mike crimmins extension specialist – climate science dept. of soil, water, & env. science...
TRANSCRIPT
Mike CrimminsExtension Specialist – Climate Science Dept. of Soil, Water, & Env. Science &
Arizona Cooperative ExtensionThe University of Arizona
Mike CrimminsExtension Specialist – Climate Science Dept. of Soil, Water, & Env. Science &
Arizona Cooperative ExtensionThe University of Arizona
An intro to Arizona weather and climate
An intro to Arizona weather and climate
Presentation Overview
• The global climate system• Meteorology 101• Controls on Arizona climate• Climate variability and Change
Global Energy Balance
From http://www.bom.gov.au
Annual Cycle
Global CirculationsAtmosphere
Ocean
From http://www.bom.gov.au
Global Circulations
Meteorology 101
Weather Circulation Features
• Low Pressure System– Rising air– Counter-clockwise circulation– Can produce precipitation if moisture is
available• Jet Stream
– High winds at ~30,000 ft between cold/warm air
– Provides energy for low pressure systems; helps steer storms (storm track)
• High Pressure System– Sinking air– Clockwise circulation– Typically associated with dry conditions
HH
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Jet Streams
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov
HHLL
http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfjps/1400/fronts.html
Fronts
http://earth.usc.edu/~stott/Catalina/images/weatherimages.jpg/ninefour.jpg
Fronts
http://virga.sfsu.edu/gif/jetstream_init_00.gif
What does it take to produce precipitation?
Vertical Atmospheric Motion
Atmospheric Moisture (water vapor)
Precipitation
Temperature decrease with height
• All weather occurs in troposphere
• Temperature decreases with height on average ~3.5 °F/1000 ft. (mean environmental lapse rate)
• Can you spot the tropopause in the photo?
Where does atmospheric moisture come from?
• Moisture Advection: Water evaporates into atmosphere over ocean areas and moves over continental areas
• Moisture Recycling: Precipitation initially from advection re-enters atmosphere from evapotranspiration
MaritimeAirmass
ContinentalAirmass
Wet soil/active vegetation = ET
Lifting Mechanisms
1. Convection: Intense heating at surface cause buoyancy
2. Orographic Lifting: Air is forced up and over physical barrier
3. Frontal Lifting: Air masses of different temperature/moisture levels force vertical motion
http://www.angliacampus.com/public/pri/geog/rivers/page04a.htm
Last step…precipitation processes
Warm Clouds(tropical areas)
Cold Clouds(everywhere else)
Background on AZ Climate
Annual Average Arizona Temperatures
Annual Average Arizona Precipitation
Arizona Climograph
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Climate Quiz
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San Francisco,CA Minneapolis, MN
Globe, AZ Atlanta, GA
Seasonal Distribution of Precipitation
Mean AnnualPrecip (in.)
Annual Avg.Temp (F)
Jan Dec
3 in.
• More winter precip in northern AZ
• Stronger monsoon signal in southeast AZ (more summer precip)
(graphic from Sheppard, et al. 2000)
Annual Average Arizona Potential
Evapotranspirationhttp://southwest.library.arizona.edu/
Arid-zona: Seasonality and aridity
How has Maricopa County climate varied over time?
Annual Precipitation
and Temperature (departures
from average)
Seasonal Temperatures
(departure from average)
Seasonal Precipitation Drought
Atmospheric Controls on Arizona Climate
Atmospheric Circulation and Arizona Climate
• Large-scale circulation patterns are an important determinant of local climate
• Arizona has a unique geographic position in northern hemisphere
• Circulation patterns are tied to global ocean sea surface temperatures
• Patterns can persist for years and even decades
http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/~tbw/wc.notes/7.circ.atm/animations/GlobalWind.html
Seasonality of Circulation Patterns
Global Hydroclimate
Global Circulations and Aridity
Average Wintertime Mid-latitude Jet Stream Track
Shift of jet stream track towards Arizona
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DRY AIR
MOIST AIR
Winter Circulation Pattern
HH
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Average summertime mid-latitude jet stream track
Monsooncirculation
HH
Weak flow around expanded Bermuda sub-tropicalhigh-pressure systemDRY AIR
MOIST AIR
Summer Circulation Pattern
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Interannual Climate Variability
What are El Niño and La Niña?
