military-police-mp 0018 investigations subcourse -1994

8/13/2019 Military-Police-MP 0018 Investigations Subcourse -1994

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SUBCOURSE EDITION

MP0018 C

MILITARY POLICE INVESTIGATIONS


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MI LI TARY POLI CE I NVESTI GATI ONS

Subcour se Number MP0018

EDI TI ON C

Uni t ed St at es Ar my Mi l i t ar y Pol i ce SchoolFort McCl el l an, Al abama 36205- 5030

9 Cr edi t Hour s

Edi t i on Date: August 1994

SUBCOURSE OVERVI EWAl l maj or US Ar my i nst al l at i ons t hr oughout t he worl d have an Of f i ce of t he ProvostMar shal or a Pr ovost Mar shal Di vi si on whi ch i s r esponsi bl e f or act i ve l awenf or cement oper at i ons wi t hi n t he i nst al l at i on. One vi t al par t of t he Pr ovostMar shal Di vi si on i s t he Mi l i t ar y Pol i ce I nvest i gat i ons Secti on. The Mi l i t ar yPol i ce I nvest i gat or ( MPI ) i s the maj or t opi c i n t hi s subcour se. However , bef or e we

go i nt o t he subcour se l essons, you must know cer t ai n f act s. These ar e t he pol i ci esand pr ocedur es f or t he sel ect i on, t r ai ni ng, and use of t he MPI s. The r est of t hi si nt r oduct i on wi l l gi ve you t hat knowl edge.

1. SELECTI ON. MPI s wi l l normal l y be chosen by t he post provost marshal , or by t hecommander r esponsi bl e f or l aw enf orcement oper at i ons. Per sonnel sel ect ed t o becomeMPI s must have pri mar y MOS 95B.

a. Al l per sonnel chosen wi l l meet t hese mi ni mum cr i t er i a:

( 1) They wi l l be US ci t i zens.

( 2) They wi l l be i n pay grade E3 t hr ough E7.

( 3) They wi l l possess above aver age i nt el l i gence, mat ur i t y, and j udgment .

( 4) They wi l l be cl ear ed f or access t o SECRET nat i onal def ense i nf ormat i on.

( 5) They wi l l al so be f r ee of any r ecor d of ci vi l or mi l i t ar y convi cti ons f or( ot her t han mi nor t r af f i c vi ol at i ons) mul t i pl e or r epeat ed ar r est s. They wi l l bef r ee of any r ecor d of j uveni l e mi sconduct, f i nanci al i r r esponsi bi l i t y, or ot herconduct or behavi or not cont r i but i ng t o the best i nt er ests of Ar my l aw enf orcement .Evi dence of such backgr ound wi l l be est abl i shed by a scr eeni ng of t he candi datet hrough t he Cr i me Recor ds Di r ect orat e, US Ar my Cr i mi nal I nvest i gat i on Command (CRD,USACI DC) .

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( 6) They wi l l have at l east one year of ser vi ce l ef t at t he t i me of sel ect i on,

or show an i nt ent t o remai n on act i ve dut y at t he end of t he curr ent t erm.

b. Sel ect i on of per sonnel who di d not qual i f y bef ore as MP i s di scour aged.However , per sonnel wi t h pr oper ci vi l i an ski l l s, or ot her uni que qual i f i cat i ons, maybe al l owed l at er al ent r y.

c. Per sonnel di smi ssed i n the past by an i nvest i gat i ve agency f or mi sconductwi l l not be chosen as MPI s. Per sonnel not chosen bef ore by any i nvest i gat i veagency wi l l be car ef ul l y eval uat ed. They wi l l not be chosen as MPI s, however , i ft he pr i or nonsel ect i on was t he r esul t of mi sconduct or pr i or pol i ce r ecor d.Nei t her wi l l t hey be chosen i f a backgr ound i nvest i gat i on r eveal ed damagi ngi nf or mat i on.

2. TRAI NI NG.

a. Per sons chosen as an MPI wi l l compl et e one of t he f ol l owi ng bef ore bei ngawar ded t he addi t i onal ski l l i dent i f i er ( ASI ) V5 ( MPI ) and r ecei vi ng credent i al s:

( 1) They wi l l compl et e and pass a f or mal cour se of i nst r uct i on der i ved f r omt he i nt er nal r esour ces of a maj or Ar my command. Such command must be one

aut hor i zed t o award ASI V5 t o MPI s.

( 2) They wi l l r each a hi gh l evel of ski l l i n basi c i nvest i gat i ve t echni ques.They wi l l do t hi s t hrough on- t he- j ob t r ai ni ng ( OJ T) under t he cl ose supervi si on oft he operat i ng pr ovost marshal . When t he ASI V5 i s awarded i n t hi s way, hi ght echni cal st andar ds wi l l be mai nt ai ned. I n addi t i on, per sonnel t r ai ned i n t hi s wayshoul d at t end f or mal cour ses of i nst r uct i on at t he ear l i est t i me possi bl e.

b. MPI shoul d be encour aged to j oi n i n rel at ed i nvest i gat i ve f unct i ons andt r ai ni ng and t o enr ol l i n r el at ed cor r espondence cour ses. However , successf ulcompl et i on of t hese cour ses wi l l NOT aut omat i cal l y qual i f y an i ndi vi dual f or awar dof t he ASI V5.

c. Award of ASI V5 wi l l be done i n pr oper orders by aut hor i zed commander s.Award wi l l be made onl y on t he advi ce of t he supervi si ng provost marshal .

3. CREDENTI ALS.

a. The onl y author i zed cr edent i al s f or MPI are DA Forms 3837 and 3837- 1 ( Fi gurei - 1) . Repr oduct i on of MPI credent i al s or use of l ocal l y made i dent i f i cat i ondocument s i s f orbi dden.

b. Cr edent i al s wi l l be i ssued f or a per i od not t o exceed 24 cal endar mont hs f r omt he dat e of i ssue. Subordi nat e commander s may speci f y i ssue f or per i ods of l essdur at i on, i f appr opr i at e t o t he needs of t hei r commands.

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FI GURE i - 1. MPI CREDENTI ALS

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c. The phr ase "EXPI RATI ON DATE" wi l l be t yped cl ear l y on t he f ace of t he DA Form3837- 1, di r ectl y bel ow l et t er s "MPI . " The expi r at i on dat e i t sel f i s t yped di r ectl ybel ow t he words "EXPI RATI ON DATE. " I f appr opr i at e, expi r ed cr edent i al s wi l l ber epl aced by t he i ssue of new ones.

4. EMPLOYMENT.

a. MPI nor mal l y wi l l be used f or t he f ol l owi ng dut i es:

( 1) They wi l l i nvest i gat e of f enses f or whi ch the maxi mum puni shment i sconf i nement at har d l abor f or l ess t han one year .

( 2) They wi l l i nvest i gat e of f enses i nvol vi ng l ar ceni es of pr oper t y val ued atl ess t han $1000. These are those of f enses not i nvol vi ng another maj or cr i me andt hose cases wher e t he st ol en pr oper t y i s not of a sensi t i ve nat ur e. Such pr oper t ywoul d i ncl ude f i r ear ms, ammuni t i on, or cont r ol l ed subst ances.

( 3) They wi l l i nvest i gat e of f enses i nvol vi ng t he use and/ or possessi on of non-nar cot i c cont r ol l ed subst ances ( mar i j uana and other der i vat i ves of t he cannabi ssat i va pl ant ; dangerous dr ugs such as hal l uci nogens, amphetami nes, andbar bi t ur at es) . MPI wi l l i nvest i gat e onl y when t he amount i nvol ved i s enough onl yf or per sonal use. Such a smal l amount woul d not i ndi cat e i nt ent t o suppl y other

per sons.

( 4) They wi l l pr event cr i mes out l i ned i n par agr aphs ( 1) , ( 2) , and ( 3) , above.

b. Nothi ng i n paragr aph a, above, i s meant t o repl ace or cancel dut i es ofUSACI DC. When necessar y t o f urt her Army l aw enf orcement , cr i me prevent i on, ori nvest i gat i ve goal s, t hi s command may st i l l assume r esponsi bi l i t y f or i nvest i gat i ngany cr i mi nal of f ense or i nci dent .

c. St eps wi l l be devel oped t o ensure cooperat i on and suppor t between MPI andUSACI DC el ement s at each i nvest i gat i ve l evel . However, MPI and CI D personnel wi l lr emai n under t he command and cont r ol of t hei r r espect i ve commander s at al l t i mes.

( 1) When concer ned commanders agr ee, MPI may ai d CI D whenever CI D el ement st ake over r esponsi bi l i t y f or an i nvest i gat i on.

( 2) When asked by a CI D f i el d of f i ce commander or t he speci al agent i n chargeof a resi dent agency, a suppor t ed commander may provi de MPI ai d t o CI D. He or shemay do so on a case- by- case basi s or f or a l i mi t ed per i od of t i me.

( 3) I f agr eed t o by t he proper CI D commander , CI D per sonnel may be named t oai d MPI on a case- by- case basi s wi t hout t aki ng cont r ol of t he i nvest i gat i on.

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d. Par agr aphs b and c, above, poi nt out t he cooperat i on bet ween MPI and CI D

per sonnel . They al so est abl i sh between t he t wo agenci es, t he i nt er f ace needed f oref f ect i ve l aw enf orcement and cr i me pr event i on.

5. WI THDRAWAL OF ASI V5 AND MPI CREDENTI ALS.

a. When det er mi ned t hat a per son i s no l onger qual i f i ed t o per f orm t he dut i es of

MPI , t he operat i ng pr ovost marshal wi l l advi se the appr opr i ate commander t hat ASIV5 be wi t hdr awn. The provost marshal wi l l al so recommend t hat t he per son concernedbe r emoved f r om t he MPI pr ogr am. Posi t i ve act i on wi l l be t aken t o ensur e t hat t henecessar y not es ar e made i n f i el d f i l es and r ecor ded i n t he i ndi vi dual s 201 f i l e t or ef l ect t he wi t hdr awal of ASI V5. Any of t he f ol l owi ng may be used as a basi s f orwi t hdr awal of ASI V5:

( 1) I nef f i ci ency.

( 2) I ndi screti on, di saf f ecti on, br each of di sci pl i ne, or abuse of pr i vi l ege.

( 3) Fi nanci al i r r esponsi bi l i t y.

( 4) Demonst r at ed l ack of charact er or moral i nt egr i t y necessary f or proper

per f or mance of i nvest i gat i ve dut i es.

( 5) Fai l ur e t o secur e or account f or evi dence.

( 6) Ment al di sorder ( ver i f i ed by compet ent medi cal aut hor i t y).

( 7) Fai l ur e t o successf ul l y compl et e a f or mal cour se of i nst r uct i on f or MPI .

( 8) Loss of credent i al s t hr ough negl ect .

( 9) Revocat i on or deni al of secur i t y cl ear ance.

( 10) Any other conduct t hat adver sel y af f ect s t he per son' s cont i nued

per f or mance of i nvest i gat i ve dut i es.

b. The MPI cr edent i al s wi l l be wi t hdr awn f or causes as shown i n paragr aph 5a(1)- ( 10) , above. Wi t hdr awal f or cause i s per manent and t he cr edent i al s wi l l bedest r oyed.

c. Cr edent i al s wi l l al so be wi t hdr awn per manent l y when t he i nvest i gat or l eavest he i nst al l at i on on PCS or der s or i s assi gned t o ot her dut i es.

d. The credent i al s wi l l be wi t hdr awn temporar i l y dur i ng the conduct of ani nvest i gat i on i nvol vi ng t he MPI concer ned. Such i nvest i gat i on may end i nwi t hdr awal f or cause. Thi s mi ght occur dur i ng l ong aut hor i zed absences such asl eave, TDY, or hospi t al i zat i on.

