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WINDSURF & KITESURF AS KEY FACTORS IN THE ECONOMICAL

DEVELOPMENT IN LOCAL COMMUNITIES:

Practical case of Tarifa (Andalusia, Spain)

by Marina de Miguel Garca

MA European Tourism Management

Bournemouth University

NHTV Breda

Fachhochschule Heilbronn

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Declaration of Authorship

I declare that this dissertation is my own unaided work. I have not included any

material or data from other authors or sources which are not acknowledged and

identified in the prescribed manner. I have read the section in the Student Handbook

on Assessment Offences and understand that such offences may lead the

Examinations Board to withhold or withdraw the award of Master of Arts.

Sevilla, August 18th 2007

Marina de Miguel Garca

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Abstract

This dissertation is an explorative research in the world of surfing, windsurfing and

kite surfing and the relation with local communities with the aim to analyse the

economic development in the recent years. More and more local communities lookfor ways to be economically developed in line with the sustainability and protection

of the environment.

All the agents involved in this development, such as local communities, stakeholders,

tourists, institutions and sportsmen play an important role in order to achieve positive

results for each area, keeping the authentic cultural legacy and natural values which

will make the community special and unique.

In this context, the case of Tarifa (Andalusia), the most southern point in Europe, has

been studied due to its worldwide importance in the practice of windsurfing and

kitesurfing.

An extensive bibliographical research has provided valued information about Tarifa

and surroundings. In addition, direct information from primary data, for examplequestionnaires and interviews, helped to give a wider real point of view of the

situation.

The results and findings came to the conclusion that Tarifa still has a lot of work to

do in terms of helping and recognising windsurfing and kitesurfing, on the part of the

City Hall, Local Government and Junta de Andaluca.

No less important is Mundaka, situated in Biscay in the region of the Basque

Country in the north of Spain, so different to Tarifa but no less special and

interesting to analyze since it is a surfing hotspot. Furthermore, sport mentality is

more consolidated in this municipality among the City Hall, surfers, organisations,

local institutions and regional government.

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Table of Contents

Declaration of Authorship --------------------------------------------------------------------2

Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 List of Tables --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7

List of Figures -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8

List of Abbreviations----------------------------------------------------------------------------10

Acknowledgments -------------------------------------------------------------------------------11

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1. Background------------------------------------------------------------------------------------131.2. The choice of the research area ---------------------------------------------------------14

1.3. Research aim, objectives and hypothesis ---------------------------------------------14

1.4. Structure of the dissertation---------------------------------------------------------------15

Chapter 2: Literature review

2.1. Sport and Economy-------------------------------------------------------------------------17

2.1.1. Sport, economic activity and employment------------------------------------172.1.2. Sport and tourism-------------------------------------------------------------------18

2.1.3. The analysis cost-benefit applied to the celebration of large sports

events ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18

2.1.4. Governments, sport and environment ---------------------------------------- 21

2.2. Surfing sports ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------22

2.2.1. Surfing---------------------------------------------------------------------------------22

2.2.2. Windsurfing---------------------------------------------------------------------------23

2.2.3. Kitesurfing ----------------------------------------------------------------------------24

2.2.4. Climatic conditions. The wind----------------------------------------------------25

2.2.5. Conditions of the sea --------------------------------------------------------------26

2.3. Andalusia --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26

2.3.1. General Aspects ------------------------------------------------------------------26

2.3.2. Climatology-------------------------------------------------------------------------27

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2.3.3. Communications ------------------------------------------------------------------28

2.3.4. Economic development of Andalusia----------------------------------------28

2.4. Littoral of Cadiz ---------------------------------------------------------------------------31

2.4.1. Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------31

2.4.2. Climatology-------------------------------------------------------------------------322.4.3. Natural Park of the Strait--------------------------------------------------------32

2.5. Practical case: Tarifa --------------------------------------------------------------------33

2.5.1. Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------------33

2.5.2. History-------------------------------------------------------------------------------36

2.5.3. Historic and artistic monuments ----------------------------------------------36

2.5.4. Folklore and typical shows -----------------------------------------------------38

2.5.5. The giants of the Straits---------------------------------------------------------382.5.6. Tarifa: Ornithological paradise ------------------------------------------------39

2.5.7. La Isla of Tarifa--------------------------------------------------------------------39

2.5.8. Diving in Tarifa --------------------------------------------------------------------39

2.5.9. Natural resources in Tarifa ----------------------------------------------------39

2.5.10. Type of visitor in Tarifa --------------------------------------------------------40

2.5.11. Windsurfing in Tarifa-----------------------------------------------------------49

2.5.12. Kitesurfing in Tarifa-------------------------------------------------------------49

Chapter 3: Methodology

3.1. Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50

3.2. Secondary data-------------------------------------------------------------------------------50

3.3. Primary data-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------51

3.3.1. Quantitative and Qualitative Research--------------------------------------51

3.3.2. Sample Size -----------------------------------------------------------------------53

Chapter 4: Main Findings

4.1. Interviews in Tarifa --------------------------------------------------------------------------55

4.2. Another example of interview about surfing in Mundaka (Biscay, Basque

Country)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64

4.3. Questionnaires in Tarifa--------------------------------------------------------------------67

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4.4. SWOT: Analysis of Tarifa as spot for windsurf and kitesurf-----------------------78

4.5. Limitations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------80

Chapter 5: Recommendations and Conclusions5.1. Recommendations---------------------------------------------------------------------------82

5.2. Conclusions -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------84

Appendices ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------88

Bibliography ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------139

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List of Tables

Table 1. Official surf calendar in Mundaka. Source: EHSF Basque Surf

Federation, 2007

Table 2: List of Sportsmen in EFPT - Toro Andaluz Windsurf championshipcelebrated in Tarifa last 2006

Table 3. Terrestrial and Marine environment divided into zones in the Natural

Park of the Strait. Source: P.O.R.N. Natural Park of the Strait, 2004

Table 4. Wind conditions in Arte Vida beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007)

Table 5. Wind conditions in Balneario beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007)

Table 6. Wind conditions in Bolonia beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007)

Table 7. Wind conditions in Campo de Ftbol beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007)Table 8. Wind conditions in Caos de Meca beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007)

Table 9. Wind conditions in El Palmar beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007)

Table 10. Wind conditions in Hotel Hurricane beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007)

Table 11. Wind conditions in La Charca beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007)

Table 12. Wind conditions in Las Dunas beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007)

Table 13. Wind conditions in Los Lances beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007)

Table 14. Wind conditions in Punta Paloma beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007)Table 15. Wind conditions in Playa Chica beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007)

Table 16. Wind conditions in Ro Jara beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007)

Table 17. Wind conditions in Tarifa beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007)

Table 18. Wind conditions in Tore de la Pea beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007)

Table 19. Wind conditions in Valdevaqueros beach (Tarifa) (17.07.2007)

Table 20. Wind conditions in Laidatxu beach (Mundaka) (17.07.2007)

Table 21. Meteorological conditions in Tarifa (28.07.2007)

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List of Figures

Figure 1. Tourists in Tarifa on January 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa)

Figure 2. Tourists in Tarifa on February 2006 (City hall of Tarifa)

Figure 3. Tourists in Tarifa on March 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa)

Figure 4. Tourists in Tarifa on April 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa)

Figure 5. Tourists in Tarifa on May 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa)

Figure 6. Tourists in Tarifa on June 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa)

Figure 7. Tourists in Tarifa on July 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa)

Figure 8. Tourists in Tarifa on August 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa)

Figure 9. Tourists in Tarifa on September 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa)

Figure 10. Tourists in Tarifa on October 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa)Figure 11. Tourist in Tarifa on November 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa)

Figure 12. Tourist in Tarifa on December 2006 (City Hall of Tarifa)

Figure 13. Tourists in Tarifa on January 2007 (City Hall of Tarifa)

Figure 14. Tourists in Tarifa on February 2007 (City Hall of Tarifa)

Figure 15. Tourist in Tarifa on March 2007 (City Hall of Tarifa)

Figure 16. Tourists in Tarifa on April 2007 (City Hall of Tarifa)

Figure 17. Tourists in Tarifa on May 2007 (City Hall of Tarifa)Figure 18. Sex of the sportsmen in Tarifa

Figure 19. Age of the sportsmen in Tarifa

Figure 20. Familiar situation of the sportsmen in Tarifa

Figure 21. Origin of the sportsmen in Tarifa

Figure 22. Type of sport: windsurf/kitesurf in Tarifa

Figure 23. Frequency to practice windsurf/kitesurf in Tarifa

Figure 24. Audience to competitions in TarifaFigure 25. Period of time/year to practice windsurf/kitesurf in Tarifa

Figure 26. Good Promotion in windsurf/kitesurf in Tarifa

Figure 27. Windsurf/Kitesurf: Expensive sports in Tarifa or not?

