistanDiet supporting 40 kg of milk production without mineral premix

% of Requirements

IngredientsCorn SilageCornGrainSoybeanMealAlfalfahayCanola MealFats (99%)Sugarcane molasses

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I Na Se Cl Zn Cu P Ca Co K Mg S0

20406080

100120140160180200

% of Requirements

Diet supporting 40 kg of milk production without mineral premix: Cow producing 15 kg of milk

What about cost?What about interactions between minerals?

3- Minerals Supplies through typical diets in Pakistan

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4- Sources of Minerals

• Inorganic : Sulphates, Oxides, Chlorides, Carbonates

• Interact with fibre, phytate, tannin, oxalate, silicates etc… in GIT and reduce their absorption

• Low bioavailability AC of Cu from CuSO4= 0.05

• Organic /Chelates: Trace Minerals bind with chelated agent like aminoacids or hydrolysed protein

• Protected from interaction in GIT

• High bioavailability. AC of organic Cu = 0.10

TypesMetal AA complexes/chelates,Metal proteinates, propionates,

Yeast derivates (Selenium)

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4- Effect of Organic trace mineral vs. Inorganic250 cows, supplied 360 mg of Zn, 200 mg of Mn, 125 mg of Cu, and 12 mg of Co from either sulfate sources (Sulfates) or organic trace mineralStudy duration: 3 wk pre-partum to 35 week post partum

Siciliano-Jones et al., Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 91 No. 5, 2008

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CTM cows generated a revenue125 cows x 1 kg Milk x 50Rs/kg x 35 wk x 7d = 1.53 million RsCompared to inorganic group


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5A- Mineral Requirements: Trace Minerals

The amount that must be absorbed daily to keep the - cow healthy- maintain and optimize milk production - allow for efficient reproductive performance- maintain proper body stores of the mineral

Most requirements are based on enzymetic activity and not directly of that trace mineral

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1. Milk is insensitive for short term duration2. Changes in body store is difficult (e.g. copper in liver)3. Large no of cows are required to determine changes in

health and reproduction4. Absorption coefficient 5. Common dietary conditions can vary (e.g. water with high

sulfur can reduces Se and Cu absorption)

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5A- Trace Minerals: Limitations


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1. Consider total absorbed mineral (basal diet + supplementation).

Low AC of basal ingredients makes no reason to discount them.

2. Discount trace mineral concentration with high Ash (source

contaminated with soil)

3. Use organic/speciality trace minerals (high bioavailbility).

4. Don’t use high Se

5. Use 1.2x safety factor in trace minerals

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5A- Trace Minerals: Recommendations


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Trace Mineral NRC Requirement1 Safety Factor2 Comment

Iodine 0.44 ppm 1 X No new data justifying need for a safety factor.

Selenium 0.3 ppm 1 X FDA regulations prohibit greater supplementation rates.

Cobalt 0.11 ppm 2 to 4 X NRC recommendations may not maximize vitamin B-12 status.

Copper 10-12 ppm 1.2 to 3 X Fed to reduce the risk of deficiency . The safety factor must be increased as dietary (includes minerals from water) sulfur and Mo concentrations increase about 0.25% and 1 ppm, respectively. Cu should not exceed 3 X NRC.

Zinc 43 to 50 ppm 1.2 X 1.2 X NRC should be fed to reduce the risk of deficiency because of uncertainty in supply and requirements.

Manganese 12 to 18 ppm 2.5 to 3.5 X Studies have shown that NRC level is not adequate; studies suggest that 35 to 50 ppm is adequate.

Iron 15 to 18 ppm 1 to 1.2 X No evidence that NRC level is not adequate; most basal diets contain more than adequate Fe.

Chromium Nest NA May increase milk yield in early lactation at ~0.5 ppm.

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5A- Trace Minerals: Recommendations


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5B- Macro Mineral RequirementsMineral Requirement

% of DMComment

Calcium 0.66% Ca:P ratio, P and Vit D supplies

Phosphorous 0.32-0.38% Reproduction at high P.