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You now know t he pol i ci es and procedures f or becomi ng an MPI . You al so know howper sons may be wi t hdr awn f r om t he MPI progr am. I n t he event you are now an MPI ,or a l i ne MP wi t h hope of becomi ng an i nvest i gat or, t he f ol l owi ng l essons wi l l beof ai d to you i n becomi ng a compet ent MPI .

There are no prerequi si t es f or t hi s subcour se.

Thi s subcour se r ef l ect s t he doct r i ne whi ch was cur r ent at t he t i me i t was prepar ed.

I n your own wor k si t uat i on, al ways r ef er t o the l at est of f i ci al publ i cat i ons.

Unl ess ot her wi se stated, t he mascul i ne gender of si ngul ar pr onouns i s used t o ref ert o bot h men and women.

TERMI NAL LEARNI NG OBJ ECTI VE:

ACTI ON: You wi l l i dent i f y t he pr ocedur es f or conduct i ng i nt ervi ews andi nt er r ogat i ons, pr otect i ng and pr ocessi ng a cr i me scene, pr epar i ng andeval uat i ng i nvest i gat i on r epor t s and t est i f yi ng i n cour t ?

CONDI TI ON: You wi l l have access t o t hi s subcour se, paper and penci l .

STANDARD: To demonst r at e compet ency of t hese t asks, you must r ecei ve a mi ni mum of

70 per cent on t he subcour se exami nat i on.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sect i on Page

Subcour se Over vi ew. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

Lesson 1: Pol i ce I ntervi ews and I nter rogat i ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 1

Par t A: Def i ni t i ons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 2

Par t B: Uses of I ntervi ews and I nter r ogat i ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 2

Par t C: Pr el i mi nar y Pr epar at i ons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 3

Part D: Ri ght s of a Person Bei ng Quest i oned. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 5

Par t E: Per sons Commonl y I nt er vi ewed and I nt er r ogat ed. . . . . . . . . . . 1- 10

Par t F: Di st r act i ng Per sons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 11

Par t G: Rel i abi l i t y of I nf or mat i on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 11

Part H: Wi t ness t o I nt ervi ews and I nt err ogat i ons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 13

Par t I : Recor ds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 13

Par t J : The I nt er vi ew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 14

Par t K: I nt er r ogat i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 18

Par t L: I nt er pr et er s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 25

Par t M: Wr i t t en St at ement s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 28

Pr act i ce Exer ci se . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 37

Answer Key and Feedback. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- 42

Lesson 2: Protect i on and Processi ng of t he Cr i me Scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- 1

Par t A: The Scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- 1

Par t B: Protect i on of the Cr i me Scene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- 2

Par t C: Processi ng the Cr i me Scene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- 3

Par t D: I nvest i gat i ve Not es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- 5

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Sect i on Page

Par t E: Recordi ng the Cr i me Scene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- 6

Par t F: Sket ches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- 23

Pr act i ce Exer ci se . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- 48


Lesson 3: Pr epar at i on and Eval uat i on of Mi l i t ar y Pol i ce I nvest i gat i onRepor ts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3- 1

Par t A: The El ement s of a Cr i me. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3- 2

Par t B: Use of the Manual f or Cour t s -Mar t i al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3- 3

Par t C: Repor t i ng I nci dent s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3- 5

Par t D: Mi l i t ary Pol i ce Report ( DA Form 3975) General . . . . . . . . . . . . 3- 5

Par t E: I nst r uct i ons f or Compl et i ng DA For m 3975 as Used

By MPI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3- 7

Pr act i ce Exer ci se. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3- 21


Lesson 4: Test i f yi ng i n Cour t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4- 1

Par t A: Pr et r i al Responsi bi l i t i es. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4- 2

Par t B: Test i f yi ng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4- 2

Par t C: Court room Procedures and Rul es of Evi dence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4- 2

Par t D: Cour t Vi si t s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4- 3

Part E: Common Tact i cs of Cross-Exami nat i on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4- 3

Pr act i ce Exer ci se. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4- 7


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LESSON 1

POLI CE I NTERVI EWS AND I NTERROGATI ONS

Cr i t i cal Tasks: 191- 390- 0129191- 390- 0131191- 390- 0132191- 390- 0133

OVERVI EW

LESSON DESCRI PTI ON:

I n t hi s l esson you wi l l l ear n t o i nt er vi ew wi t nesses and vi ct i ms, conduct r i ght swarni ng pr ocedures, i nt err ogate suspects and obt ai n sworn st atement s.

TERMI NAL LEARNI NG OBJ ECTI VE:

ACTI ON: Conduct i nt er vi ews and i nt er r ogat i ons and obt ai n accept abl e oral orwr i t t en st at ement s and conf essi ons.

CONDI TI ON: You wi l l have t hi s subcour se, penci l , and paper .

STANDARD: You must ear n a scor e of 70 per cent on t he f i nal subcourseexami nat i on.

REFERENCES: The mat eri al cont ai ned i n t hi s l esson was deri ved f r om t he f ol l owi ngpubl i cat i ons: FM 19- 20, STP 19- 95D15- SM, AR 190- 30, and CI DR 195- 1.

I NTRODUCTI ON

Communi cat i on between persons i s t he mai nst ay of t he MPI ' s j ob. Thr ough i t , hel ear ns what happened bef ore hi s arr i val ; t hr ough i t , he answer s t he basi c quest i onsof every i nvest i gat i on, t he who?, what ?, wher e?, when?, why?, and how?; and thr oughi t , he passes on t hat knowl edge t o other s who need t o know. To get i nf ormat i on,t he i nvest i gat or must know t he techni ques of i nt er vi ew and i nt er r ogat i on i n thi sl esson. The MPI , because of hi s absence when t he i nci dent occur r ed, must r el y onother s t o t el l hi m what happened. He must use t he spoken word i f he i s t oef f ect i vel y quest i on t hose per sons wi t h knowl edge of t he i nci dent . The col l ect i onand eval uat i on of evi dence i s a vi t al par t of t he j ob. Wi t hout communi cat i on,however , t he physi cal evi dence has l i t t l e or no pr act i cal val ue. I t i s onl yt hr ough communi cat i on wi t h t hose connected wi t h t he i nci dent t hat t he MPI l ear nst he meani ng of such evi dence. For an MPI t o be ef f ect i ve i n communi cat i ons wi t h

ot hers, he must be abl e t o

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devi se and use ef f ect i ve quest i oni ng t echni ques. He must al so communi cateef f ect i vel y wi t h peopl e. He must be an accur at e, obj ect i ve l i st ener . For t he MPIt o devel op such ski l l s, he must l ear n the basi c pr i nci pl es i nvol ved i n i nt er vi ewsand i nt er r ogat i ons, t he t echni ques used by ski l l ed i nvest i gat ors and do a sel f -eval uat i on af t er each i nt er vi ew/ i nt er r ogat i on. Devel opment of basi c under st andi ngsand at t i t udes must pr ecede devel opi ng ski l l s of i nt er vi ewi ng and i nt er r ogat i ng.

PART A - DEFI NI TI ONS.

I n order t o have a common underst andi ng of t er ms, t he f ol l owi ng def i ni t i ons wi l lappl y throughout t hi s l esson.

a. I nt ervi ew - t he quest i oni ng of a person who has or i s bel i eved t o havei nf or mat i on of of f i ci al i nt er est t o t he i nvest i gat or . The per son i nt er vi ewedusual l y gi ves, i n hi s own manner and words, hi s account of an i nci dent underi nvest i gat i on. He may al so of f er i nf ormat i on about a per son bei ng i nt er vi ewed.

b. I nt er r ogat i on - t he quest i oni ng of a suspect . I t coul d be t he quest i oni ng ofa per son who i s r el uct ant t o make a f ul l di scl osur e of i nf ormat i on i mport ant t o ani nvesti gat i on.

c. Admi ssi on - a sel f - i ncri mi nat i ng st at ement t hat f al l s shor t of a conf essi onof gui l t .

d. Conf essi on - a compl ete acknowl edgement of gui l t .

e. St at ement - a wr i t t en or or al st at ement of f act s obt ai ned f r om anyone dur i ngan i nvest i gat i on.

PART B - USES OF I NTERVI EWS AND I NTERROGATI ONS.

a. The quest i oni ng of cr i mi nal suspect s, wi t nesses, vi ct i ms, and i nf ormant smakes up a maj or par t of t he i nvest i gat i ve ef f ort . I n some cases physi cal evi dence

i s ent i r el y absent , and t he onl y appr oach t o a sol ut i on of t he cr i me i s t hei nt er vi ew or i nt er r ogat i on of t hose who have i nf or mat i on. Most of our ser i ouscr i mes woul d r emai n unsol ved i f i t wer e not f or t he i nvest i gat i ve l eads devel opedand t he pr oof of gui l t est abl i shed t hr ough i nt er vi ews and i nt er r ogat i ons.

b. An i nt er vi ew or i nt er r ogat i on i s conduct ed i n or der t o:

( 1) Gai n i nf or mat i on t o est abl i sh t he f act s of t he cri me.

( 2) Ver i f y t he f acts of a cri me.

( a) Support or di spr ove st at ement s.

( b) Li nk evi dence t o what occur r ed and t o a suspect .

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( 3) I dent i f y t he cr i mi nal .

( 4) I dent i f y accompl i ces.

( 5) I dent i f y addi t i onal wi t nesses.

( 6) Secur e addi t i onal evi dence.

( 7) Recover t he f r ui t s of a cri me.

( 8) Locat e t ool s of a cri me.

( 9) El i mi nat e suspect s.

PART C - PRELI MI NARY PREPARATI ONS.

a. The I nt ervi ew and I nterr ogat i on Room. The pr ovost marshal shoul d pr ovi de asui t abl e r oom i n whi ch t o conduct i nt er vi ews and i nt er r ogat i ons. However , i t i st he i nvest i gat or ' s r esponsi bi l i t y to ensur e that t he room i s pr oper l y pr epar edbef or e conduct i ng t he i nt er vi ew or i nt er r ogat i on. When i t i s not possi bl e t o uset hi s r oom, he must ensure t hat t he l ocat i on chosen and t he physi cal sur r oundi ngs

ar e t he best avai l abl e. I n sel ecti ng a r oom or l ocat i on f or i nt er vi ews ori nt er r ogat i ons, t he f ol l owi ng consi der at i ons shoul d be t aken i nt o account :

( 1) Pri vacy i s t he mai n psychol ogi cal f act or cont r i but i ng to a successf uli nt er vi ew or i nt er r ogat i on. I t i s human nat ur e t hat peopl e wi t h pr obl ems f i nd i teasi er t o conf i de i n anot her per son al one rat her t han i n the pr esence of a thi r dpart y.

( 2) Room f ur ni shi ngs shoul d be pl ai n and comf or t abl e. Pi ct ur es or ot herobj ect s whi ch woul d di st r act t he at t ent i on of t he per son bei ng quest i oned shoul d ber emoved.

( 3) Wi ndows, especi al l y i f t hey ar e bar r ed, shoul d have cur t ai ns. I t i s best

i f t he room i s wi ndowl ess.

( 4) Li ght i ng f i xt ur es shoul d pr ovi de good, but not excessi ve or gl ar i ng,l i ght .

( 5) Tel ephones shoul d be r emoved f r om t he r oom.