Figure 28. How much money spent in windsurf/ kitesurf in Tarifa

Figure 29. Type of accommodation in Tarifa

Figure 30. Is Tarifa spoilt in a sport way?

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Figure 31. Tarifa: Spot for windsurf/ kitesurf or not?

Figure 32. Type of material for windsurf/kitesurf in Tarifa

Figure 33. How to get to Tarifa?

Figure 34. Other tourist resources in Tarifa

Figure 35. Favourite beach for sportsmen in TarifaFigure 36. Average of hours per day doing windsurf/kitesurf in Tarifa

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List of Abbreviations

AEK Asociacin Espaola de Kitesurf

B&W Bet and Win

CEES Centro de Estudios Europeos SuperioresCIS Centro de Investigaciones Sociolgicas

CITN Centro de Inters Turstico Nacional

CNIG Centro Nacional de Informacin Geogrfica

CSD Consejo Superior de Deportes

EHSF Euskal Herriko Surf Federazioa-Federacin Vasca de Surf

EIKT Escuela Internacional de Kitesurf de Tarifa

EFPT European Freestyle Pro TourGDP Gross Domestic Product

INE Instituto Nacional de Estadsticas

INM Instituto Nacional de Meteorologa

ISA International Surfing Association

KTS Kite Tarifa School

KWPT Kite World Pro Tour

MITYC Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio.OECD Organisation for economic co-operation and development

PEDT Plan Estratgico de Desarrollo Turstico

PGOU Plan General de Ordenacin Urbanstica

PKRA Professional Kiteboarding Rider Association

PORN Plan de Ordenacin de Recursos Naturales

PRUG Plan Rector de Uso y Gestin

PYME Pequeas y Medianas Empresas

RFEV Real Federacin Espaola de Vela

SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats

WCT World Championship Tour

WTO World Tourism Organisation

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Acknowledgments

This is the final project of the master European Tourism Management in the NHTV

(Breda) and Fachhochschule (Heilbronn) during this year.

I hope the outcome of this thesis helps to encourage surf, windsurf and kitesurf as

key factors in the economic development in local communities.

This dissertation became an interesting and challenging opportunity to increase my

knowledge of the phenomenon of these sports in Tarifa and Mundaka, both in Spain.

I really could not have done it without the help of many people. I would like to thankNuria Morre for being my supervisor, helping me with her critical and professional

point of view of this topic as well as my teachers in Breda and Heilbronn for

teaching me everyday in this academic year.

I also want to thank all the public institutions in Andalusia and Basque Country who

provided me with useful information.

As well, I can not forget the surf family in Tarifa and Mundaka. Thank you to all the

people in both municipalities who made this experience special.

Thank you so much to all the unselfish people who have helped me somehow during

this whole year.

Thank you especially to all my friends, wherever fate brings you. Thank you for

belonging to my life.

But my real acknowledgment goes from my heart to all my family, for being unique,

especially my parents, who have done a lot for me during my whole life in bad and

good moments and specially during this hard year; Yago, my brother, for supporting,

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helping and making me a better person and the sweetie Crystele for being a ray of

light in the family.

To all the people I really love in my lifethis thesis goes to you.

Thank you

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Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1. GENERAL ASPECTS

Surf, Windsurf and Kitesurf sports are a great phenomenon that can be presently seen

in many destinations all over the world. Surfers are always looking for betterlocations with wind, waves and warm water.

Local communities which have these characteristics in their area try to take

advantage of these sports as a main key factor in the economy. The aim these local

economies look for is creating benefits with a good organisation and management in

line with the environment, without losing the authentic cultural values.

This dissertation will analyze a local community, Tarifa, situated in Andalusia in the

south of Spain taking windsurf and kitesurf as main economical factors and studyinghow the local and regional governments of Andalusia, institutions, stakeholders,

surfer community, tourists etc. contribute in such an evolution of the municipality.

Another opposite example will also be included in the dissertation which is the surf

spot of Mundaka, in the Basque Country in the north of Spain.

In the case of Tarifa, windsurf and kitesurf sports and the economic development

originated thanks to them will be analyzed but in the case of Mundaka surf will be

the only element taken into account, offering a wide view of these sports as mainingredients in the evolution and development in both places.

Questionnaires made in Tarifa and interviews elaborated in Tarifa and other parts of

Andalusia will be added to my research. No less important for my research will be an

interview made via telephone and via mail with the municipality of Mundaka in the

north of Spain, giving another point of view about the economic development in this

community thanks to surf. Reports, journals, books, bulletins, studies and general

published information will also be explained in order to give theoretical and practical

information.

Other vital information with comments obtained from the surfer community in Tarifa

will be included, which will give details not found in the written literature but really

useful in my research, helping to understand the actual situation of this municipality

with its advantages and disadvantages.

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Due to the amount of Spanish names shown in this dissertation, an appendix has been

added with the translation in English. (see appendix 21)

1.2. THE CHOICE OF THE RESEARCH AREA

The main reason which made me choose this topic for my dissertation was that Ihave been interested all my life in these kinds of sports: surf, windsurf, kitesurf etc. I

had always had the idea to research these sports and the final stage of this masters

seemed the perfect opportunity to elaborate on my interest.

I really found it interesting to analyze how local communities and municipalities in

the entire world develop themselves thanks to key factor like these. Analyzing the

possible areas to study in the world and in Europe, I focused on Andalusia, one of themost beautiful regions in Spain, and more specifically the spot of Tarifa, where

windsurf and kitesurf are authentic symbols thanks to the climatic and sea conditions,

combining all of them with environmental attractive and cultural values, all of them

shaping the whole local community of Tarifa.

1.3. RESEARCH AIM, OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESISResearch Aim

To analyze the sports of windsurf and kitesurf as key factors in the economic

development in local communities. Practical case: Tarifa (Cdiz, Andalusia).

Objectives

This thesis has basically two objectives. The first objective is to explore the

phenomenon of surf, windsurf and kitesurf in local communities. The second

objective is to analyze the economic development in the municipality of Tarifa

thanks to windsurf and kitesurf. These two objectives lead to the following research

questions which function as the backbone of the thesis:

a) What are the sports of surf, windsurf and kitesurf?

b) Which are the impacts of these sports in local communities?

c) What is surfing tourism for these communities?

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d) What are the possible economical impacts in Tarifa thanks to windsurf and

kitesurf tourism?

e) How can stakeholders, local population, sportsmen, Government, citizens etc.

manage these impacts to create economical development in a sustainable way

with the environmental, natural and cultural values in Tarifa?

Hypothesis

Is it possible that local communities like Tarifa are sports resources by themselves or

do they depend on other cultural and environmental values for their economic

development?

1.4. STRUCTURE OF THE DISSERTATION

This paper contains five chapters including the bibliographyand 21 appendicesat the

end. The dissertation start with the declaration of authorship, abstract, list of tables,

list of figures and list of abbreviations and acknowledgements. After these important

elements, follows a short description of the contents of each chapter:

Chapter I The introduction of the dissertation, with the background, thepresentation of the aim and objectives of the study as well as the research question or

hypothesis constitute the features of this first chapter.

Chapter II This chapter covers the literature review part of the study. The main

issues studied are the sport and economy, surfing sports, Andalusia, Littoral of Cadiz

and finally the practical case of Tarifa.

Chapter III The methodological approach of both secondary and primary research

of the study is discussed in that chapter including also the quantitative and qualitative

research and the sample size.

Chapter IV The main findings are shown with the explanation of the interviews in

Andalusia and Mundaka, the questionnaires made in Tarifa as well as a SWOT

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analysing the sports of windsurf and kitesurf in Tarifa finishing with the limitations

found during the whole process of the dissertation.

Chapter V This is the chapter of the final recommendations and conclusions to

conclude this study.

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Chapter 2: Literature review

2.1. SPORT AND ECONOMY

It is important to start this chapter 2.1 by taking into account some steps to manage a

region, province or local community in terms of sport economy, studying all thefactors which play a roll in it. These steps are: (Villalba Cabello et al. 2002):

a) Economic decisions and action

All the subjects who take the decisions are: Consumers, Associates of the club,

Producing, Investors, Commercial and Governments, Regions and Provinces,

Officials.

