millions of hectares texas = 70 ha global area planted with gm crops
TRANSCRIPT
Mil
lion
s of
Hec
tare
s
Texas =70 ha
Global area planted with GM crops
http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html
Today: more Biotech Th 10/23 Exam #2
Inserting a gene into a bacterial plasmid
RT and/or PCR
Fig 18.1
How do you know whether the gene you want to express has the correct sequence?
DNA sequencing
• The structure of 2’,3’-dideoxynucleotides
Fig 18.14
Fig18.15
The dideoxy sequencing method
Fig18.15The dideoxy sequencing method
Gel produced by the dideoxy sequencing method
Fig 18.16
Computerized sequencers use a similar method
Inserting a gene into a bacterial plasmid
RT and/or PCR
Fig 18.1
…now enjoy making Frakencritters.
What is the largest scale experiment that is being currently performed?
Genetically Modified Organisms
Human resource production and use
Worldwide Grain Production per Person
http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm
World Grain Stocks as Days of Consumption
http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm
~60 percent of the world grain harvest is consumed as food, ~36 percent as feed, and ~3 percent as fuel. While the use of grain for food and feed grows by roughly 1 percent per year, that used for fuel is growing by over 20 percent per year.
http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm
http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm
Wheat prices
Corn prices late 1999 - Dec 2007
http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm
Increasing oil prices drive up potential profit, and cost of food crops
Cost of oil----Profitable cost of corn for ethanol
$50 ---- $4/bushel
$100 ---- $7/bushel
$140 ---- $10/bushel
Summer 2008 corn price: ~$8/bushelCurrent October 2008 corn price: ~$5/bushelhttp://www.farmdoc.uiuc.edu/manage/newsletters/fefo07_11/fefo07_11.htmlhttp://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm
Whereas previous dramatic rises in world grain prices were weather-induced, this one is policy-induced and can be dealt with by policy adjustments. If the entire U.S. grain harvest were converted into ethanol, it would satisfy scarcely 18 percent of our automotive fuel needs.
http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm
Land use in USA, 1997
Hunter-Gatherer
Agricultural
Industrial
Artificial Selection
(breeding)
Modern cows were bred from earlier bovine species.
from Teosinte MaizeBy artificial selection that began ~10,000 years ago.
Different foodsfrom one species of plant. Created byartificial selection.
Wild member of Brassica oleracea: small side buds
Brussels sprouts: extremely large side buds
Artificial selection
Nu
mb
er o
f In
div
idu
als
Size of buds (cm)
0 1 2 3
1. Select individuals that have the largestside buds and breed them.
2. Of the offspring, select individuals that have the largest sidebuds and breed them.
3. Of the offspring,select individuals that have the largest sidebuds and breed them.
4. After severalgenerations, bud sizeincreases dramatically.
Hunter-Gatherer
Agricultural
Industrial
increased technology and understanding of molecular biology
Genetic Engineering: Direct manipulation of DNA
Fig 18.1
Mil
lion
s of
Hec
tare
s
Texas =70 ha
Global area planted with GM crops
http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html
Why Change a Plant’s DNA?
• Can change plant so that it has new or different characteristics
– Produce needed protein
– Insect resistance (Bt toxin)
– Herbicide resistance (Round-up)
– Drought or other stress resistance
Tbl 19.5
% o
f T
otal
US
Acr
esCommon GM Crops in the U.S.
http://blog.wired.com/
wiredscience/2007/09/
monsanto-is-hap.html
Herbicide Tolerance; Insect Resistance; Viral Resistance
Types of Genetically Modified Crops
% o
f T
otal
US
Acr
esCommon GM Crops in the U.S.
http://blog.wired.com/
wiredscience/2007/09/
monsanto-is-hap.html
Mil
lion
s of
Hec
tare
s
Texas =70 ha
Is changing an organsisms DNA a good idea?
http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html
Is Changing an Organism’s DNA a Good or Bad Idea?
• Genes flow within species and between species.
• Are GM foods safe for the environment?
• Are GM foods profitable for:– Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
AAL 25.17
Pollution in Gulf of Mexico from run-off in the Mississippi river
Pollen is easily transferred from plant to plant, and to related species.
GM crops illegal
GM crops found in Oaxaca and other MX states
Genetic information moves.
GM crops illegal
GM crops found in Oaxaca and other MX states
Genetic information moves, and is self-replicating.
Many Questions, but Few Answers?
• Are herbicide or insect resistant plants safe to eat?
• Are GM foods safe for the environment?
• Are GM foods profitable for:– Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?
Herbicide Tolerance; Insect Resistance; Viral Resistance
Types of Genetically Modified Crops
Patents give 20 year monopoly for inventor
www.uspto.gov
Three types of U.S. patents:1) Utility patents may be granted to anyone who invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof;
2) Design patents may be granted to anyone who invents a new, original, and ornamental design for an article of manufacture; and
3) Plant patents may be granted to anyone who invents or discovers and asexually reproduces any distinct and new variety of plant.
www.uspto.gov
Examples of current patents:
•Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties
Examples of current patents:
•Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties
•Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva for use as anti-inflammatory
Examples of current patents:
•Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties
•Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva for use as anti-inflammator
•GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding human DNA for detecting risk of various diseases
Examples of current patents:
•Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties
•Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva for use as anti-inflammatory
•GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding human DNA for detecting risk af various diseases
•Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree
Neem, say the women, helps babies sleep, keeps flies away, is a cosmetic, a disinfectant and a pesticide. Its leaves make good cattle fodder, its twigs are good for teeth and gums. It is used, they say, for snake bites, malaria, hysteria, high blood pressure, pain relief, skin diseases and a host of other ailments.
Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree
Neem, say the women, helps babies sleep, keeps flies away, is a cosmetic, a disinfectant and a pesticide. Its leaves make good cattle fodder, its twigs are good for teeth and gums. It is used, they say, for snake bites, malaria, hysteria, high blood pressure, pain relief, skin diseases and a host of other ailments.
Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree
One was rejected due to previous use in indigenous Indian culture
Concerns of developing nations vs. industrialized countries
Bioprospecting
Lack of research on third world problems.(tuberculosis, malaria, cholera, dysentery…Not profitable.
Bioprospecting
Where does the information about genetically modified foods
come from?
Mil
lion
s of
Hec
tare
s
Texas =70 ha
Global area planted with GM crops
http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html
Next class: Th 10/23 Exam #2 (bring cheat sheet)