( 6) An obser vat i on r oom shoul d adj oi n t he i nt er vi ew and i nt er r ogat i on r oom. At wo- way mi r r or and r ecor di ng devi ces ( i n accor dance wi t h AR 381- 17) and si mi l arequi pment shoul d be provi ded. Thi s way ot her s can see and hear what occurs i n t hei nt er r ogat i on r oom.

( 7) St enogr aphi c ser vi ces shoul d be r eadi l y avai l abl e.

( 8) Any di spl ay of f i r ear ms, ni ght st i cks, name si gns, and wal l pl aques orsl ogans ar e di st r act i ng and i nappr opr i at e.

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( 9) The seat s shoul d be arr anged so t hat the i nvest i gat or can r each out andt ouch t he suspect . Tabl es, desks, or ot her pi eces of f ur ni t ur e shoul d not bebet ween t hem. These of f er t he i ndi vi dual a psychol ogi cal bar r i er t o hi de behi nd.

b. MPI Preparat i on. Bef ore any meet i ng or cont act wi t h t he subj ect , pr epar eyour sel f f or t he i nt er vi ew or i nt er r ogat i on. Become t hor oughl y f ami l i ar wi t h al lt he known f act s of t he i nci dent under i nvest i gat i on. I nt er vi ew t he desk ser geant ,ot her MPs, or anyone el se who may have some knowl edge of t he i ni t i al compl ai nt .

Any oral , wr i t t en, or r ecorded st atement s made by t he subj ect , vi ct i m, wi t ness, orcompl ai nant must be r ead and car ef ul l y consi dered. Vi si t t he scene of t he al l egedi nci dent and become f ami l i ar wi t h t he surr oundi ngs, even i f t he i nvest i gat i on doesnot r equi r e cr i me scene pr ocessi ng. Lear n what i nf ormat i on has been di scussed i nf r ont of t he suspect . Become f ami l i ar wi t h t he backgr ounds of t he per sonsi nvol ved, especi al l y t he suspect . Per sonal backgr ound i nf or mat i on shoul d i ncl ude:

( 1) Age, dat e of bi r t h, pl ace of bi r t h, r ace, and nat i onal i t y.

( 2) Mi l i t ar y r ank or ci vi l i an st at us; soci al secur i t y number .

( 3) Present and f ormer occupat i ons.

( 4) Educat i onal l evel at t ai ned.

( 5) Habi t s, hobbi es, and associ at es.

( 6) Record of t r i al s or pol i ce arr ests, mi l i t ary and ci vi l i an.

( 7) CRC ( Cr i mi nal Recor ds Cent er ) check, i f possi bl e.

c. Become f ami l i ar wi t h t he case and t he r el at i onshi p of t he subj ect wi t h t hecase. Al so, know t he backgr ound i nf or mat i on r el at i ng t o al l per sons i nvol ved.

Thi s knowl edge cr eat es a def i ni t e advant age i n your f avor f or t he f ol l owi ngr easons:

( 1) I t hel ps you t o know i f t he i ndi vi dual i s l yi ng.

( 2) I t ai ds you i n deci di ng t he quest i oni ng t echni ques or t act i cs whi ch ar emost l i kel y t o be ef f ecti ve.

( 3) I t enabl es you t o more readi l y engage a r el uct ant per son i n conver sat i on.

( 4) I t wi l l hel p you t o mai nt ai n cont r ol dur i ng t he i nt er r ogat i on.

( 5) I t wi l l keep you pr ovi ded wi t h enough mat er i al so that you won' t " r un outof gas. "

( 6) I t wi l l enabl e you t o ask i mpor t ant , pr obi ng quest i ons.

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d. Det ermi ne i n advance what i nf ormat i on t o devel op dur i ng quest i oni ng. I f

possi bl e, pr epar e a l i st of speci f i c quest i ons t o be asked, avoi di ng quest i onscer t ai n t o get st r ai ght " yes" or "no" answer s. Prepar e quest i ons such as: "Whatdi d you see?" r ather t han "Di d you see the acci dent ?" Quest i oni ng must be conduct edon t he basi s of accur at e i nf or mat i on. I nadequat e or f aul t y i nf or mat i on wi l l noti mpr ess t he suspect ; i t wi l l make hi m more conf i dent of hi s l yi ng. A suspect whoi s t ol d t hat hi s f i nger pr i nt s wer e f ound at t he scene of t he cr i me, when at t he

t i me he was weari ng gl oves, wi l l be encour aged t o l i e.

e. Legal Pr epar at i on. Legal pr epar at i on on mi l i t ar y and ci vi l l aws that appl yt o t he of f ense under i nvest i gat i on i s a must bef ore conduct i ng an i nt er vi ew or ani nt er r ogat i on. Knowl edge of t hese l aws wi l l enabl e you t o r ecogni ze ani ncr i mi nat i ng statement . I t wi l l assi st you, al so, i n eval uat i ng t he r el i abi l i t yof any st atement made by a wi t ness, vi ct i m, compl ai nant , or suspect . Be acquai nt edwi t h t hose port i ons of t he Manual f or Cour t s- Mar t i al , 1984, t hat set f or t hr equi r ement s and t est s f or t he admi ssi bi l i t y of evi dence. Be f ami l i ar wi t h t hespeci f i c act s whi ch, when est abl i shed, const i t ut e t he el ement s of pr oof of t hecr i me al l eged and under i nvest i gat i on. Know and avoi d t he speci f i c act i ons andcondi t i ons that have been hel d by t he cour t s to const i t ut e dur ess. Seek const ant l yt o pr ot ect t he r i ght s of per sons i nvol ved i n a case. Seek al so t o pr ot ect your sel ff r om char ges t hat mi ght ar i se f r om your own mi sconduct . I n addi t i on, t r y t o ensur e

t hat t he i nf ormat i on devel oped i s compl ete and conf orms t o t he general r ul esr el at i ng t o t he admi ssi bi l i t y of evi dence. I n any case of doubt , cont act t he st af f

j udge advocate.

PART D - RI GHTS OF A PERSON BEI NG QUESTI ONED.

a. Pri or t o quest i oni ng any per son suspect ed or accused of any cr i mi nal of f ense,t he f ol l owi ng quest i on shoul d be asked pr i or t o any r i ghts advi sement s: "HAVE YOUBEEN ADVI SED OF YOUR LEGAL RI GHTS AND REQUESTED A LAWYER WI THI N THE LAST 30 DAYS?"I f t he answer i s " YES, " t he i nterr ogator shoul d ask, "WHEN AND WHERE?" and thennot i f y def ense counsel . I f t he answer i s "NO, " cont i nue on wi t h r i ght s advi sementand i nt er r ogat i on i f suspect wai ves hi s r i ght s.

b. When about t o quest i on a person suspected or accused of a cr i mi nal of f ense,ensur e t hat hi s r i ght s ar e pr otected per Ar t i cl e 31, UCMJ and/ or t he Fi f t hAmendment t o t he US Const i t ut i on. The suspect or accused i s al so ent i t l ed t ocounsel , as pr ovi ded by t he Si xt h Amendment t o t he US Const i t ut i on.

c. Bef ore a st atement can be used agai nst an accused i n cour t , i t must be shownt hat t he r i ght s of t he accused wer e pr otect ed. I t must al so be shown t hat t hest atement ( s) were f r eel y and vol unt ari l y gi ven and t hat t he accused was warned ofhi s r i ght s. I n addi t i on, i t must be shown t hat he under st ood t he warni ng and t hathe wai ved t hose r i ght s. To ensur e a per son' s r i ght s ar e pr ot ect ed, t he f ol l owi ngpr ocedur es wi l l be f ol l owed:

( 1) War ni ng. Bef or e any quest i oni ng, t el l t he suspect or accused of :

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( a) Your of f i ci al pos i t i on.

( b) Nat ur e of of f ense( s)

( c) The f act t hat he or she i s a suspect or accused.

( 2) Ri ght s. Advi se t he suspect or accused of hi s or her r i ght s as f ol l ows:

"Bef ore I ask you any quest i ons, you must under st and your r i ght s. "

( a) "You do not have t o answer my quest i ons or say anyt hi ng. "

( b) "Anyt hi ng you say or do can be used as evi dence agai nst you i n acr i mi nal t r i al . "

( c) ( For per sonnel subj ect t o t he UCMJ ) "You have t he ri ght t o t al kpr i vat el y to a l awyer bef ore, dur i ng, and af t er quest i oni ng and t o have a l awyerpr esent wi t h you dur i ng quest i oni ng. Thi s l awyer can be a ci vi l i an you ar r ange f orat no expense t o t he government or a mi l i t ary l awyer detai l ed f or you at no expenset o you, or bot h. "

( For ci vi l i ans not subj ect t o the UCMJ ) "You have t he r i ght t o tal k

pr i vat el y to a l awyer bef ore, dur i ng, and af t er quest i oni ng and t o have a l awyerpresent wi t h you dur i ng quest i oni ng. However , you must make your own ar r angement st o obt ai n a l awyer . Thi s wi l l be at no expense t o t he gover nment . I f you cannotaf f ord t o pay f or a l awyer , one may be appoi nt ed t o represent you. "

( d) "I f you ar e now wi l l i ng t o di scuss t he of f ense( s) under i nvest i gat i on,wi t h or wi t hout a l awyer pr esent , you have a r i ght t o st op answer i ng quest i ons atany t i me. You al so have t he r i ght t o speak pr i vat el y wi t h a l awyer bef oreanswer i ng f ur t her , even i f you si gn a wai ver cer t i f i cat e.

( 3) Wai ver / Non- Wai ver . Af t er t he suspect or accused i s advi sed of hi s or herr i ght s, i t must be determi ned whether t he suspect or accused underst ands hi s or herr i ght s and i s abl e t o f r eel y, knowi ngl y, and i nt el l i gent l y wai ve t hem. The suspect

or accused t hen si gns t he wai ver / nonwai ver port i on of DA For m 3881, Ri ght s Warni ngPr ocedur e/ Wai ver Cer t i f i cat e ( Fi gur e 1- 1) .

( a) "Do you under st and your r i ght s?" ( I f t he suspect or accused says "no, "det er mi ne what i s not under st ood. I f necessar y, r epeat t he appr opr i at e r i ght sadvi sement . I f t he suspect or accused says "yes, " ask t he f ol l owi ng quest i on. )

( b) "Do you want a l awyer at t hi s t i me?" ( I f t he suspect or accused says"yes, " st op t he quest i oni ng unt i l he or she has a l awyer . I f t he suspect oraccused says "no, " ask hi m or her t he f ol l owi ng quest i on. )

( c) "At t hi s t i me, ar e you wi l l i ng t o di scuss t he of f ense( s) underi nvest i gat i on and make a st atement wi t hout t al ki ng t o a l awyer and wi t hout havi ng al awyer pr esent wi t h you?" ( I f t he suspect or accused says

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"no, " st op t he i nt ervi ew and have hi m or her r ead and si gn t he nonwai ver sect i onof t he wai ver cert i f i cat e. )

( d) Speci al I nstr ucti ons:

1. When suspect / accused r ef uses t o si gn t he wai ver cer t i f i cat e: I f t hesuspect or accused or al l y wai ves hi s or her r i ght s but r ef uses t o si gn the wai ver

cer t i f i cat e, you may pr oceed wi t h t he quest i oni ng. Make notat i ons on t he wai vercer t i f i cat e t o the ef f ect t hat he or she has st at ed t hat he or she under st ands hi sor her r i ght s. Note: Wr i t e down al so t hat he/ she does not want a l awyer , want s t odi scuss t he of f ense( s) under i nvest i gat i on, and r ef uses t o si gn t he wai vercer t i f i cate.