The meaning of the decisions can have relation with: Private expenses,Employment of the time, Financing, Private/Public Investments, Structure and

economic politics.

b) Socio-economic Aspects

The economic situation has a repercussion in: Employment, gross national

Product, Growth, foreign trade.

The Socio-Economic Effects can affect: Redistribution, TownPlanning, Infrastructures, Ecology, Health, Social Integration.

c) Institutional Elements

As institutional elements can be divided in three categories:

Organizing Agents who are: Homes, Clubs and confederacies, Bidders and State.

Mechanisms of Coordination: Market, Democratic Voting, Planning.

Other structures: Right of property, Tax System, Legal Security.

Source:Based on Heinemann, 1984

2.1.1. Sport, economic activity and employment

In line with the ideas explained in the previous point 2.1., it can be confirmed that the

economic importance of the sport has been on the rise thanks to the active practice

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and growing interest that embrace the large sports events that have become one of

the businesses with a clear future. (Villalba Cabello et al. 2002).

Sports events, for example, are a great opportunity to bring prospective to a city and

highlight things accomplished with the private sector (Sandy et al. 2004). This great

idea to exploit the sport supply in cities can improve the area economically, bringingbenefits offering the participation of a wider profile of citizens in the activities

included with the events and encouraging more and more the healthy practice of

different sports.

2.1.2. Sport and Tourism

In the case of Andalusia (Villalba Cabello et al. 2002) the weight of the tourist sector

on the economy is notably significant in recent years. The celebration of large sportsevents constitutes for the region always an important tool of broadcast of the image

of the geographical environment, city, localities, landscapes, environment, etc. in

which these competitions take place, owed not only the people that visit or attend the

celebration, but also to the extensive data processing cover, especially by TV, media,

sponsoring, giving the interest that these events awake.

The promotion of the sport tourism can mean a new way of development from the

tourist point of view in those zones that initially do not have sufficient tourist

resources. Andalusia presents all the qualities and attractions to become a tourist

destination, thanks to the good climatic conditions, the progressive increase in the

supply of sports facilities, and the knowledge of one autonomous region as a region

with numerous tourist resources.

2.1.3. The analysis cost-benefit applied to the celebration of large

sports events

Linking this new chapter with the previous ideas about sport, tourism and economy

one can also analyse the socioeconomic implications of the sports events (Villalba

Cabello et al. 2002), from the perspective of the organizing locality, something that

has acquired a greater importance in recent years in societies. The organization and

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celebration of sports competitions involves beneficial effects which will affect

positively the economic balance of the area.

2.1.3.1 Costs of the celebration of large sports events

Prices (Villalba Cabello et al. 2002) will have a great importance in the organizationand execution of sports event in the following issues:

a) Investments in sports infrastructures: The volume of these expenses depends

always on the type of sports event to carry out and the possibility to increase and

enlarge facilities although in some cases installations already exist, and then smaller

investments for its adaptation are needed.

b) Prices of organization: Inside the prices of organization the prices of

personnel are included. Prices will vary depending on the type and length in terms ofthe event celebrated, since some sports are more expensive than others.

c) Upkeep costs: Some facilities are built only to be used during the events and

others are used during the celebration of the event and stay after it to be used for

other reasons.

d) Other works of infrastructure: It is necessary to guarantee enough

infrastructures of communications with the locality. Although an event is celebrated

in a place far away from the main city, if there are good facilities (transports,

stations, roads) to get there, the event place will receive good opinions on the part

of the organisation and sportsmen

e) External Prices: In some cases, the celebration of large sports events

generates some concrete external prices, for example conglomerations or difficulties

of the traffic. With a good organisation and planning tools on the part of the event

organisation or local municipality, this handicap can be overcome.

2.1.3.2. Benefits of the celebration of large sports events

According to the benefits related to the organization and celebration of a sports event

of high level, one can distinguish chiefly three large categories (Villalba Cabello et

al. 2002):

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a) Direct private Benefits: This category understands the benefits channelled

through the market as a consequence of the celebration of a sports event. The most

important are:

-Incomes by the organization of a sports event of high level, like the rights of

radio television, sponsorship, commercialization and sale of entrances.-Incomes by the use of the new sports facilities, that would permit to obtain

some annual incomes during the useful life of the same by the sale of entrances and

loaded prices by other services offered.

b) Indirect private benefits:

-The indirect private benefits which are generated for the celebration of large

sports events

c) External Benefits of the celebration of large sports events: The organization

and celebration of a sports event of certain level creates benefits that themselves are

not channelled through the market, but nevertheless have a notable importance for

the organizing locality.

These last external benefits can be divided at the same time in three different

categories: of economic character, by-products of the promotion of the sports

practice and other external benefits (Villalba Cabello et al. 2002):

C.1 Economic character: The celebration of a sport event of certain

importance will bring important effects on the supply of the economy on its

technological possibilities.

C.2 By-products of the promotion of the sports practice: The organization of

large sports competitions is susceptible to promote the sports practice in the

organizing locality and expect an improvement of the sports facilities which are more

accessible for the sport since:

-More citizens will be benefited thanks the sport as a development mechanism

of the psychological and emotional equilibrium.

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-The increase of the interest in the sport and its practice would act like the

agent of socialization and social integration in cases of criminal and anti-social habit

(including alcohol, drugs, violence.)

C.3 Other external benefits: The organization of large competitions supposes tocombine the efforts of the citizens of the locality. The organization of sports events

of these prompts a high level of activity and employment.

Tourism is considered as the first world industry (Antn et al. 2004); in a popular

study the WTO argued that the importance of the tourism is expected to continue

growing during the next decade. In Spain its contribution to the GDP figures around

11-12%; sport, on the other hand, as an economic factor, contributes an added valuein the majority of countries between 2% and the 3%, and volume of employment

adds 2%.

2.1.4. Governments, sport and environment

An important contribution to sport management is the role that all kind of

Governments, from a regional to a local level, play with different effective actions

and plans (Sandy et al. 2004).

Governments should plan and maintain the space for recreational activities in

different sport categories. These activities fall under responsibility for land use and

zoning: the representation of the balance between the use of land for economic

development and the preservation of open spaces. Good marketing tools, sponsoring,

promotion and professional strategies in sport issues are tasks for the regional and

local institutions.

In conclusion it can be added that Governments (CSD 2002) must be responsible for

environmental protection, through the appropriate planning of sports facilities and

activities, a proper environmental use of sports practice and an adequate control in a

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sustainable equilibrium with the nature, using the adequate actions to guarantee the

future to next generations.

2.2. SURFING SPORTS

2.2.1. SurfThis new chapter will start talking about Surf which can be considered as the mother

sport in sailing history. The modern epoch of the surf goes back to 1900 in Hawaii

(Du Maroc, 2004). Little by little the surf acquired more supporters. In 1911 the

first club of surf in history - Hui Nalu - was founded, which still functions today.

Surf jumped from the islands of Hawaii to the western coast of the United States,

concretely in Malibu in 1927. The boards continued to evolve little by little and in

1935 Tom Blake put a keel to a board, facilitating turns.At the end of the 60s, California was the main centre of surfing in the whole world.

The leap of the surf to Europe occured in the year 1959, concretely in Biarritz. After

the leap to Europe, surf spread around all the coast of the Cantabrico and the

Atlantic, one of the main spots being Mundaka with its unique waves in the beaches

of Laidatxu and Ondartzape.

(see appendices 16 and 17)

The king sport in this area is surf. The wave of Mundaka is considered one of the

better left of the world, with a length that can reach the 400 m. The locality receives

in the months of autumn and winter the visit of numerous surfers of this sport coming

from the most remote places of the world. Since 1998 the locality has celebrated the

championship Billabong-For, a countable test for the championship of the world.The

table 1 added in the appendices shows the official surf calendar elaborated by the

EHSF - Basque Surf Federation for 2007.

(see table 1 in the appendix 8)

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2.2.2. Windsurf

No less important than 2.2.1 is this new chapter with windsurfing, interesting to

analyze due to its evolution in the sport history thanks to facts and people that will be

explained in this chapter.

Hnscheid and Winner (1985) have said that windsurfing is possibly the sport that

has experienced a faster development and the decision will be seen to be influenced

by the possibilities and the conditions that are given in the zones of navigation, as

well as the time and money that surfers need.