Atmosphere-Ocean Coupling
Atmosphere-Ocean Coupling
Atmosphere-Ocean Coupling
Dominant Circulation Pattern: La Niña Winter
Dominant Circulation Pattern: El Niño Winter
Arizona ENSO Connection
19992000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
20062007
ENSO: 1982-2012
http://iri.columbia.edu/climate/ENSO
Average Jet stream winds (~30,000 ft) - January
HH
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http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd
Jet stream winds (~30,000 ft) – January 2011
HHLL
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd
North American Monsoon
Monsoon
Monsoon start dates for Tucson • Average start July 3rd
• Earliest start June 17 2000 • Latest start July 25 1987
Monsoon season rainfall (June 15th to September 30th) • Average monsoon season
rainfall 6.06” • Driest monsoon season 1.59”
in 1924 • Wettest monsoon season
13.84” in 1964
Upper Level Flow - May
Upper Level Flow - June
Upper Level Flow - July
westerly wind
easterly wind
Four CornersHigh Pressure
CO. River ValleyThermal Low
Core Monsoon Area(abundant tropical moisture,
frequent thunderstorm activity)
Mid-level moisturefrom Gulf of Mexico
Low-level moisturefrom Gulf of California
PACIFIC OCEAN
Mexico
TX
NM
CO
AZ
UTNV
CA
TX
KS
NE
GULF OFMEXICO
Conceptual diagram of key circulation features of the North American Monsoon System
Monsoon Precipitation across AZ
Total Monsoon Rainfall
JAS Percent of AnnualRainfall
Triggers of Thunderstorm Events
• Gulf Surge
Adams and Comrie 1997
Triggers of Thunderstorm Events
• Upper level waves/vortices
Triggers of Thunderstorm Events
• Thunderstorm Outflows
AZ DOThttp://www.wrh.noaa.gov/psr/pns/2011/July/DustStorm.php
Triggers of Thunderstorm Events
• Thunderstorm Outflows
Adams and Comrie 1997
Triggers of Thunderstorm Events
• Frontal Storms
NWS Flagstaff
Triggers of Thunderstorm Events
• Frontal Storms
NWS Flagstaff
Summer Severe Thunderstorm Patterns in Arizona
From National Weather Service – Tucsonhttp://www.wrh.noaa.gov/twc/monsoon/monsoon_patterns.php
Monsoon Day in Tucson
• UofA Cloud Convection Experiment
Flash floods• Flash Flood Watch: Conditions are favorable for flash
flooding over large or multiple areas of the region. These are usually issued only when an especially active day is expected. Watch weather reports and conditions closely.
• Urban and Small Stream Flood Advisory: Minor flooding is expected or underway in low lying and flood prone areas. While it may not be life threatening, extreme caution is advised, particularly for motorists.
• Flash Flood Warning: Life-threatening, rapid flooding is about to occur, or is already underway. Move to higher ground now! It is particularly dangerous to be in a low lying area or near a wash.
From National Weather Service – Phoenixhttp://www.wrh.noaa.gov/psr/general/safety/index.php
Flash Floods:Never drive
into a flooded roadway!
FEMA
Fighting a Losing Battle
• Width: 5.5 feet• Length: 14 feet• Ground Clearance: 10
inches• Weight: 3,400 pounds
However, 1 foot of water displaced by this vehicle weighs:
(5.5’ x 14’ x 1’ x 62.4 lbs./cu.ft.) = 4,805 pounds
From Steve Waters, Maricopa County Flood Control District
Severe Thunderstorms• Severe Thunderstorm Watch: Conditions are favorable
for widespread thunderstorms with damaging winds and even large hail to develop. These are usually issued only when an especially active day is expected. Watch weather reports and conditions closely.
• Severe Thunderstorm Warning: A thunderstorm with damaging winds of 60 mph or greater is about to occur, or is already underway. These winds could also produce a dust storm with visibilities below 1/4 mile. Hail 1" in diameter or larger is also possible.
• Dust Storm Warning: A dust storm, with visibilities of 1/4 mile or less, is about to strike, or has already developed. Pull off the road now! Wind gusts between 40 and 60 mph are also likely.
From National Weather Service – Phoenixhttp://www.wrh.noaa.gov/psr/general/safety/index.php
Lightning
http://www.jason.org/digital_library/110.aspx
Lightning Safety• Flash-to-bang of five seconds = 1 mile• Immediately get off elevated areas such as hills,
mountain ridges or peaks• SEEK: Seek clumps of shrubs or trees of
uniform height. Seek ditches, trenches or the low ground. Seek a low, crouching position with feet together with hands on ears to minimize acoustic shock from thunder.
• Immediately get out and away from ponds, lakes and other bodies of water
• Stay away from objects that conduct electricity (barbed wire fences, power lines, windmills, etc.)
• A safe vehicle is any fully enclosed metal topped vehicle such as a hard topped car, minivan, bus, truck, etc
http://www.lightningsafety.noaa.gov/outdoors.htm
Bolt from the blue
Climate Change
From http://www.climatechange.gc.ca
Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Nitrous Oxide are major GHGs
What is causing climate change?
Global Temperature and Carbon Dioxide
USGCRP 2009
Stott et al. (2000)
Natural Only
Observed
Natural vs. Anthropogenic Forcings
Temperature Projections
USGCRP 2009
Precipitation Projections
USGCRP 2009
Interactions between temperature and precipitation
• Confidence in continuation of increasing temperatures
• Projections on precipitation variability are less clear
• Increasing temperatures alone will increase aridity
Hoerling & Eischeid 2007
Closing Points• Elevation, latitude, and ocean sea-surface
temperatures create a complex Arizona climate
• Different mechanisms create summer versus winter precipitation
• Lots of opportunity for variability (spatially and temporally)
• Climate change is real and a reason for concern in Arizona
Thanks!
[email protected]://cals.arizona.edu/climate