2. I f wai ver cer t i f i cat e cannot be compl et ed i mmedi at el y: I n al l casest he wai ver must be f i ni shed as soon as possi bl e. Every ef f ort shoul d be made t ocompl et e i t bef ore any quest i oni ng begi ns. I f i t cannot be f i ni shed at once,compl et i on may be post poned. An exampl e woul d be i n t he case of a st r eeti nt er r ogat i on. Notes shoul d be kept on t he ci r cumst ances.

3. Pr i or I ncri mi nat i ng St at ement s:

( a) Let us say t hat t he suspect or accused has made spontaneousi ncr i mi nat i ng st at ement s bef ore bei ng pr oper l y advi sed of hi s or her r i ght s. He orshe shoul d be t ol d t hat such st atement s do not obl i gate hi m or her t o answer morequest i ons.

( b) I f t he suspect or accused was quest i oned as such ei t her wi t houtbei ng advi sed of hi s or her r i ght s or some quest i on exi st s as t o the pr opr i et y oft he f i r st st at ement , t he accused must be so advi sed. The of f i ce of t he servi ngst af f j udge advocat e shoul d be cont act ed f or ai d i n dr af t i ng t he pr oper r i ght sadvi sal .

NOTE: I f ( a) or ( b) appl i es, t he f act t hat t he suspect or accused was advi sedaccor di ngl y shoul d be not ed i n t he comment sect i on on t he wai ver . - You shoul d t hen

have t he suspect or accused i ni t i al your not e.

( e) The above warni ng must be gi ven onl y t o persons suspect ed or accused ofan of f ense. Ther e i s no obl i gat i on t o advi se compl ai nant s, vi ct i ms, or wi t nessesof t hei r r i ght s, unl ess ci r cumst ances i ndi cat e t hey have commi t t ed an of f ense. I ti s a poor i nvest i gat i ve pol i cy t o advi se per sons ot her t han suspect s of t hei rr i ght s; i t may t end t o r est r i ct t he f r ee f l ow of i nf or mat i on. However , i f dur i ngan i nt ervi ew t he person bei ng i nt ervi ewed becomes a suspect i n any cr i mi nalof f ense, t he i nvest i gat or must st op t he quest i oni ng and gi ve t he above warni ng.

( f ) Onl y those per sons subj ect t o the UCMJ wi l l be war ned of t hei r r i ght sunder Ar t i cl e 31. Al l other per sons wi l l be war ned of t hei r r i ght s as pr ovi ded byt he Fi f t h and Si xt h Amendment s t o the US Const i t ut i on.

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Fi gur e 1- 1. DA Form 3881, Ri ghts Warni ngPr ocedur e/ Wai ver Cer t i f i cat e, Front

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Fi gure 1- 2. DA Form 3881, Rever se

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PART E - PERSONS COMMONLY I NTERVI EWED AND I NTERROGATED.

Dur i ng cr i mi nal i nvest i gat i ons, you may need t o quest i on many types of per sons.These may i ncl ude vi ct i ms, wi t nesses, i nf or mers, compl ai nant s, and accuser s.

a. Vi ct i ms. A vi ct i m i s nor mal l y i nt er vi ewed t o devel op t he f act s of ani nci dent . Thi s i nt er vi ew may t ake pl ace i n a hospi t al , at t he home of t he vi ct i m,or at anot her l ocat i on not of t he i nvest i gat or ' s choosi ng. A vi ct i m i s not al ways

a r el i abl e or hel pf ul wi t ness. Thi s i s somet i mes due t o f ear of some f or m ofr evenge by t he per pet r at or or hi s associ at es. I t coul d al so be due t o a st at e ofment al or physi cal shock or poor memory. An unr el i abl e or cooperat i ve vi ct i m maybe af r ai d of i nvol vement of r el at i ves or f r i ends or of publ i ci t y. On t he ot herhand, a vi ct i m may be t oo eager t o pl ease. He may at t empt , t heref ore, t o cooperat eby exagger at i ng and di st or t i ng f act s. I t may be necessar y t o i nt er vi ew a vi ct i msever al t i mes bef or e al l f acts ar e cor r ectl y di scl osed. Occasi onal l y, i t i snecessar y t o i nt er r ogat e a vi ct i m. Vi ct i ms commonl y i nf l at e val ues of pr oper t y t oobt ai n a l ar ger cl ai m. Al so, vi ct i ms may at t empt t o hi de t hei r i nvol vement i n anof f ense. Thi s i s common i n r ape and homosexual i nvest i gat i ons, and i n dr ug- r el at edof f enses.

b. Wi t nesses. A wi t ness i s a per son, other t han a suspect , who has i nf ormat i onconcer ni ng an i nci dent . A wi t ness may al so be t he vi ct i m, compl ai nant , or accuser

who f i r st cal l ed t he MPs about t he i nci dent . A wi t ness must be sought by t hei nvest i gator when he does not come f orward vol unt ari l y t o gi ve hi s knowl edge of t hei nci dent . A wi t ness may be a person who saw t he cr i me commi t t ed. He may be aper son who can test i f y as t o t he act i ons and whereabout s of t he accused at t he t i meof t he cr i me. He coul d be a per son who knows f act s or heard t he accused saycer t ai n t hi ngs t hat woul d t end t o establ i sh a mot i ve f or t he cr i me. A wi t ness maybe a sci ent i f i c speci al i st who exami ned t he physi cal evi dence and can gi vei mpar t i al t est i mony i n cour t concer ni ng such evi dence. Al so, t he wi t ness may be aper son who by hi s knowl edge of cert ai n f acts or event s can add t o the overal lknowl edge of t he case. A wi t ness i s usual l y i nt ervi ewed, but he may bei nt er r ogat ed when he i s suspect ed of l yi ng or of wi t hhol di ng i mpor t ant i nf or mat i on.

c. I nf ormer s. The success and ef f i ci ency of an i nvest i gat i on may depend, t o

some ext ent , on a person who, f or one r eason or another , f ur ni shes i nf ormat i onabout a cr i mi nal . I nf or mer s ar e pr ot ect ed by t he i nvest i gat or , who of t eni nt er vi ews such persons under condi t i ons chosen by t he i nf ormer . A wr i t t enst at ement i s gener al l y not t aken f r om an i nf ormer because of hi s r el uct ance t ocommi t hi msel f on paper or t o appear i n cour t .

d. Compl ai nant s and Accuser s. Duri ng an i nvest i gat i on, a person may r epor t oraccuse another person. The compl ai nant or accuser i s usual l y i nt ervi ewed. I n somecases, however , i t may be desi r abl e t o i nt err ogate an accuser or compl ai nant who i ssuspect ed of l yi ng or di st or t i on. He mi ght al so be suspect ed of hi di ng t he f actt hat he pr ovoked t he accused, or of at t empt i ng t o di ver t suspi ci on f r om hi msel f .When a compl ai nant or accuser i s suspect ed of any of f ense, he must be advi sed ofhi s ri ght s, as set f or t h i n par agr aph 5.

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e. Ot her s. I nf or mat i on i s of t en needed t hat wi l l gi ve a cl ear er under st andi ngof t he mot i ves and act i ons of per sons i nvol ved i n an i nci dent . I n get t i ng suchi nf ormat i on, t he i nvest i gat or may i nt er vi ew persons who ar e acquai nt ed wi t h thevi ct i m, suspect , wi t ness, or i nf or mer . The i nt er vi ew i s nor mal l y done i n t heof f i ce, home, or pl ace of busi ness of such a per son. Rar el y does t hi s i nt er vi ewt ur n i nt o an i nt er r ogat i on.

PART F - DI STRACTI NG PERSONS.

You may meet persons who have no r eal connect i on wi t h a cr i me or have no knowl edgeof i t ; t hey may, however , gi ve "i nf or mat i on" t o you. They may cl ai m t o bewi t nesses or vi ct i ms, or even per pet r at or s. Despi t e t he l ack of any r eal basi s f ort hei r st at ement s, t hese per sons shoul d not be di smi ssed l i ght l y. Li st en t o t hei rst or i es. Wei gh what t hey say r egardi ng t he known f acts. Then t ake t he pr operact i on. These peopl e can be cl assi f i ed as f ol l ows:

a. Sensat i on or Publ i ci t y Seeker s. Per sons i n t hi s cl ass ar e not of t en metdur i ng i nvest i gat i ons. Some emot i onal l y di st ur bed peopl e, however, may appear aswi t nesses. They may cl ai m t o be vi ct i ms or accompl i ces of suspect s who haver ecei ved a l ot of publ i ci t y. Make ever y ef f or t t o handl e t hem i n a way t hatnei t her t he i nvest i gat i on nor t he r eput at i on of t he Ar med For ces suf f er s.

b. Gr udge- Bear i ng and Lyi ng Wi t nesses. Somet i mes a per son wi t h no r ealknowl edge of an i nci dent may gi ve i nf ormat i on about , or cl ai m t o be a wi t ness t o,an i nci dent . They may do so because of pr i or pr obl ems wi t h an accused or suspect ,or t o set t l e an ol d score. A t horough knowl edge of t he known f act s and det ai l s oft he i nci dent wi l l of t en hel p you t o see i nconsi st enci es i n t he st or y of such aper son. The t est i mony of such wi t nesses may cl osel y par al l el t he account s of t hei nci dent t hat have appear ed i n t he pr ess or t hat have ci r cul at ed otherwi se. Wher et he r eal mot i ves of such a wi t ness are not cl ear , al l possi bl e backgr oundi nf ormat i on shoul d be devel oped. Such knowl edge wi l l r eveal t he l i es and t her easons f or hi s st at ement s.

c. Fal se Accusers . A f al se accuser may make a char ge t hat l at er i nvest i gat i onwi l l r eveal as gr oundl ess. Somet i mes such a char ge wi l l per si st unt i l a t r i al i s

conduct ed. A f al se char ge i s, at t i mes, an exagger ated ver si on of an act ual l essser i ous cr i me. I t can al so be made when no of f ense has been commi t t ed. Fal sechar ges occur of t en i n sex cases and are not uncommon i n other cr i mes. A f al sechar ge may r epr esent t he si ncer e t hi nki ng of t he vi ct i m, however wr ong. ' Or i t mayr est on t he vi cti m' s reacti on t o previ ous i l l wi l l , suspi ci on, or j eal ousy. Al l ofyour i nvest i gat i ve ski l l s ar e r equi r ed i n t he f i r st i nt er vi ew wi t h an accuser t osepar at e t r ut hf ul accusat i ons f r om l i es.

PART G - RELI ABI LI TY OF I NFORMATI ON.

Cer t ai n human f act ors af f ect t he MPI s success i n get t i ng peopl e t o t al k. They al soi nf l uence t he accur acy or t r ut hf ul ness of t he i nf ormat i on. Eval uat e each per sonand t he evi dence he gi ves; under st and t he person' s mot i vat i ons, f ear s,

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and ment al makeup. Use t hi s underst andi ng t o gai n usef ul i nf ormat i on. Consi dert he f ol l owi ng f act or s and how t hey af f ect t he accur acy of t he i nf or mat i on gi ven.

a. Per cept i on and Memory. The val i di t y of t he i nf ormat i on r eveal ed dur i ng ani nt er vi ew or an i nt er r ogat i on i s i nf l uenced by t he subj ect ' s abi l i t y t o do t hr eet hi ngs. He must be abl e t o under st and cor r ect l y what he saw happen. He must beabl e t o r emember t hat i nf ormat i on and t o gi ve i t corr ect l y t o you. A mi st ake madei n r ecal l i ng a par t i cul ar i nci dent i s of t en due t o:

( 1) A weakness i n t he subj ect ' s abi l i t y t o see, hear , smel l , t ast e, or t ouch.