Since the beginning of time, man has used the wind as a driving force to be moved

on the water. (Prade 1982). The system of the direction and the displacement of anembarkation has been stable up to now in which was born the windsurfing and with

him a different way from directing the embarkation: the direction without rudder.

In 1964 Newman Darby created a dirigible and quite useful board, which seemed

more a boat than a surfboard (Prade 1982). To sail, Newman Darby was placed

standing in front of the mast supporting his body against the pressure of the wind.

The direction was performed by inclination towards behind and front.

Hoyle Schweitzer and Jimmy Drake, two sportsmen of California, set the sport of the

windsurfing. (Prade 1982). He and his friend Jimmy practiced for many years

surfing in the waves off the coasts of California. In 1969, Hoyle Schweitzer

presented its first surfboard with sail, the "windsurfer original" that consisted of a

plate of current and normal surfing as was utilized for the high waves of the coasts of

Hawaii and in a triangular sail held to a mast and unfolded by a boom, began the

world development of the windsurfing. In a few years, more than 100 different

models invaded the market, which should be considered all copies of the windsurfer

original. The surfing with sail is the largest invention in the sport of the sailing.

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With a good instructor, windsurfing is learned in few hours and only turns out to be

dangerous and uncomfortable when is practiced for no professionals and in a wrong

way, for example in bath areas or entrances to ports.

2.2.3. KitesurfIn this third chapter, kitesurf is going to be analyze since it has been the new boom in

the water sports explained in the points 2.2.1 and 2.2.2,using a sail and kite as main

elements.

Kitesurfing (Lieben 2006) is also known as kiteboarding and as flysurfing, although

the most common name used is Kitesurfing.

Kitesurfing catches the wind in a kite instead of a sail as in windsurfing; the main

power-source of kitesurfing is the kite.

Kitesurfing is a non aggressive sport and kitesurfers do not pursue in bodily contact

and try to stay out of each others way as it is very dangers if kites get caught up.

Risk and danger are definitely present with Kitesurfing as speeds are reached up to

70 km/h and jumps of 25 meters high with such actions is a definite risk of getting

hurt

Kitesurfing is a globally fast growing and professional sport that can no longer be

eliminated from the minds of water sports all over the world and therefore not from

the global tourism industry either (Takens 2006).

In October 1977 Gijsbertus Adrianus Panhuise (Netherlands) got the first patent for

the sport and could be considered as the originator of kitesurfing.

The first Kitesurfing World Cup was held in 1991 in San Francisco, which was

televised and shown extensively on sports channels.

In 2006, it is estimated that there are approximately 200.000 Kitesurfers in the

World.

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2.2.4 Climatic condit ions. The wind

Taking about the wind as main element in the climatic conditions which have an

influence in the practice of surf, windsurf and kitesurf expalained in the points 2.2.1,

2.2.2 and 2.2.3, one cannot forget to focus somehow this chapter in the region of our

study. If some sign exists in the identity of the nature reserve of the Straits, it is theintense force that blows the wind (Pardo de Donlebn Quijano 2003).

Tarifa is another beneficiary of the power of the wind, since it has stopped the urban

development overflow during years, ensuring that the locality remained relatively

cleared and as destination of a great proportion of surfers from all parts of Spain and

the world. The Tables 4 to 19 added in the appendix 18, show the wind conditions in

some beaches of the municipality of Tarifa the last July 17th on 2007 as well as thetable 20 in the same appendix 18, which show the wind conditions in one of the main

beaches of Mundaka in the same day.

Tarifa is famous for two prevailing winds that blow from the Straits of Gibraltar

(Instituto Nacional de Meteorologa 2007). The Levante from the East (slightly

cross-offshore, left to right, looking out to sea) is most common in summer, when it

can blow for weeks, both day and night. It is generally stronger, warmer and

produces flatter conditions.

The westerly Poniente comes from the Atlantic (nearly direct onshore from the right,

looking out to sea), is cooler and can bring waves, Los Lances white sand beach is

generally 100m wide, making launching and landing easy and is zoned to keep

everybody happy.

The dependence of windsurf and kitesurf sports on time are a problem: for many

people this means hours of waiting and days of frustration caused by the lack of wind

and swell. It is recommend to know something about the wind and the places where

there exist greater possibilities to find it.

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2.2.5. Condi tions o f the sea

It is also relevant to take in account in the practice of surfing sports the conditions of

the sea, no less important than the conditions of the winds explained in the point

2.2.4. Hnscheid and Winner (1985) have proposed that even when the wind is a

very important factor, the conditions of the water is relevant as well. That means theascents and descended, hollow, pending and surfaces in movement of the ocean have

a vital influence in the sports of surf, windsurf and kitesurf and more concrete in the

area or our research: the Straits and the beaches of Tarifa.

2.3. ANDALUSIA

2.3.1. General aspectsAndalusia, the region which is the protagonist of the research, is situated on the south

of the Iberian Peninsula (Martnez Montiel et al. 2004); it is the most southern point

of Europe and is the bridge between Europe and Africa. It is one of the autonomous

regions of Spain and it has an area of 87,268 km2, or 17.3% of the Spanish territory.

Andalusia has 8.039.399 citizens, within this number 6,6% foreign people (595.942

citizens): Sevilla(1.835.077), Mlaga ( 1.491.287), Crdoba (788.287), Granada

(882.184), Almera ( 635.850), Huelva ( 492.174), Jaen ( 662.751) and Cdiz

(1.194.062). It is located between the northern latitudes of 360 and 3844 and 24

degrees eastern longitude and 350 western longitudes with respect to the Madrid

meridian. It has 8 provinces and 5 of them are situated in more than 900 km of coast.

The names are: Huelva, Cdiz, Mlaga, Granada and Almera. The others are:

Huelva, Sevilla which is the capital, Crdoba and finally Jaen.

(see appendix 14)

It is bounded on the north by the Sierra Morena. The western boundary is defined by

the Guadiana River, which separates the province of Huelva from Portugal. The

Atlantic Ocean bathes the coastlines of Huelva and Cdiz in the south west. The

Mediterranean Sea does the same for the coasts of Cdiz, Mlaga, Granada, and

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Almera situated in the south east. The frontier between the west and the east coast of

Andalusia is marked with the Strait of Gibraltar, situated only 14km from Africa.

The Guadalquivir (Martnez Montiel et al. 2004) is the most representative river of

Andalusia passing through important cities like Crdoba and Sevilla.

2.3.2. Climatology

Another important element in this chapter 2.3 about Andalusia is its climatology.

Andalusia is situated in the temperature zone of the northern hemisphere (Andalusia

Tourism Manual 2004) near the tropic of Cancer and as such it has a mild and warm

climate characteristic of the Mediterranean. The major part of its surface has

temperatures ranging from 15 to 18C, while the precipitations measure 300 to 600mm.

The air masses circulating in the Andalusia climate are the anticyclone from the

Azores, the Atlantic depressions, the continental anticyclone, subtropical continental

air masses, and the subtropical Mediterranean air. The succession of the different air

masses depends on the season and hence the type of climate.

Regarding the temperatures, it is necessary to distinguish the coastal zone that is

affected by the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, and a nucleus of interior

lands whose thermal amplitude is greater.

As the Guadalquivir valley flows into the Atlantic it makes the maritime climate

penetrate and softens the temperatures; summer however registers the maximum

temperatures.

The rainfalls in Andalusia (Martnez Montiel et al. 2004) are situated between 300

and 1100mm by annual square meter depending on the climatic seasons, with an

average of 700mm. Two periods of rains are clearly differentiated: one in autumn

and winter, and another of drought in the summer period which has been many times

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a big problem for some cities and villages. The most abundant precipitations are

originated in Sierra Grazalema (Cdiz) being the maximum rainfall geographical

point on the Peninsula (2500mm).

2.3.3 CommunicationsNo less important is to talk about how the net of communications has grown in this

chapter 2.3. In Andalusia, two important components from the road system: The

Main Network and the Secondary Network (Andalusia Tourism Manual 2004).

The railway network in Andalusia is made up of a) High Speed Corridor Seville-

Crdoba-Madrid with international access and which connects to the rest of the

network; b) A combination of corridors of conventional width that link together the

main cities of Andalusia as well as serving for connecting to the exterior; c)A seriesof corridors for traffic from suburban areas in some metropolitan zones and d)

Corridors linked to the transport of merchandise.

The Andalusian Ports occupy a strategic position in the world maritime traffic, based

on their central geographic location and their character as a crossroad between seas

and continents.