Sodium 0.22% Increase in heat stress for Na to avoid metabolic acidosis induced due to high Cl levels

Chlorine 0.28% Maximum tolerable

Potassium 1.06% Often high in diets. Useful in heat stress, Negative interaction with Magnesium

Magnesium 0.2% to 0.35% of DM

Sodium bicarbonate to MgO ratio 3:1

Sulfur 0.2% of DM10:1 Dietary Nitrogen to Sulfur ratio

High Sulfur interferes with Selenium and Copper.Mostly occurs in areas where water contains sulfur greater than 1100 ppm

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168/03/2016 Mineral Management in Dairy, M N Haque PhD

Analyte Adequate Range Concern LevelsCalcium* 8.7 - 11.0 mg/dL < 8 mg/dLPhosphorus 4.5 - 8.0 mg/dL < 3.5 mg/dLMagnesium* 2.0 - 3.5 mg/dL <1.5 mg/dLSodium* 137 - 148 mEq/L < 137 mEq/LPotassium* 3.8 - 5.2 mEq/L < 3.0 or > 5.5 mEq/LCopper 0.6 - 1.5 mg/mL <0.45 or > 4 mg/mlIron 130 - 250 mg/dL < 130 or > 1800 mg/dL

Zinc 0.8 - 1.4 mg/ml < 0.5 or > 3 mg/mlSelenium, serum 70 - 100 ng/ml < 35 or > 800 ng/mlSelenium, whole blood 120 - 250 ng/ml <50 or > 1900 ng/mlSerum Vitamin A* 225 - 500 ng/ml < 150 ng/mlSerum Vitamin E* 3 - 10 ug/mL < 3.0 ug/mlVitamin E:Cholesterol Ratio 2.5:6.0 <1.5

Adequate vs Concern levels of Minerals in Serum of Dairy Cattle


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5C- Anion supplementation to prevent hypocalcimea in close-up cows

Milk fever/hypocalcimea results due to failure of cow to maintain normal blood Ca (<2.5 g in blood). Around calving colostrum formation draws a large quantity of Ca 20 to 40 g in a short duration of time.

Hypocalcaemea results into economic losses in high producing cows.

Decreasing the blood pH in the close-up period can help increasing the PTH activity that regulate the Ca resorption from bones.

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5C- DCAD concept

• Blood pH should be decreased through provision of more anions than cations

(Na+ + k+) - (Cl- + SO4-2)

Assesment tool = Urinary acid base status through pH

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Cations in a solution equals the anions to maintain an electrical neutrality If cations are higher than anions pH of the solution will increase (DCAD +)inversiily, if anions of a solution increases pH will decrease (DCAD -)


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5C- Recommended DCAD level in Close-up diet (expressed in meq/100 gDM

++ + - --

DCAD balance 27.6 11.9 -6.4 -25.3

Urine pH 8.38 7.65 6.42 6.04

DMI Normal Normal Normal Low

Giesy et al

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5C- Formulating –DCAD diet1. Select feed ingredient with low Na and K. 2. Pre-test the pH of dry cow3. Use an anionic commercial mix (normally to achieve -10 to 0

meq/100)4. Mix Anionic commercial mix with concentrate or grain or any

carrier (wheat bran).5. Start feeding for 7 days and then check the drop in urinary

pH (our target pH should be between 6.2 to 6.4). If achieved stay with the dose, otherwise re-adjust

6. Continue using trace mineral premix with vitamin seperately7. Sodium chloride can be used.

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6- Methods of Feeding Minerals1. Force Feeding.

-Minerals are presented in mixed form (e.g. TMR)-This method eliminates palatability problems, daily and cow-to-cow variation in intake, and over-consumption of minerals. Requires proper formulation-use of a grain carrier.Precaution: Avoid using moist forage alone as a mineral carrier because forage intake (and hence mineral intake) decreases as milk production and grain intake increases.

2. Free Choice. This method is not as accurate as force feeding, and only trace mineralized salt should be fed free choice in most instances. Cows may choose a supplement because of true appetite, learned appetite, or simple preference due to flavor, odor, and particle size.

3. Topdressing. Not recommended with exception of early lactation8/03/2016


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7- Cost Analysis: High Producing cow

Concentrate68%

Additives5%Forages

27%

SodiumBicarbonate 27%Mineral Premix 21%Vitamin Premix 8%Other additives 44%

SoybeanMeal 56%Canola Meal 14%Fats (99%) 10%MolassesCane 1%CornGrain 19%

Corn Silage 74%Alfalfa Hay 26%

Cost of Minerals represents not more than 1.3% of total cost

of a ration

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Vă mulțumesc pentru atenție

Thank you for your attention

Merci pour votre attention

Department of Animal NutritionUniversity of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore

mineral management in dairy

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