( 2) The l ocat i on of t he subj ect i n r el at i on t o t he i nci dent . ( Rar el y do t wopeopl e gi ve the same account of an i nci dent wi t nessed by t hem. )

( 3) A l apse of t i me si nce the event occur r ed, or t he per son' s havi ng had nor eason f or at t achi ng much i mpor t ance t o i t when i t occur r ed. The account gi ven ofan i nci dent at a l at er t i me i s of t en col or ed, consci ousl y or unconsci ousl y, by whatt he per son has hear d or seen of i t si nce i t s occur r ence. Al so, a per son may f i l li n t he gaps i n hi s knowl edge of a par t i cul ar i nci dent by rat i onal i zi ng what heact ual l y di d see or hear . He may t hen r epeat t he ent i r e mi xtur e of f abr i cat i on andf act t o you as t he t r ut h. To pr event t hi s, a per son shoul d be i nt er vi ewed ori nt er r ogat ed as soon as possi bl e af t er an i nci dent occur s. Even t hen al l of t he

i nvest i gat or ' s ski l l s ar e r equi r ed t o di scover what t he per son act ual l y di dobserve.

b. Prej udi ce. When answer i ng quest i ons, per sons may be i nf l uenced by one t ypeof pr ej udi ce or anot her . Be al er t t o t hi s possi bi l i t y. At t empt t o di scover themot i vat i on behi nd such pr ej udi ce. A st at ement i nf l uenced by pr ej udi ce shoul d becar ef ul l y wei ghed and exami ned f or r el i abl e i nf ormat i on hel pf ul t o thei nvesti gat i on.

c. Rel uct ance t o Tal k. You may deal wi t h a per son who i s r el uct ant t o gi vei nf ormat i on. You must l egal l y over come t hi s rel uct ance i n order t o secur e t heneeded f act . The most common r easons f or r el uct ance t o t al k are as f ol l ows:

( 1) Fear of Sel f - I nvol vement . Many peopl e ar e not f ami l i ar wi t h t he pol i cemet hods. They ar e af r ai d, t her ef ore, t o gi ve t he pol i ce t hei r ai d. They may havecommi t t ed a mi nor of f ense t hat t hey bel i eve wi l l be br ought t o l i ght upon t he l easti nvol vement wi t h t he pol i ce. They may be of t he opi ni on t hat t he i nci dent s t hatoccur r ed ar e not t hei r busi ness, or t hat gui l t l i es wi t h bot h t he vi ct i ms and t heaccused. They may f ear t he publ i ci t y t hat may be gi ven t o peopl e i nvol ved i n anyway wi t h cr i mi nal cases. They may f ear r evenge by t he subj ects or hi s associ atesagai nst t hem, t hei r f ami l y, or pr oper t y.

( 2) I nconveni ence. Many peopl e deny knowl edge of i nci dents because t hey donot wi sh to be bothered by bei ng quest i oned or by bei ng r equi r ed t o go cour t .

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( 3) Resent ment Toward Pol i ce and Pol i ce Methods. Thi s r esent ment may bepresent part i cul ar l y among peopl e who do not f eel l oyal t oward soci ety. Somet i mest he r esent ment sur f aces as sympat hy f or an accused per son. The wi t ness may f eelt hat t he accused i s an underdog at war agai nst t he i mpersonal , organi zed f orces ofsoci et y. The pol i ce r epr esent t hi s soci et y.

d. Mi l i t ar y Pol i ce I nvest i gat or / Subj ect Per sonal i t y Conf l i cts. The l ack ofsuccess i n an i nt er vi ew or i nt er r ogat i on may be due to a per sonal i t y conf l i ct

bet ween t he i nvest i gat or and t he subj ect . I f t hat i s t he case, r ecogni ze t hi sf act or . Bef or e al l chances of success ar e l ost , vol unt ar i l y wi t hdr aw i n f avor ofanother MPI . The subj ect may f eel l i ke t al ki ng t o t he new MPI .

e. Ref usal t o Tal k. A known weakness of t he i nt er vi ew or i nt er r ogat i on i s t hatno person can be made t o t al k i f he i s not wi l l i ng. A per son gui l t y of a cr i me maycont i nue t o pr of ess hi s i nnocence even af t er he i s convi ct ed and servi ng hi ssentence. Remember t hat a vi ct i m, compl ai nant , or wi t ness t o a cr i me does not havet he same pr ot ect i on under Ar t i cl e 31 and t he Fi f t h Amendment t o t he Const i t ut i on asan accused, si nce he i s not a suspect . Remi nd peopl e of t hi s f act . Poi nt out t hata per son who ref uses t o cooper at e i s doi ng a gr eat di sservi ce t o t he Ar my.

PART H - WI TNESS TO I NTERVI EWS AND I NTERROGATI ONS.

a. When t oo many peopl e are pr esent , t he per son bei ng i ntervi ewed or quest i onedsomet i mes doesn' t want t o t el l al l t hat he knows of t he i nci dent . I nt er vi ewi ng orquest i oni ng one i n t he presence of many l aw enf orcement per sonnel has been hel d byt he cour t s t o be suggest i ve of dur ess. On t he other hand, someone shoul d be t heret o wi t ness t he quest i oni ng and t he st atement ( s) made. Someone shoul d be t her e,al so, t o pr ot ect t he i nvest i gat or agai nst a possi bl e char ge of coer ci on or dur ess.Not more t han t wo i nvest i gators shoul d be present i n t he i nt err ogat i on r oom. Whenmor e than t wo peopl e have an of f i ci al i nt er est i n t he i nt er vi ew or quest i oni ng, t heother s may wi t ness t he quest i oni ng f r om behi nd a t wo- way mi r r or. There t hey wi l lbe out of si ght of t he per son but can st i l l see and hear ever ythi ng.

b. Femal e Subj ect s. Never endanger an i nt er vi ew or quest i oni ng by i gnori ng t hi sf act : a woman may not want t o t al k about i nt i mate subj ects i n the pr esence of

other s. Ther e i s no l egal r equi r ement t o have a wi t ness f or t he quest i oni ng off emal es, however , i t i s bet t er t o have a wi t ness, pr ef er abl y a f emal e, f or your ownsaf eguar d agai nst f al se charges. The use of t wo way mi r r ors and conceal edmi cr ophones ( i n accor dance wi t h AR 381- 17) i s pr oper f or such cases. The f act t hatt he f emal e bel i eves t hat she i s al one wi t h the i nvest i gat or may encour age her t ot al k.

PART I - RECORDS.

A name- i ndex f i l e shoul d be kept t o recor d needed f acts about each i nt ervi ew andquest i oni ng. The f i l e shoul d cont ai n cr oss- r ef er enced not es to each i nst ance ofquest i oni ng. Si mi l ar not es shoul d be made t o t he case f or whi ch t he quest i oni ngwas needed and t o the MP repor t s t hat cont ai n t he r epor t ed

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i nf ormat i on. You shoul d be abl e t o consul t t he name- i ndex f i l e and t he r eport s t ogai n essent i al backgr ound i nf ormat i on about a per son. Thi s pr ocedur e wi l l pr eventdupl i cat i on of ef f or t i n set t i ng backgr ound i nf or mat i on. I t wi l l al so pr ovi desummary knowl edge unt i l compl et e backgr ound i nf or mat i on can be devel oped.

PART J - THE I NTERVI EW.

1. GENERAL.

a. Onl y a f ew peopl e i n t he i mmedi at e vi ci ni t y of a cr i me can gi ve i nf ormat i ont hat wi l l be of val ue. Fi nd t hese i ndi vi dual s and separ at e t hose who have val uabl ei nf or mat i on f r om t hose who do not . The pr obl em i s best sol ved by t he ski l l f ul useof t he i nt er vi ew.

b. I n an i nt er vi ew, t he per son quest i oned usual l y gi ves hi s account of t hei nci dent i n hi s own words and i n hi s own way.

2. PLANNI NG THE I NTERVI EW.

a. Ti me of I nt er vi ew. A per son shoul d be i nt er vi ewed as soon as possi bl e af t ert he i nci dent . Thi s r educes t he possi bi l i t y of hi s f or get t i ng or bei ng i nf l uencednot t o t al k. Gener al l y, quest i on wi t nesses, vi ct i ms, and compl ai nant s at t hei r

ear l i est conveni ence. Al l ow enough t i me t o conduct a t horough i nt er vi ew; poorschedul i ng can r esul t i n a r ushed i nt er vi ew. I mpor t ant det ai l s ar e t henover l ooked.

b. Pl ace of I nt er vi ew. Wi l l i ng wi t nesses, excl udi ng t hose i nt er vi ewed at t hescene, ar e usual l y i nt er vi ewed, wher e t hey f eel psychol ogi cal l y comf ort abl e. Theymi ght be i n t hei r homes or of f i ces. I t i s al l r i ght , however , t o i nt er vi ew per sonsi n a pol i ce set t i ng, i f t hey ar e not uncomf ort abl e or ar e not caused unduehar dshi p.

c. Wi t h suspect s and host i l e wi t nesses not i nt er vi ewed at t he scene, i t i s bestt o quest i on i n a pr oper i nt er r ogat i on r oom. ( Such a r oom i s descr i bed l at er i nt hi s l esson. ) Any ot her avai l abl e l ocat i on wher e t he i nvest i gat or enj oys t he

psychol ogi cal advant age wi l l al so do f or quest i oni ng.

3. I NTRODUCI NG YOURSELF.

a. I nt r oduce your sel f cour t eousl y t o t he per son bei ng i nt er vi ewed. Make cer t ai nt hat he i s awar e of your i dent i t y. Show your cr edent i al s i f t he per son has a doubtas t o your aut hor i t y t o conduct t he i nvest i gat i on.

b. A hast y i nt r oduct i on or an appearance of hast e at t he begi nni ng of t hei nt ervi ew may cause an embar r assi ng si t uat i on. I t coul d make t he person t hi nk t hathi s pr esence i s of l i t t l e i mpor t ance and t hat t he i nf or mat i on he has i s of l i t t l eval ue. A f ew mi nut es spent i n a pr oper i nt r oduct i on ar e not wast ed; t hei nt r oduct i on gi ves you t i me i n whi ch t o eval uat e t he per son and your appr oach; t heper son i s gi ven a chance t o over come any nervousness and i s usual l y i n a bet t er

f r ame of mi nd t o answer quest i ons.

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4. THE OPENI NG STATEMENT.

a. When t he i nt r oduct i on i s compl et e, make a general st at ement about t he casewi t hout di scl osi ng any exact f acts. The st atement shoul d be so worded as t o cr eat ean under st andi ng bet ween you and the per son. Such a st at ement i s a good poi nt onwhi ch t o begi n di scussi on. I t al so af f or ds you mor e t i me t o "si ze up" t hei nt er vi ewee.

b. I f t he person i s a suspect or accused, t hen ensure t hat t he suspect oraccused f ul l y underst ands hi s r i ght s as set f ort h i n par agr aph 5. Remember , j ustwar ni ng the subj ect of hi s r i ght s i s not enough; you must ensure t hat heunder st ands hi s r i ght s.

5. CONDUCTI NG THE I NTERVI EW.

Your at t i t ude and act i ons usual l y deci de t he success or f ai l ure of t hei nt er vi ew. Be f r i endl y and busi nessl i ke. Tr y t o get t he subj ect i nt o a t al kat i vemood. Try al so t o gui de t he conver sat i on t oward the person' s knowl edge of t hecase. The person shoul d be al l owed t o t el l hi s compl ete st ory wi t hout unneededi nt er r upt i ons. The quest i ons shoul d be phr ased as t o mai nt ai n a f r ee f l ow of t al k,r at her t han br i ef " yes" or "no" answer s. Ment al l y not e any i nconsi st enci es. Af t ert he per son has compl et ed hi s st or y, get hi m t o expl ai n anythi ng not consi st ent .