In Andalusia there are five airports: Mlaga, Sevilla, Jerez de la Frontera, Almera,

Granada and Crdoba. However the average volume of passengers handled by

European airports is only bettered or equalled by those of Malaga, Jerez and Sevilla.

They concentrate the 78% of national air traffic and more than 95% of international

air traffic in Andalusia.

2.3.4. Economic development of Andalusia

The economic politics of the andalusian economy are focused in the binomial growth

/ employment that permit a better creation and growth of employment, decreasing the

rate of unemployment.

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In line with this, (Junta de Andaluca 1996) the politics of support to the business net

in Andalusia are focused in the following objectives:

a) Enlargement and consolidation of the business net

b) Improvement of the competitive level of the Andalusian business net

c) The creation and consolidation of infrastructures and equipment ofsupport to the business activity

d) Encouragement of Andalusian businesses internationally

e) Development of the social economy

f) Promotion of the contribution to an economic development of the

Andalusian financial system

The development and consolidation of the business net in Andalusia needs politics topush the Pyme and its modernization (Junta de Andaluca 1996).

The panorama of the tourist sector for 2006 was presented as stable (Consejera de

Turismo, Comercio y Deporte 2005). The forecasts of the department of Tourism,

Trade and Sport were of moderate growth in the tourist activity presenting a similar

evolution in the year 2005. Once more it was the Spanish market that presented

better results in arrivals of tourists toward Andalusia.

During 2006 (Consejera de Turismo, Comercio y Deporte 2005), 24 million tourists

were registered and the Spanish market continued registering a great arrival of

tourists toward Andalusia. The economic growth of Andalusia was reckoned

according to the Quarterly Accounting that publishes the Instituto de Estadsticas of

Andalusia, as 3, 5 %.

The services continue presenting an intense growth (Consejera de Turismo,

Comercio y Deporte 2005). The year 2005 closed with a total of 23, 6 million tourists

that supposed an increment of 7, 4% in the arrivals, the sector services attending

most of this demand. This affluence of tourists contributed during 2005 to the

entering into Andalusia around 14.460 million euros that supposed a nominal

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increment of 1, 3%. The Andalusian economy had to produce a value of 12.500

million euros, supposing for 2005 a participation of 11% of the GDP.

During 2005 (Consejera de Turismo, Comercio y Deporte 2005), hotel

establishments of Cdiz registered a total of 6.332.961 overnight stays, that supposeda growth of the 7.2% with respect to the previous year, 2004. The average stay in the

hotel establishments of Cdiz, for example in 2005, was situated as 3, 2 days,

emphasizing the continuance of the foreign tourist. The variable employment closed

the year with very positive results and registered an average of 6,427 employed

people, that supposed a growth of 18,3%, in absolute terms a total of 993 jobs more

than in 2004. .

The improvement of the works of the road N-340 in the province of Cdiz served of

improvement in municipalities as Chiclana, Conil, Vejer, Barbate or Tarifa as main

municipalities. The provincial tourism continued having in the beach its basic sector,

although wanted to be completed with the golf, the artistic patrimony and the rural

tourism, among other activities.

Also the execution of sports events supposes a motor of development of the

Andalusian economy with the construction of necessary infrastructures to carry out

these activities. (Junta de Andaluca 1996).

On the other hand, these aspirations of the Andalusian cities are going to need of a

narrow cooperation among the administrations to bring to good term these projects.

This cooperation among the administrations needs to reach some objectives. As

objectives of the politics of sport are established:

a) Order, promote and coordinate the sport

b) Enlargement and diversification of the supply of sports activities

c) Development of the competitive sport

d) Planning, construction, enlargement and diversification of sports infrastructures.

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2.4. LITTORAL OF CADIZ

2.4.1. Introduction

This new chapter is one of the most important areas included in Andalusia explained

previously in the chapter 2.3. This chapter 2.4 holds the area of our research. The

following most important municipalities make up Costa de la Luz in Cdiz, withmore than 200km situated in the south of Andalusia: Sanlucar de Barrameda,

Chipiona, Rota, El Puerto de Santa Maria, Puerto Real, Cdiz, San Fernando,

Chiclana de la Frontera, Conil de la Frontera, Vejer de la Frontera, Barbate and

finally Tarifa. The Costa de la Luz looks to the Atlantic Ocean and the frontier with

the Mediterranean Sea is the Straits of Gibraltar. (Martnez Montiel et al. 2004)

The littoral of the Costa de la Luz in Andalusia (Daz Snchez et al. 1987) from

Sancti Petri to Tarifa can be divided in 5 areas of 130 km of sandy and plains

beaches but also some cliffs with different characteristics in the morphology, which

are:

- From Sancti Petri to Torre del Puerco the beaches are sandy and plains

- From Torre del Puerco to Castilobo exist rocky coves like Cala del Aceite and

Cala de Roche. Subsequently the coast forms again extensive sandy beaches.

- From Castilobo to Trafalgar exists a prolonged sandy beach that arrives to

Cabo Trafalgar

- Between Trafalgar and Zahara, the sandy and low coast is elevated to form

Caos de Meca (enormous cliffs with rocky beaches)

- Between Zahara and Tarifa there is a great change. The extensive sandy

beaches become small rocky beaches in Cabo de la Plata to appear again as sandy

beaches until Torre del Cabo (in Cabo de Gracia), where a sandy inlet is formed and

prolonged to Bolonia and then Punta Paloma, where again another sandy inlet is

formed: Valdevaqueros. This great sandy extension continues and finishes in the

singular peninsula of the Isla de Las Palomas (Tarifa) or Punta Marroqu, which is

the best watchtower of the Straits. From this point, in days with good weather

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conditions it is possible to see Africa. While in the Atlantic littoral dominate the deep

sandy beaches, the coast of the Straits is more abrupt and full of difficult access.

2.4.2. Climatology

The Littoral of Cdiz (Instituto Nacional de Meteorologa 2007) enjoys the windswhich blow in the Straits of Gibraltar during the entire year. These winds have

helped to develop a huge amount of activities related with the winds, environment

and the morphology of the littoral, such as Windsurf and Kitesurf, production of

wind power energy, sighting of birds

The climate is excellent with daytime air temperatures averaging from 14C in the

winter (with some heavy rain) up to 28C in the summer (with welcome coolingwinds).

The summer temperatures of the air are between 23-30C and the temperatures in

the water are between 18-24C. In winter, the air temperatures go among 14 and

23C and the water temperatures from 10 to 18 C.

2.4.3. Natural Park of the Strait o f Gibraltar

The Straits of Gibraltar (Silva Lpez 2004) is the point between the Atlantic Ocean

and the Mediterranean Sea, the place where Europe and Africa are closer. It is

located in the south of the Andalucia. It is a unique space by its rich and various

natures as well as by the attraction that has had historically in the Atlantic and

Mediterranean cultures. The nature reserve of the Straits has been created to protect

some exceptional cultural and natural values, and also for prompting the local

economy and improving the quality of life of its inhabitants. It is a maritime-

terrestrial space, with equivalent surfaces of sea and land that extend along 54 km of

coast, between the Cabo de Gracia (western limit) and the Cabo de San Garcia

(extreme oriental). The Natural Monument of Dunes of Bolonia (13ha) was declared

previously in October of the 2001, maintaining its private protection integrated in the

nature reserve of the Straits. Baelo Claudia is National Historic Monument since

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1921 and Archaeological Group since 1989. The Spot Natural Beach de Los Lances

(226ha) was declared in 1989.

The 76% of the terrestrial zone of the park belongs to Tarifa and the 24% belongs to

Algeciras. The area of the Cerro Tambor (606ha) belonged previously to the natural

reserve The Alcornocales. The surface of the nature reserve is divided into:terrestrial environment with 9653ha, marine environment with 9247ha which does a

total of 18900ha. The ownership of the terrestrial zone is divided into Public with

4503 ha (46, 6%) and also Private with 5150 ha (53, 4%).

(see table 3 in the appendix 10)

2.5 PRACTICAL CASE: TARIFA2.5.1. Introduction

This chapter 2.5 is one of the backbones in this dissertation and it is one of the most

important municipalities included in the points 2.3 and 2.4. Tarifa represents one of

the best places characterized of all the peninsular territory and more concretely of

Andalusia (Corzo Snchez 1984). Is the most extreme southern point of the Iberian

Peninsula, as well as of the entire west European being also the closer point to

Africa, so its maritime position between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic is so

vital in its geography as in its history.