6. APPROACHES WI TH WI TNESSES.

The i ndi r ect appr oach i s gener al l y used wi t h r eady, wi l l i ng, and abl ei nt er vi ewees. They ar e si mpl y asked t o t el l t hei r st or i es i n t hei r own way; andt he i nvest i gat or i s mai nl y a "l i st ener , " aski ng quest i ons onl y when needed t ocl ar i f y f act s. Leadi ng quest i ons whi ch suggest an expect ed answer ar e avoi ded.When t he subj ect i s not r eady, wi l l i ng, and abl e to gi ve i nf or mat i on, use thedi r ect appr oach: ask di r ect quest i ons; become t he "quest i oner . " Leadi ng quest i onsare somet i mes necessar y but shoul d be avoi ded especi al l y wi t h an unst abl e person.Photogr aphs and sketches ar e of t en usef ul dur i ng i nt ervi ews. When shown t oi nt er vi ewees, t hey ori ent i nt er vi ewees and i nvest i gat or s. They hel p t o ensur emut ual under st andi ng and t o assur e compl ete coverage of t he matt er bei ng di scussed.

Sketches ar e ver y val uabl e dur i ng quest i oni ng of l arge numbers of persons. Thesemay be per sons who were present when mul t i pl e of f enses were commi t t ed (such asr i ots and war cr i mes) . The peopl e quest i oned can f i nd t hei r own posi t i ons onsket ches and r el at e t hese sket ches f or i dent i f i cat i on. Pr eser ve t hem andphot ogr aphs f or possi bl e use as exhi bi t s i n cour t .

a. Compl ai nant . I f possi bl e, t he compl ai nant shoul d be i nt er vi ewed f i r st , t odet ermi ne whether t he cr i me occur r ed as al l eged. When i nt ervi ewi ng a compl ai nant ,be r ecept i ve and sympathet i c. Let t he compl ai nant know t hat you r ecogni ze t hei mport ance of t he compl ai nt and i nt end t o take pr oper act i on. Be t act f ul and open-mi nded t owar d t he per son and hi s compl ai nt , but be equal l y real i st i c and car ef ul i ndevel opi ng compl ete i nf ormat i on. At t empt t o est abl i sh t he mot i ve f or t hecompl ai nt . Be al er t f or any gr udge or j eal ousy

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on t he par t of t he compl ai nant . Deter mi ne t he subj ect ' s rel at i onshi p t o t he per sonaccused and the f acts devel oped.

b. Wi t nesses. The MPI must of t en gui de t he wi t ness to hel p hi m r ecal l andr el at e t he f act s of an i nci dent . Hel p t he wi t ness real i ze t hat he has i mpor t antand necessar y i nf ormat i on. Quest i ons shoul d be desi gned t o devel op a detai l edaccount of t he wi t ness' knowl edge. Const ant l y be aware of t he human f actors t hataf f ect a wi t ness' s abi l i t y to obser ve and descr i be acti ons, ar t i cl es, or

ci r cumst ances rel ated t o the commi ssi on of a cr i me.

c. Vi ct i ms. When i nt er vi ewi ng t he vi ct i m of a cri me, consi der t he vi ct i m' semot i onal and physi cal st at e. A st at e of shock or hyster i a may cause t he vi ct i m t ogi ve a hazy, er r oneous, or garbl ed account . Wi l d and unsuppor t ed opi ni ons orconcl usi ons about t he ci r cumst ances of persons connect ed wi t h t he cri me are of t eni ncl uded i n t he vi ct i m' s account . Keep an open mi nd. Wei gh each part of t hevi ct i m' s st or y i n r el at i on t o t he physi cal evi dence and t he t est i mony of wi t nesses.

The i nt ervi ew procedure used f or a vi ct i m cl osel y paral l el s t hat used f or acompl ai nant . The vi ct i m can usual l y gi ve r el i abl e i nf or mat i on about t he event sl eadi ng t o t he cr i me. However , hi s account of t he det ai l s, and t he event si mmedi at el y f ol l owi ng t he cr i me, may be subj ect t o f aul t y per cept i on resul t i ng f r omexci t ement and t ensi on.

7. RECORDI NG THE FACTS.

The r ecor di ng of t he f act s di scl osed i n t he i nt ervi ew i s necessary t o t he properconduct of t he i nvest i gat i on and t o the maki ng of a good r eport .

a. Most peopl e who ar e i nt er vi ewed have no obj ect i on t o di scr eet notetaki ng.Notes, however , shoul d not be taken unt i l t he subj ect has had an opport uni t y t ot el l hi s st ory compl et el y and t o cor r ect any honest mi st akes made i n the f i r stt el l i ng.

b. Some peopl e show annoyance when t he i nvest i gator di ver t s hi s at t ent i on f r omt hem t o t he t aki ng of notes. Ot hers are rel uct ant t o t al k when t hey know t hat whatt hey say i s bei ng r ecor ded. When i ntervi ewi ng t hese persons, do not make not es

unt i l j ust bef ore cl osi ng t he i nt ervi ew, or j ust af t er i t , whi l e t he det ai l s arest i l l f r esh i n your mi nd. Except i ons occur when t he i nvest i gat or must make note ofsuch t hi ngs as addr esses, t el ephone number s, and det ai l ed descr i pt i ons of per sonsor st ol en i t ems.

c. An el ect r oni c r ecor di ng devi ce ( t ape or wi r e) i s a usef ul means of pr eser vi ngt he cont ent of an i nt er vi ew. The r ecor di ngs shoul d be kept i n t hei r ent i r et y,t oget her wi t h any st enogr aphi c t r anscr i pt s made f r om t hem. A compl et e chai n ofcust ody i s mai nt ai ned f or al l such i t ems, t hey may l at er pr ove val uabl e i n l egalpr oceedi ngs, i f t hey can be dul y i dent i f i ed and aut hent i cat ed. AR 381- 17 must bef ol l owed t o t he l et t er when r ecor di ng an i nt ervi ew. When usi ng wi r e or t aper ecor der s, you must get t he consent of t he per son bei ng i nt er vi ewed. Pref er abl yyou shoul d get i t i n wr i t i ng.

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8. CLOSI NG THE I NTERVI EW.

a. When t he i nvest i gat or ends hi s i nt er vi ew, he shoul d show hi s appr eci at i on f ort he subj ect ' s hel p. Thi s appl i es not onl y to i nt er vi ewees who have been hel pf ulf r om t he begi nni ng of t he i nt er vi ew; i t al so appl i es t o those who f i r st had t o beencour aged and mot i vat ed t o gi ve i nf ormat i on. No pr omi ses or hi nts ofconf i dent i al i t y shoul d be gi ven.

b. The t i me r equi r ed i n cl osi ng t he i ntervi ew may somet i mes be used t o get morei nf ormat i on. A r el uct ant subj ect may t end t o dr op hi s guard af t er t he quest i oni nghas ceased and t he i nvest i gat or has put hi s not ebook away. The per son who haswi t hhel d i mport ant f act s dur i ng the i nt er vi ew may ment i on such f act s dur i ng theper i od j ust af t er war d. By car ef ul handl i ng of t he subj ect , you may get t he ver yf act s t hat had escaped you dur i ng the i nt er vi ew.

c. I f t he per son has t r avel ed f ar t o be i nt er vi ewed, hel p hi m t o ar r ange andschedul e hi s t r avel home, or t o secur e r epayment of f unds when aut hor i zed. Suchact i on pr omotes f ut ur e hel p.

9. EVALUATI NG THE I NTERVI EW.

Dur i ng and r i ght af t er cl osi ng t he i nt er vi ew, t r y to eval uat e the i nt er vi ewee,

t he i nf ormat i on, and your own perf ormance.

a. The I ntervi ewee. The manneri sms and emot i onal st ate of t he person duri ng t hei nt er vi ew may pr ovi de a cl ue as t o t he r el i abi l i t y of hi s i nf or mat i on. I f he i shesi t ant , evasi ve, or unwi l l i ng t o gi ve i nf or mat i on about det ai l s of an i nci dent ,t hi s may mean he i s not cooper at i ng t o t he f ul l est ext ent . Physi cal evi dence ofner vousness, such as const ant wet t i ng of t he l i ps, may i ndi cat e an at t empt atdecept i on. Fl ushi ng of , and per spi r at i on on, t he f ace may i ndi cat e t he ser i ousnesswhi ch he at t aches t o t he poi nt s bei ng di scussed. They may al so i ndi cat e t hat he i snot gi vi ng compl et e i nf ormat i on. Some per sons, however , are abl e t o l i e wi t houtdi spl ayi ng any not i ceabl e out ward si gns. Moreover , i nnocent per sons somet i mesdi spl ay not i ceabl e si gns of ext r eme ner vousness. For t hese r easons, and f or t headded reason t hat you mi ght mi si nt erpret such physi cal si gns, t he i nf ormat i on gi ven

cannot be eval uat ed concl usi vel y by your eval uat i on of t he i nt er vi ewee. Ther ef ore,seek and i nt ervi ew persons who have known t he i nt ervi ewee f or some t i me. Thi s wi l lenabl e you t o subst ant i at e or t o el i mi nat e i nf er ences gai ned f r om si gns ofemot i onal di st ur bance shown dur i ng t he i nt er vi ew.

b. The I nf ormat i on. The i nf ormat i on r ecei ved dur i ng t he i nt er vi ew has no r ealval ue unt i l i t i s pr oper l y eval uat ed, and, i f possi bl e, checked f or accur acy andt rut hf ul ness, as f ol l ows:

( 1) The i nf ormat i on shoul d be compared wi t h i nf ormat i on r ecei ved f r om othersi nt er vi ewed.

( 2) Conf l i ct i ng st atement s about t he same case shoul d be compared, bot h i ngener al and i n par t i cul ar . Conf l i ct i ng st at ement s shoul d be compar ed wi t h t he

known f act s of t he case and consi der ed agai nst t he background

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i nf ormat i on devel oped. The human f actors that af f ect t he powers of percept i on andmemory may be t he cause of t he di f f erences; t hey shoul d be consi der ed but shoul dnot be rel i ed upon t oo much t o expl ai n di f f er ences or conf l i ct s i n di f f er entaccounts of t he same event . Somet i mes, t he cause of t he di f f erences may be f oundonl y i n t he mot i vat i on or prej udi ces of t he i nt er vi ewee who l i ed when he t ol d hi saccount of t he i nci dent .

( 3) Revi ew t he ent i r e case as i t has been devel opi ng and gi ve part i cul ar

at t ent i on t o t he r emai ni ng gaps i n your knowl edge of t he case. Try t o get acl ear er pi ct ur e of t he case t han was possi bl e bef or e t he i nt er vi ew.

c. Per f ormance of t he I nt ervi ewer. The MPI who t r ul y want s to i mpr ove hi sabi l i t y t o i nt er vi ew per sons successf ul l y, eval uat es hi msel f dur i ng and af t er eachi nt ervi ew. He eval uates both hi s appr oach and hi s manner . Thi s pr ocedure i spar t i cul ar l y necessar y when he has been unsuccessf ul i n get t i ng f r om t hei nt er vi ewee al l t he i nf ormat i on t hat he was bel i eved t o have.

PART K - I NTERROGATI ON.