(see appendix 15)

Milln Senz and Perea Trujillo (1988) have proposed that Tarifa is defined by

characteristics linked to the environment like climate, floor, relief, coastal and

other cultural, social or sport values, making this zone a certainly open and very

private place to many possibilities of future development. The habitual presence of

one of the elements that better characterize this zone, the wind, has been the main

responsible factor for a booming tourist development based on the suitability of its

beaches for the practice of a sport that conjugates sea and wind, the windsurfing and

kitesurfing. But the development of Tarifa goes beyond the tourist sector linked to

windsurfing and kitesurfing. Therefore it is necessary to carry out a correct planning

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that will take advantage and uitilise all the resources of the municipal term, that

permit an integral development in which there are not negative interferences in a

sector or in another. This difficult municipal management needs a base and some

instruments that make possible a good process of management.

Its limits in the large part are within the Natural Park Los Alcornocales (Martnez

Montiel et al. 2004), a fact that makes Tarifa richer in environmental and nature

values with a wider range and variety of endemic species of flora and fauna.

In the municipality of Tarifa ten beaches exist (Daz Snchez et al. 1987). Most of

them are situated from Punta Camarinal toward the municipal nucleus. Emphasizing

the Ensenada of Bolonia, it can be offered a beach of about 2 kms of length. Anotherof the main beaches of Tarifa is Baja Paloma, with more than four km of very fine

sand with the beach of Valdevaqueros, situated in the Inlet of the same name, a zone

of great tourist attraction with the practice of windsurf and kitesurf. The main beach

of Tarifa and the most important tourist zone is the Beach of Los Lances, with more

than 8km of length and normally good sufficient equipment of sanitary services,

becoming this zone one of the main tourist potentials of the littoral; Although the

wind constitutes an important barrier for its tourist development, on the other hand, is

consider this beach of Los Lances as one of the best of Europe for the sports practice

of windsurfing and kitesurfing.

To make easier the distinction of the beaches in Tarifa, the follow list show all the

beaches of the municipality, which are:

- Balneario

- Pueblo

- Campo de Ftbol

- Ro Jara (Area for surf schools with the possibility to do Kitesurf)

-Los Lances o Dos Mares (Large channel marked with beacons for exit of

embarkations)

- Arte Vida (Small channel marked with beacons for exit of embarkations)

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- Camping Tarifa (Small channel marked with beacons for exit of embarkations.

Area for the practice of windsurf)

- Hurricane (Small channel marked with beacons for exit of embarkations. Area for

the practice of windsurf)

- El Chozo (Small channel marked with beacons for exit of embarkations. Area forthe practice of windsurf)

- El Bunquer

- Valdevaqueros or Club Mistral (Area for surf school with the possibility to do

Kitesurf)

- Spin out (Large channel marked with beacons for exit of embarkations. Area for

the practice of Windsurf)

- La Dunas o Punta Paloma- Benavides

(see appendix 18)

Other no less important beaches of the municipality are found under the names of:

- Caos de Meca

- El Palmar

- La Charca

- Playa Chica

- Torre de la Pea

- Pueblo

In Tarifa can be found two areas for Kitesurf and four areas for Windsurf (including

Bolonia)

The rest of the areas are channels marked with beacons that are not bad but the

navigation is to 200 metres from the border. Actually the channel must be used to

enter and leave.

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2.5.2. History

Following the general aspects explained in the chapter 2.5.1, this new point 2.5.2.

points out Tarifa in history. Tarifa was founded in the year 711 (Departamento

Tcnico del Escudo de Oro, S.A 1984) by Tariq and conquered by Sancho IV in

1292. The history of the municipality relates that Guzman, the governor on the castlehanded over his son to the Moors to save the fortress. Tarifa is a city with a strong

Moorish flavour and lies open to the east winds through the arches of its gates.

But historically, the most important place in this region is Bolonia, the old roman

colony Baelo Claudia.

The base of the wealth of the city of Baelo Claudia was found in the fishing and

above all in the industry of seasoned (Fernndez Barrera 1982). The factories were

situated in front of the sea, on the beach, and the tuna were thrown since the shipsanchored and transfer to the factory.

2.5.3 Historic and artistic monuments

In the municipality of Tarifa there can be found some interesting historic and artistic

monuments, which are the main elements in the cultural legacy. The most important

are the following:

* Church of Holy Mara: Nothing remains today of the one that was parish

church from the city at the beginning of century (Corzo Snchez 1984). It was built

on the remainders of an old mosque.

* Church of San Mateo: It is the most important church of the city being built

in the old church of Holy Mara (Corzo Snchez 1984). It was built at the beginning

of the s. XVI, according to existing data in its parochial file. It possesses a good

collection of paintings, as well as some polychrome statues of the s. XVII. Examples

of them can be found in the figures of Sancho IV and another of Enrique II.

* Sanctuary de Nuestra Sra. De la Luz: situated to 8km of the city of Tarifa,

arriving through a road that starts from the main road Seville- Mlaga (Corzo

Snchez 1984). The Sanctuary is formed by the chapel where is found the Virgen de

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la Luz, This hermitage is built on the remainders of a building that goes back s. XIV.

Through the centuries it has suffered constant restructurings that have hiden its

primitive aspect.

*Church of Jesus: situated in a strategic place in the highest part of the citydominating the sea, only remains show the facade ruined and a cloth of wall of what

was the monumental church (Corzo Snchez 1984). It was abandoned at the

beginning of century and since then it suffers a progressive deterioration with

nothing being done to avoid it.

* Castle of Guzmn el Bueno: Prez Corrales and Lpez Martnez (2007) have

explained that the Castle of Tarifa was declared historic landmark June 3, 1931. Itwas built in the year 960 by order of the caliph Abderramn III, being configured as

the most strategic point of the Strait of Gibraltar. The history of this zone was seen

marked by the continuous intents of the Moorish to possess the zone as a step to the

peninsula. It was dominated by the Moslems since the year 711 until the year 1292

when it was conquered by the Christian troops. In 1340 passed finally to Christian

hands who for years tried to avoid new Moslem intrusions. In 1295 the Moslems put

a fence to the castle. They had besides in their possession the son of Mr. Alonso,

explaining that if he did not give the castle this son would die. Mr. Alonso Prez of

Guzman preferred to sacrifice their son before giving the castle, throwing even, from

the octagonal tower, the own knife he used to kill him.

* Ruins of Bolonia (Baelo Claudia):

They are situated about 12 kms.from Tarifa in the way to Cdiz, in the place known

as Settlement of Bolonia (Daz Snchez et al. 1987). Between the years 1913 and

1921 some excavations were performed by foreign institutions and numerous pieces

of art and fragments were found, some of them are kept in the National

Archaeological Museum. These ruins, declared historic landmarks, have been in part

buried or plundered.

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2.5.4 Folklore and typical shows

No less important than the points explained previously and also typical to visit and

enjoy in the municipality of Tarifa, are the religious activities which are celebrated

around the Sanctuary de Nuestra Seora de La Luz and of the main saints of popular

devotion: San Isidro Farming and San Juan Baptist (Corzo Snchez 1984). Aroundthe hermitage the pilgrimage of San Juan is celebrated on June 25 and the religious

festivities that are organized in honour of the Virgin de la Luz at the beginning of

September. On 1st of September start the celebrations in honour of the Virgin de La

Luz. Sports activities are organized, competitions, expositions and public actions

with famous people. All these activities and events are a good way to attract the

attraction of many visitors from many parts of Andalusia, Spain and rest of the

world.

2.5.5 The giants of the Strait

The cultural aspects of Tarifa explained in the points 2.5.2, 2.5.3 and 2.5.4 joint to

the natural acpects which will be explained in the next 2.5.5, 2.5.6, 2.5.7, 2.5.8, 2.5.9

all of them shaping this municipality. This area is an important geographical point to

enjoy the diversity of marine species. Prez Corrales and Lpez Martnez (2007)

have said that the water of Tarifa, thanks to their private characteristics, attracts a

great diversity of marine life. The underwater environment is a point of attraction for

innumerable aquatic species like whales or dolphins. Excursions organised from

Tarifa to enjoy these spectacles in the sea can be another option of alternative leisure

on the part of the tourist.