1. GENERAL.

a. An i nt er r ogat i on i s t he quest i oni ng of a person suspect ed of havi ng commi t t ed

an of f ense; i t coul d be the quest i oni ng of a per son who i s r el uct ant t o make a f ul ldi scl osur e of i nf or mat i on of val ue t o an i nvest i gat i on. I nt er r ogat i on ser ves t oanswer t he basi c quest i ons of an i nvest i gat i on, t he who?, what?, wher e?, when?,why? and how?

b. The pur poses of an i nt er r ogat i on ar e t o:

( 1) Det er mi ne t he f act s of a cr i me.

( 2) Devel op i nf ormat i on t hat wi l l hel p you t o secur e i ndependent t est i mony andphysi cal evi dence t o pr ove t he t r ut h of an admi ssi on or a conf essi on.

( 3) Ext r act t r ut hf ul i nf or mat i on f r om a l yi ng, evasi ve, or r el uctant wi t ness,

f al se accuser, or ot her uncooper at i ve per son. Any of t hese may wi t hhol d val uabl ei nf or mat i on whi ch coul d l ead t o the sol ut i on of a cr i me.

( 4) Lear n t he i dent i t y of an accompl i ce t o a cr i me and/ or t he det ai l s of anycr i mi nal pl an or scheme.

( 5) Get a conf essi on or admi ssi on t o t he cr i me under i nvest i gat i on.

( 6) Devel op t he detai l s of any other cr i me i n whi ch t he suspect may have beeni nvol ved.

( 7) Recover t he f r ui t s of a cri me.

2. WHOM TO I NTERROGATE.

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Onl y i nt er r ogat e a per son bel i eved t o be wi t hhol di ng i nf or mat i on di r ect l yper t ai ni ng t o a cr i me. Avoi d i nt er r ogat i ng any per son who can be i nt er vi ewedsuccessf ul l y.

3. PREPARI NG FOR THE I NTERROGATI ON.

Base your pl an f or t he i nt er r ogat i on on t he f act s of t he case and the backgr oundi nf ormat i on you have devel oped. St at ement s of t he vi ct i m and wi t nesses wi l l enabl e

you t o reconst r uct t he cr i me ment al l y and to ant i ci pate some of t he f acts whi ch maybe obt ai ned dur i ng t he i nt er r ogat i on. ( Such st at ement s wi l l add t o t he i nf or mat i onyou got f r om physi cal evi dence. ) Based on t he i nf ormat i on devel oped, pr epar e af or mal out l i ne of t he case. Li st t he mai n poi nt s t oget her wi t h al l suppor t i ngst at ement s or evi dence. The out l i ne shoul d al so cont ai n t he quest i ons you pl an t oask the persons t o be quest i oned.

4. PSYCHOLOGI CAL FACTORS.

I mpr ove your psychol ogi cal advant age dur i ng an i nt er r ogat i on by consi deri ng t hef ol l owi ng:

a. Ti me of I nt err ogat i on. A per son suspected of a cr i me shoul d be quest i oned assoon as possi bl e af t er t he r epor t of t he i nci dent . Thi s shoul d be, however , onl y

af t er t he i nterr ogator i s pr epared and r eady. Ever y mi nut e t hat passes between t hecommi ssi on of t he cr i me and t he appr ehensi on and i nterr ogat i on of t he suspectaf f ect s a successf ul i nt er r ogat i on. Ti me gi ves the suspect chances to composehi msel f , t o make up al i bi s, and t o communi cate wi t h accompl i ces. Because t hequest i oni ng i s t i me- consumi ng, and cannot be rushed, no t i me l i mi t shoul d be set .Do not schedul e anyt hi ng el se t hat may i nt er r upt or cut shor t t he quest i oni ng. Thequest i oni ng, however , shoul d never be cont i nued f or a l engt h of t i me t hat woul dconst i t ut e dur ess.

b. Pl ace of I nt er r ogat i on. As pr evi ousl y st at ed, a cri mi nal , sur pr i sed andcaught i n t he act of commi t t i ng a cr i me, i s not usual l y i nt er r ogat ed on t he spot.Such quest i oni ng i s nor mal l y of l i t t l e val ue to est abl i sh hi s i nvol vement i n t heof f ense; t hat i s wel l est abl i shed by hi s bei ng t aught i n t he act . Pr oper l y

handl ed, however , t hi s i nt er r ogat i on may pr oduce a conf essi on t hat wi l l cl ear upother l i ke cr i mes, such as a ser i es of bur gl ar i es. Al so, such i nt er r ogat i on mayhel p t o i dent i f y accompl i ces. Nor mal l y, however , t he i nt er r ogat i on i s conduct ed att he MPI of f i ce. Mat er i al i s avai l abl e f or t aki ng not es or f or pr epar i ngst at ement s, admi ssi ons, or conf essi ons. Wi t nesses ar e avai l abl e t o guard agai nstpossi bl e char ges of abuse, dur ess, or coer ci on and t o wi t ness t he st at ement s,admi ssi ons, and conf essi ons. At t he of f i ce or at a r egul ar i nt er r ogat i on f aci l i t y,you can ar r ange f or pr i vacy dur i ng t he i nt er r ogat i on. You can cont r ol t he physi calenvi r onment and make r easonabl y cert ai n t hat you wi l l not be i nterr upt ed.

5. CLASSI FI CATI ON OF SUSPECTS.

a. The cl assi f i cat i on of suspect s i nt o gener al gr oups wi l l hel p you i n deci di ngon t he appr oach most l i kel y t o succeed i n get t i ng a suspect t o t al k.

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The accur acy of your ef f or t s t o cl assi f y a suspect depends upon your abi l i t y andexper i ence. I t depends al so upon t he avai l abi l i t y and accur acy of i nf ormat i ondevel oped about t he suspect or t he case. An i ncor r ect cl assi f i cat i on may r esul t i nan unsuccessf ul i nt er r ogat i on. Thi s coul d happen i f t he appr oach based on t heor i gi nal cl assi f i cat i on i s not ski l l f ul l y and qui ckl y changed bef or e t he suspectbecomes awar e of t he er r or. Suspect s ar e di vi ded i nt o t he f ol l owi ng gr oups:

( 1) Suspect s whose gui l t i s r easonabl y cer t ai n. Thi s cat egory may be f ur t her

di vi ded i nt o:

( a) Suspect s more r eadi l y i nf l uenced by sympat hy or underst andi ng ( f i r stof f ender s or "heat of passi on" of f ender s) .

( b) Suspect s mor e r eadi l y i nf l uenced by l ogi c (habi t ual cr i mi nal s or t hosewho f eel no concer n f or t hei r of f ense) .

( 2) Suspect s whose gui l t i s doubt f ul or uncer t ai n.

b. An i nt er r ogat or ' s success wi l l depend upon hi s abi l i t y t o qui ckl y andaccur at el y cl assi f y t he subj ect. I t wi l l depend al so on hi s abi l i t y t o sel ect t hei nt er r ogat i on t echni que f or t he occasi on. Shoul d he appeal t o t he subj ect ' s l ogi c?Shoul d he be sympathet i c? Shoul d he appeal t o t he person' s pr i de, or shoul d he

shi f t t he bl ame t o someone el se? Shoul d he be t ough? What t ermi nol ogy shoul d heuse? These ar e but a f ew of t he quest i ons an i nt er r ogat or wi l l have t o ask hi msel fwhi l e si zi ng up t he subj ect and deci di ng on t he t echni ques t o use.

6. COMMENCI NG THE I NTERROGATI ON.

I dent i f y your sel f bef or e st ar t i ng t he i nt er r ogat i on. Pr esent your cr edent i al sso t her e wi l l be no doubt i n t he subj ect ' s mi nd as t o your aut hor i t y. Af t er t hei nt r oduct i on, t el l t he subj ect t he nat ur e of t he accusat i on and i nf or m hi m t hat ani nvest i gat i on i s bei ng conduct ed. Take car e i n maki ng t hi s st atement so t hat noneof t he exact det ai l s of t he cr i me ar e di scl osed pr emat ur el y. Bef ore aski ng anyi ncr i mi nat i ng quest i ons, advi se t he suspect or accused of hi s l egal r i ght s as setf or t h i n Par t D.

7. CONDUCTI NG THE I NTERROGATI ON.

The i nt er r ogat i on t echni que i s i nf l uenced by t he subj ect ' s background and t heavai l abl e f act s and evi dence. Consi der these f act or s. Then cl assi f y t he subj ectand make t he necessar y pr eparat i on and pl ans. Proceed wi t h t he i nt err ogat i on.Deci de on t he t echni que or combi nat i ons and changes of appr oaches t hat seem best .Al t hough t here are many quest i oni ng t echni ques, t here are onl y two basi cappr oaches- - di r ect and i ndi r ect . Psychol ogi cal t echni ques and st r at egi csubt er f uges can be used ef f ect i vel y wi t h each appr oach. I f t he appr oach f i r stsel ect ed and used f ai l s, another shoul d be used i n an ef f ort t o end t hei nt er r ogat i ng successf ul l y. An obvi ous changeover f r om one appr oach t o anothershoul d be avoi ded; i t may be det ect ed by an al ert subj ect . Thi s, i n t ur n, may t endt o st r engt hen hi s r esol ve t o

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r esi st your ef f or t s. Best r esul t s ar e obt ai ned when t he appr oach i s i nt el l i gent l yadapt ed t o t he pecul i ar i t i es of each speci f i c case. Best r esul t s occur when t heappr oach i s done i n a ski l l f ul , i nconspi cuous way. Al so, usi ng pat i ent ,per si st ence, and sel f - cont r ol gi ves good r esul t s. The appr oaches and t echni quesgener al l y used ar e t he f ol l owi ng:

a. Di r ect Appr oach. The di r ect appr oach i s normal l y used t o i nt er r ogat e asuspect whose gui l t i s reasonabl y cer t ai n. I n usi ng t hi s appr oach, assume an ai r

of conf i dence wi t h r egar d t o t he gui l t of t he suspect . Wi t h t hi s same ai r , st r esst he evi dence or t est i mony t hat poi nt s t o hi s gui l t . Tr y f r om t he begi nni ng t o getan admi ssi on or conf essi on f r om t he suspect .

( 1) Suspect s ar e more r eadi l y i nf l uenced by sympathy and unders t andi ng. Aper son who i s a f i r st of f ender , or a person who has commi t t ed an of f ense i n t heheat of passi on, anger , or j eal ousy i s normal l y responsi ve t o a sympat het i c andunder st andi ng at t i t ude. Treat t he suspect as a nor mal human bei ng who, under t hest r ess of ci r cumst ance or ext r eme pr ovocat i on, has commi t t ed an act t hat i s al i ent o hi s t r ue nat ur e. St r i ve i n ever y way t o gai n t he suspect ' s conf i dence and t omi ni mi ze t he mor al i mpl i cat i ons. Do not hi nt r egar di ng penal t i es f or t he cr i me.When deal i ng wi t h such a per son, conf i dent l y st r ess t he evi dence agai nst hi m.Si gns of ner vous t ensi on shoul d al so be poi nt ed out t o t he suspect as evi dence ofhi s gui l t . The suspect shoul d be r epeat edl y ur ged t o t el l t he t r ut h; t he use of

words wi t h si ni st er meani ngs or connot at i ons shoul d be avoi ded; f or exampl e, say"t ake" r at her t han "st eal , " or " f i b" r at her t han "l i e. " Quest i ons shoul d bedesi gned to devel op a compl ete and detai l ed account of t he cr i me f r om t he moment i twas f i r st concei ved by t he suspect unt i l i t was commi t t ed. When pr epar i ng t oi nt err ogate a suspect r eadi l y i nf l uenced by sympat hy and underst andi ng, choose at echni que st r essi ng one or more of t he f ol l owi ng:

( a) Conf i dence i n hi s gui l t . From t he ver y begi nni ng, gi ve t he appear ancet hat t he suspect i s gui l t y. I ndi cat e t hat t he pr oof of hi s gui l t i s al r eady orsoon wi l l be establ i shed, and i t i s fut i l e f or hi m t o resi st.

( b) Over whel mi ng evi dence agai nst hi m. Poi nt out t o t he suspect some pi eceof evi dence t hat est abl i shes hi s gui l t . Do not r eveal t o t he suspect al l t hat i s

known about t he case or about hi m. I mpr ess t he suspect t hat you are on f i r mgr ound, and have t he evi dence to pr ove hi s gui l t .

( c) Hel p hi m r at i onal i ze t he cri me. Poi nt out t o t he suspect t hat otherper sons i n t he same si t uat i on woul d have acted i n t he same way. Assur e hi m t hathi s act i ons are not r eal l y as " st r ange" as t hey appear , and t hat ot her s arecommi t t i ng t he same act .

( d) Shi f t bl ame. Pl ace t he bl ame f or t he commi ssi on of t he cr i me onsomeone el se such as the vi ct i m, accompl i ce, or anyone el se. Make t he suspect f eelt hat he j ust "went al ong" and t hat act ual l y the other per son i s t o bl ame f or t hecr i me.

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( e) Appeal to hi s pr i de. Poi nt out t o t he suspect t hat hi s act i ons, suchas i n a l arceny, were outst andi ng and the case showed ner ve and good pr i orpl anni ng; i t i s t he best l ar ceny you have ever worked.

( f ) Mi ni mi ze seri ousness. I mpr ess the suspect t hat ot her per sons havecommi t t ed acts f ar more ser i ous t han t he one he commi t t ed. Assur e hi m t hat mostpeopl e wi l l commi t t he same act i f t he chance pr esent s i t sel f .

( g) Poi nt out t he physi ol ogi cal si gns of gui l t . I mpr ess upon t he suspectt hat hi s physi cal appear ance and out ward behavi or are gi vi ng hi m away. Exampl esmay be dr yness of t he mout h, sweat i ng, and nervousness.

( 2) Suspect s r eadi l y i nf l uenced by l ogi c and r easoni ng. The habi t ual cr i mi nalwho f eel s no sense of wr ong doi ng i n havi ng commi t t ed a cr i me must nor mal l y beconvi nced t hat hi s gui l t can be easi l y est abl i shed by test i mony or avai l abl eevi dence. Poi nt out t o t he suspect t he f ut i l i t y of denyi ng hi s gui l t . The suspectshoul d be conf r ont ed at ever y t ur n wi t h test i mony and evi dence to ref ut e hi sal i bi s. When he admi t s commi ssi on of , or compl i ci t y i n, another cr i me, or any actor mot i ve connected wi t h the cr i me under i nvest i gat i on, t he admi ssi on can be usedas a wedge t o hel p secur e a compl ete conf essi on. The f ol l owi ng quest i oni ngt echni ques ar e avai l abl e t o i nt er r ogat e a suspect r eadi l y i nf l uenced by l ogi c andr easoni ng:

( a) Conf i dence i n hi s gui l t .

( b) Overwhel mi ng evi dence agai nst hi m.

( c) Fut i l i t y of denyi ng gui l t . The evi dence al r eady devel oped hasestabl i shed hi s gui l t .

( d) Evi dence avai l abl e r ef ut es hi s al i bi s.

( e) Poi nt i ng out physi ol ogi cal s i gns of gui l t .

b. I ndi r ect Appr oach. The i ndi r ect appr oach i s expl or at or y i n nat ur e. I t i s

used usual l y when i nt er r ogat i ng a suspect whose gui l t i s uncer t ai n or doubt f ul .Al i bi s of f er ed by t he suspect shoul d be checked to det er mi ne thei r t r ut hf ul ness.Fact s t hat ar e def i ni t el y known t o you and suggest t he suspect ' s gui l t shoul d beused i n pl anni ng quest i ons t o test hi s r eact i ons and t o det er mi ne whet her he i s aptt o l i e. When evi dence i s l acki ng or weak, proceed caut i ousl y. Pl ace t he suspecti n a posi t i on wher e he wi l l be f or ced t o di st or t or al t er f acts t hat ar e def i ni t el yknown t o you. The suspect shoul d t hen be r equested t o expl ai n sat i sf act ori l y anysuch di scr epancy or di st ort i on. At t i mes, i mpl y t hat much more i s act ual l y known.Do so by maki ng st atement s or by aski ng quest i ons t hat l ead the suspect t o bel i evet hat t he answer s ar e al r eady known. Af t er t hi s si t uat i on has devel oped, r ever t t odi r ect quest i oni ng t o obt ai n an admi ssi on or conf essi on. I n t he i ndi r ect appr oach,t he quest i oni ng i s desi gned t o devel op a det ai l ed account of t he suspect ' sact i vi t i es bef or e, dur i ng, and af t er t he t i me t he of f ense occur r ed. The f ol l owi ngare exampl es of quest i ons t hat can be asked when usi ng t he i ndi r ect appr oach:

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( 1) Ask the suspect i f he knows why he i s a suspect , or why he has beenbrought t o t he MPI of f i ce. Thi s put s t he suspect on t he def ensi ve and may gi ver i se t o a r emark or physi cal si gn t hat al so may not have been obvi ous.

( 2) Ask hi m t o t el l al l he knows about t he of f ense. Her e t he suspect mayof f er i nf ormat i on t hat woul d not other wi se come out i n a quest i on and answers i tuat i on.

( 3) Ask hi m why some of t he evi dence poi nt s t o hi m. Normal l y, a gui l t y per sonwi l l t r y t o expl ai n away t he evi dence or of f er an expl anat i on of t he evi dence. Thei nnocent per son wi l l pr of ess no knowl edge of t he f act s.

( 4) Quest i on t he suspect about nonexi st i ng evi dence. As i n par agr aph ( 3)above, t he gui l t y suspect wi l l t r y to expl ai n i t away.

( 5) Ask i f he ever t hought of doi ng anythi ng l i ke "t hi s" bef or e. A gui l t yper son wi l l usual l y answer yes, and t hen t r y t o expl ai n away hi s t hought s. Ani nnocent per son wi l l deny any such t hought .

c. Psychol ogi cal Techni que. I t i s somet i mes usef ul t o f ocus t he t hought s andemot i ons of t he suspect on t he moral aspect s of t he cr i me. Thi s may be done t omake hi m r eal i ze that a wr ong has been done. Take gr eat care t o ensure t hat t he

suspect does not become so emot i onal as t o r ender any st at ement made by hi mi nadmi ssi bl e i n cour t .

( 1) Begi n by di scussi ng t he moral seri ousness of t he of f ense. You mi ghtappeal t o hi s ci vi c- mi ndedness or t o dut i es of ci t i zenshi p. You coul d emphasi zet he ef f ects of hi s acts on hi s wi f e, chi l dren, or cl ose rel at i ves. From t hi sbegi nni ng, pr oceed t o such mat t er s as t he sor r ows and suf f er i ng of t he vi ct i m andt he vi cti m' s rel at i ves and f r i ends.

( 2) The suspect may t end t o become emot i onal when di scussi ng hi s mot her orf at her ; hi s chi l dhood and chi l dhood associ at i ons; hi s ear l y mor al and r el i gi oust r ai ni ng. He may r eact t hi s way when speaki ng of persons whom he has hel d i n ver yhi gh est eem such as school t eacher s, r el i gi ous i nst r uctors, at hl et i c coaches,

nei ghbor s, and f r i ends. Thi s t endency i s par t i cul ar l y t r ue when a suspect i sgui l t y of a cr i me t hat he f eel s vi ol at es the mor al val ues of t hese peopl e. Of t en,t he emot i onal appeal of some per son or per sonal r el at i onshi p i ncr eases i n i nt ensi t ywi t h t he passage of t i me and wi t h t he di st ance separ at i ng t he suspect f r om hi sf ormer envi r onment . By st r essi ng t he cont r ast between hi s pr esent and f ormer wayof l i f e, you may i nt ensi f y t he suspect ' s emot i onal r esponse. Thi s may occurespeci al l y i f he has deser t ed hi s f ami l y or has f orsaken t he way of l i f e pr escr i bedi n hi s ear l y mor al and r el i gi ous t r ai ni ng.

( 3) The psychol ogi cal t echni que i s of t en successf ul wi t h a young per son. Thi si s al so tr ue of a f i r st of f ender who, l i ke t he young per son, has not had t i me tobecome a har dened cr i mi nal . Nei t her of t hese has had t i me t o devel op t he t houghtpat t er n t ypi cal of a har dened cr i mi nal .

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( 4) Real i ze t hat ski l l i s r equi r ed i n usi ng t hi s t echni que. The basi cemot i ons and mot i vat i ons most commonl y associ ated wi t h cr i mi nal acts ar e hate,f ear , l ove, and desi r e f or gai n. By car ef ul i nqui r y i nt o t he suspect' s thi nki ng,f eel i ng, and exper i ence, you may t ouch upon some basi c weakness. Thereby you mayi nduce i n hi m a genui ne desi r e t o t al k. Tr y t o t hi nk al ong t he same l i nes as t hesuspect . Make every ef f ort t o est abl i sh a common gr ound of unders t andi ng. Hel pt he suspect t o const r uct a "f ace savi ng" r at i onal i zat i on of hi s mot i ves f orcommi t t i ng t he cr i mi nal act . Thi s wi l l make t al ki ng about t he cr i me easi er f or

hi m.

d. Ot her Techni ques. At t i mes, t he i nt er r ogat i on t echni ques used must be of amore subt l e natur e. Use t hese t echni ques car ef ul l y so t hat your appr oach wi l l notbe obvi ous t o t he suspect . Det ai l ed pl anni ng and r eal i sm ar e t he r equi r ement s f ort hei r successf ul use. Be car ef ul not t o endanger t he success of any f ut ur ei nt er r ogat i ve ef f or t by t el l i ng t he suspect j ust how much, or how l i t t l e,i nf or mat i on t her e i s agai nst hi m.

( 1) The Hypot het i cal St or y. Tel l a st or y of a f i cti t i ous cr i me t hat var i esonl y i n smal l det ai l s f r om t he of f ense t hat t he per son i s suspect ed of . Af t er al apse of t i me, ask that t he suspect wr i t e t he det ai l s of t he st or y he j ust hear d.I f he i s gui l t y, he may i ncl ude det ai l s t hat ar e i dent i cal wi t h t he act ual of f enseand t hat wer e not ment i oned i n t he f i ct i t i ous cr i me. When he i s conf r ont ed wi t h

t hi s f act , t he suspect may be i nf l uenced t o make an admi ssi on or conf essi on. Ont he ot her hand, he may be f or ced t o l i e i n or der t o get hi msel f out of a di f f i cul tpos i t i on.

( 2) The "Col d Shoul der . " The suspect i s i nvi t ed t o your of f i ce. I f t hesuspect accept s t he i nvi t at i on, he i s t hen taken to t he cri me scene by you andanot her MPI . Whi l e wi t h t he suspect , say not hi ng t o hi m or t o each other ; si mpl yawai t hi s r eact i ons. Thi s t echni que per mi t s t he suspect , i f he i s gui l t y, t osurmi se t hat t her e i s adequat e evi dence t o pr ovi de hi s gui l t . I t may al so pr ompthi m t o make an admi ssi on or conf essi on. I f wi t nesses ar e

military-police-mp 0018 investigations subcourse -1994

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