2.5.6 Tarifa: ornithological paradise

Another characteristic of this area in the south of Spain is the paradise for some

species of the nature. Prez Corrales and Lpez Martnez (2007) have explained that

the fauna of this zone is emphasized for the great number of the birds. The last

studies count more than seven hundred thousand birds, belonging to thirty-four

species. The Strait of Gibraltar is the route chosen by the majority of the species of

migratory birds of the west and centre of Europe to reach the hot temperatures of the

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African continent. Each year, more than 200 species of different birds use the area of

Tarifa as stop in their migratory trip to Africa, making autumn a paradise for the fans

of ornithology, with hundred of thousands of birds.

2.5.7 La Isla de TarifaAn emblematic symbol is the Isla de Tarifa. Prez Corrales and Lpez Martnez

(2007) have discussed that El Cabo o Punta de Tarifa serves of dividing line to the

water of the Mediterranean Sea and of the Atlantic Ocean, whose waters are crossed

just in front of the city. The island is a military fortress where is located the

maritime lighthouse of Tarifa, whose extension is of various thousands of square

meters. The majestic reefs and the innumerable rocky formations are under the Island

and its geographical situation next to the influences of the Atlantic andMediterranean sides has favoured the settlement of a multiple fauna and marine flora.

2.5.8 Diving in Tarifa

Another of the natural resources in Tarifa is in relation to diving in its waters. Prez

Corrales and Lpez Martnez (2007) have said in the island we find two zones to

dive, well differentiated from the Cala of the Tolmo to the Punta de Marruecos.

Toward the west, we will dive in the Atlantic sector that extends from the Punta

Marroqui to Zahara de los Atunes.

2.5.9 Natural resources in Tarifa

It can be distinguished as an example masses of pine forests which arrive to the limit

of the beaches (Daz Snchez et al. 1987). Most of the natural endemic species are

under control to protect them and avoid their extinction or damage on the part of the

human action.

Routes and activities linked to the natural space can be organised to the visitor

enjoying the different opportunities the landscape of the zone offers.

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2.5.10 Type of vis itor in Tarifa

As a last point in this 2.5 the type of visitor who arrives to Tarifa will be explained .

Windsurf and kitesurf fans can travel here, one of the coastal zones of Cdiz

adequate for this type of activity (Martnez Montiel et al. 2004).

Tarifa (Daz Snchez et al. 1987) is the only municipality that has changed thistendency and has controlled the demand of the touristic user of beach.

The bay of Tarifa receives a non stop flow of sportsmen, being one of the places of

Europe and the entire world that better conditions gather for waves. The future of

Tarifa is guaranteed somehow with the windsurfing and the kitesurf.

The good climate conditions (Sendn 2000) in all the stations of the year makes

Tarifa an international centre, with the English as main language although more andmore Spanish is learned by the sportsmen and owners of the establishments, windsurf

and kitesurf schools.

The City hall of Tarifa counted the number of national and international tourists who

came to the office during the months of 2006. Next the graphics show the average of

tourists. Although there are tourists from the entire world who come to Tarifa, it will

be detailed the most important nationalities.

Figure 1. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

Tourists January 2006

31%

16%10%

23%

20%

Spain

Germany

France

UK

Other

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In the Figure 1, among the 1.016 tourists from the entire world who came to Tarifa,

the most relevant number of tourist is found in Germany with 166, Spain with 314,

France with 102, UK with 234 and others with 200.

Figure 2. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

In the Figure 2, among the 1089 tourists, the most relevant number is found in

Germany with 195, Spain with 281, France with 174, UK with 170 and others with

269.

Figure 3. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

Tourists Febuary 2006

25%

18%

16%

16%

25%Spain

Germany

France

UK

Other

Touri sts March 2006

27%

21%

13%

16%

3%

20%

Germany

Spain

France

UK

USA

Other

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The Figure 3 shows the highest number of tourists of the 2036 who visited Tarifa.

This number belongs to Germany with 523, Spain with 437, France with 259, UK

with 333, USA with 71 and other with 413.

Figure 4. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

In the Figure 4 it is possible to analyze 3686 tourists from different nationalities

which are: Germany with 519, Spain with 1518, USA with 90, France with 416,

Holland with 81, Italy with 122, UK with 425 and other with 515.

Figure 5. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

Touri sts Apri l 2006

14%

42%

2%

11%

2%

3%

12%

14%

Germany

Spain

USA

France

Holland

Italy

UK

Other

Tourists May 2006

18%

3%

23%

5%14%

4%

5%

13%

15%Germany

Australia

Spain

USA

France

Holland

Italy

UK

Other

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The Figure 5 shows 3045 tourists coming from different countries: Germany with

533, Australia with 80 Spain with 708, USA with 143, France with 428, Holland

with 116, Italy with 166, UK with 405 and other with 466.

Figure 6. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

The number of tourist on June was: 379 from Germany, 1049 from Spain, 108 from

USA, 198 from France, 79 from Holland, 149 from Italy, 353 from UK and others

415 shaping all of them 2730 tourists.

Figure 7. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

Tour ists June 2006

14%

39%

4%7%3%

5%

13%

15%Germany

Spain

USA

France

Holland

Italy

UK

Other

Tourist s Jul y 2006

6%

51%

3%

8%

2%

8%

7%

2%

13% Germany

Spain

USA

France

Holland

Italy

UKSwitzerland

Other

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The number of tourists in the municipality was 4267, coming from Germany with

258, Spain with 2226, USA with 118, France with 335, Holland with 96, Italy with

321, UK with 299, Switzerland with 79 and others with 535.

Figure 8. Source: City Hall of Tarifa, 2007

7487 tourists are accounted this month in Tarifa coming from: Germany with 381,

Austria with 78, Spain with 4217, France with 590, Italy with 1171, Portugal with

87, UK with 330 and finally others with 833.

Figure 9. Source: City Hall of Tarifa, 2007

Tourists August 2006

5%

1%

57%8%

16%

1%

4%8%

Germany

Austria

Spain

France

Italy

Portugal

UKOther

Tourists September 2006

13%

2%2%

47%2%

6%

2%

5%

7%

3%

11%

Germany

Argentina

Austria

Spain

USA

France

Holland

Italy

UK

Switzerland

Other

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The following countries are relevant this month: Germany with 587 tourists,

Argentina with 81, Austria with 74, Spain with 2207, USA with 95, France with 281,

Holland with 105, Italy with 245, UK with 346, Switzerland with 122 and others

with 496 shaping all 4639 tourists.

Figure 10. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

It is accounted on October: 550 tourists from Germany, 1091 from Spain, 133 from

USA, 329 from France, 109 from Holland, 85 from Italy, 358 from UK, 99 from

Switzerland and others with 593. The total is 3347 tourists.

Figure 11. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

Touri sts October 2006

16%

32%

4%10%

3%

3%

11%

3%

18%

Germany

Spain

USA

France

Holland

Italy

UK

Switzerland

Other

Tourists November 2006

13%

25%

17%10%

35% Germany

Spain

France

UK

Other

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This month 1543 tourists are accounted in the municipality which means 194 from

Germany, 385 from Spain, 269 from France, 162 from UK and others with 533.

Figure 12. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

Concluding the year 2006, the nationalities were not really very special because they

were from Germany with 100 tourists, Spain with 489, France with 87, UK with 114

and others with 355. A total of 1145 tourists.

The City Hall has published as well the number of national and international tourists

who have came during the period between January and May on 2007.

Figure 13. Source: City Hall of Tarifa, 2007

Touri sts December 2006

9%

42%

8%10%

31% Germany

Spain

France

UK

Other

Tourists January 2007

13%

29%

14%

15%

29%Germany

SpainFrance

UK

Other

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The 1039 tourists have come from: Germany with 131, Spain with 297, France with

145, UK with 159 and others with 307.

Figure 14. Source: City Hall of Tarifa, 2007

The same nationalities than the figure 13 are repeated in the figure 14 with 980

tourists from: Germany with 160, Spain with 283, France with 124, UK with 182,

and others with 231.

Figure 15. Source: City Hall of Tarifa 2007

This month with 1600 tourists, the nationalities come from: Germany with 276,

Spain with 445, USA with 86, France with 173, UK with 279 and others with 341.

Tourists February 2007

16%

28%

13%

19%

24%Germany

Spain

France

UK

Other

Tourists March 2007

17%

29%

5%11%

17%

21%Germany

Spain

USA

France

UK

Other

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Figure 16. Source : City Hall of Tarifa, 2007

More variety of nationalities is included in the graphic until the number of 3484

tourists: 362 from Germany, 1570 from Spain, 107 from USA, 462 from France, 98

from Italy, 345 from UK, 73 from Switzerland and others with 467.

Figure 17. Source: The City Hall of Tarifa, 2007

The Figure 17 is the last one to explain about the number of tourists who have come

to Tarifa during the half 2007.This month of May, 3040 people came to Tarifa. It is

observed a variety of nationalities with: 481 tourists from Germany, 73 from

Tourists April 2007

10%

46%

3%

13%

3%

10%

2%

13% Germany

Spain

USA

France

Italy

UK

Switzerland

Other

Tourists May 2007

17%

2%

3%

27%

5%12%

4%

4%

13%

2%

11%

Germany

AustraliaCanada

Spain

USA

France

Holland

Italy

UK

Switzerland

Other

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Australia, 95 from Canada, 790 from Spain, 152 from USA, 358 from France, 130

from Holland, 135 from Italy, 402 from UK, 75 from Switzerland and others with

349.

2.5.11. Windsurf in TarifaIt is not possible to conclude the chapter 2.5 without talking about this sport in this

municipality. Windsurf sport was born in Tarifa about 25 years ago and it is still the

main trick the area holds thanks to the good wind and waves conditions for the

practice of this sport. Prez Corrales and Lpez Martnez (2007) have explained the

strong winds that whip the coast of Tarifa which instead of being a threat, passed

quickly to be an advantage when they were discovered by the first group of fans to

the aquatic sports, already more than 25 years ago. (see appendix 19). The amplitude,the beaches of white sand, the character of the environment, quickly reached the

status of legend among the lovers of the waves.

2.5.12. Kitesurf in Tarifa

The final point to explain after the interesting 2.5.11 is the new modality of

Kitesurfing. Nowadays and more concretely in the last 5 or 6 years, to the traditional

modalities of Windsurfing (Sendn 2000) has been united a new variant, more

accessible for an extensive sector and with relative facility to learn the technique of

management. It means the Kitesurf that combines the classical surfing board with

linked to a kite that is moved by the wind. Not only has this enlarged the

possibilities of leisure, but it has given to the beaches of the Straits a new profile,

since the small and colours kite dance in the sky a funny multicoloured dance while

its users entertain from the water and the bathers contemplate the spectacle. More

and more supporters are becoming fans from different parts of the world of this new

modality of attractive in Tarifa.

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Chapter 3: Methodology

3.1. INTRODUCTION

The information to elaborate this thesis has been collected from primary and

secondary sources.The primary data was made with Interviews and Questionnaires, facts that provide a

point of view of the reality in both local communities which was not found in the

secondary sources.

On the other hand, secondary sources have consisted of several materials like books,

publications of corporate bodies, studies, journals, magazines, thesis, films and

websites. Taking into account the valued information of these secondary sources, I

could have penetrated the field deeply in a theoretical way.

3.2. SECONDARY DATA

The secondary data collection aims to improve the understanding of the author

concerning the topic investigated.

Secondary data is the data that already exists and was collected for some other

purpose. The secondary data in this research was used for choosing the topics and

objectives, and building up the theoretical discussion for the whole study.

Information for the theoretical discussion was mainly collected from the following

sources: Written Materials with books, journals, theses, organisations web sites;

Non- written materials with films and television programs; Area based with

Government publications like bulletins, articles and finallyAd hoc with Government

and Organisations surveys.

Books, journals, bulletins and publications about windsurf and kitesurf as well as the

economical development in Andalusia and Tarifa have been collected and analysed

in order to create a background to the topic and provide a basis for the research

conduction.

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University theses, magazines and films were used in order to get more information

about the situation and background of the windsurf and kitesurf in the world and

articles; web sites and other sources have also been used in order to get a general

overview on the topic, from an economical as well as from a sport and environmental

point of view in the destination.

3.3. PRIMARY DATA

Primary data was collected through some interviews with several professionals in

Andalusia and Mundaka who have relation with tourism, sport and environment

management. The way to contact with them in Andalusia was made via mail

explaining the reason to meet with them. Finally they made an appointment with me

in their workplaces. Due to the distance with Mundaka, I could not travel there and Igot in contact with the person via telephone. He helped me and he also replied with

an email in a short period of time with more information about my questions. On the

other hand some questionnaires elaborated during the last weekend on June in the

municipality of Tarifa with the surfer community gave me vital information as

primary data.

3.3.1 Quantitative and Qualitative ResearchWhen the researcher is collecting primary data two different methods are used,

namely the quantitative and qualitative research (Kolb, 1984). The quantitative

research is more scientific and involves statistical analysis and most of the time

concentrates itself on large sample sizes to confirm the reliability of the research.

Computer programmes are generally used to decrypt this huge amount of data.

On one hand, Quantitative research includes numeric data through the use of

questionnaires, since it symbolises intrinsically a descriptive research process (Moon,

1999). An advantage of the questionnaire is that it can be sent or given to as many

respondents as possible and therefore gives the opportunity to compare the results

from several interviewees.

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Questionnaires surveys (Veal 1997) usually involve only a proportion or sample of

the population in which the researcher is interested. Although it is said (Bell 2001)

that there are no set rules on how many questionnaires should be distributed or

interviews given, the aim should be to acquire a range of responses that is as

representative as possible to reach the objectives of the study presenting answers tokey questions.

In questionnaires, structured interviews, sometimes known as interview schedules,

refers to those questionnaires where interviewers physically meet respondents and

ask the questions face to face. (Bryman, 1988)

On the other hand, Qualitative research is appropriate for getting in-depthinformation from individuals. In the context of the present study it is important how

an individual sportsman perceives and experiences the destination. (Kolb, 1984)

Marshall and Rossman (1999) have proposed that qualitative research is concentrated

on individual lived experiences. It implies the collection of a big amount of

information about a relative small number of people. The qualitative approach

utilizes flexible tools for research and is rarely concern with numbers. (Veal, 1997)

The interviews conducted were semi - structured, which means that specified as well

as unspecified questions were asked. This allows more flexibility and more clarified

answers than in structured interviews that are commonly used to obtain quantified

data (Finn et al. 2000)

In semi-structured interviews (Moon, 1999) the researcher will have a list of themes

and questions to be covered, although these may vary from interview to interview.

This means that is possible to omit some questions in particular interviews given the

specific organisational context that is encountered in relation to the research topic.

Interviews may be conducted one to one basis between you and a single participant.

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Such interviews are most commonly conducted by meeting your participant face to

face, but there may be some situations where we conduct an interview by telephone.

This way of semi-structured interviews (Finn et al. 2000) was chosen as a tool for

this research because the purpose of the study is to uncover and analyze the currentsituation. An advantage of the chosen research method is that it combines the

flexibility of the unstructured interview with comparability of key questions. Also it

can be seen as a disadvantage since the interviewer selects questions, which can

restrain the comparability of answer.

3.3.2. Sample Size

On one hand, primary sources were interviews and self- administeredquestionnaires. 92 questionnaires were made in the centre of Tarifa (Cdiz) and its

beaches with different kind of people: owners of surf shops, surfers in the beach and

tourists in the municipality.

Some interviews were elaborated with regional and sub-regional institutions: 5

interviews were made in Andalusia and 1 in Mundaka, in the Basque Country,

located in the north of Spain to show another example of a surf spot in Spain; the

first interview was with Marcos Mata, the Technician of the General Direction of

Promotion and Tourist Commercialization, of the Department of Tourism, Trade and

Sport, of the Junta de Andaluca; The second one was with Mari Carmen Snchez

Martnez who is one of the members of the Technical Unit of Tourism of the Straits

of Gibraltar, created to develop a Plan of Tourist Marketing in the zone. The third

one was made thanks to Manuel Jess Cabello Medina, the General Keeper

Director of the Natural Park of the Straits. The fourth one was with Mike Piechura,

the tour manager of the windsurf championship EFPT - Toro Andaluz in Tarifa and

the last one made in this region was with Mez Belouafa, responsible for the

marketing of the brand Tarifa Smile. No less important was the interview elaborated

with the president of the EHSF - Basque Surf Federation from Mundaka (Biscay,

Basque Country), Jokin Arroyo Uriarte.

Although Tarifa is the main element in my dissertation, this interview elaborated

with an important member of the surf federation in Mundaka helped to give me a

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wider vision of this sport in the local community as key factor in its economy. This

fact suggests me to add it in the appendices as complementary information in my

research.

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Chapter 4: Main Findings

4.1. INTERVIEWS IN TARIFA

After analyzing the point 3.3 and more concrete the 3.3.2, in this chapter the five

interviews will be analyzed, showing the different