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MIDWEST COGNITIVE SCIENCE CONFERENCE

Saturday, May 18th, 2013

The Ohio State University, Columbus

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The 3rd Annual Midwest Cognitive Science Conference Conference Organizers: Simon Dennis, Chair Alex Petrov Richard Samuels DeLiang Wang Sponsored by: • Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, OSU • Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, OSU • Department of Psychology, OSU

Conference Venue: The Ohio State University Department of Psychology Psychology Building 1835 Neil Avenue Columbus, OH 43210 Talk sessions will be triple‐track, rooms 02, 10, 14 of the Psychology Building. Poster sessions will be held in the Lobby and hallways on the ground floor. Plenary Lecture: This year’s speaker is Peter W. Culicover from The Ohio State University. The plenary lecture will be at 5:00pm in PS 02. Future Meetings: We are pleased to announce that next year’s Midwest Cognitive Science Conference will be held at Wright State and will be hosted jointly with the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL).

Talk Sessions: Each oral presentation has a total of 30 minutes allocated. This time includes 20 minutes for the talk, plus an additional 5 minutes for questions, and 5 minutes for transitions between speakers and computer setup. Presenters are expected to bring their own laptops for their presentation. If you will not have a laptop to present from, contact the chair of your session or the conference organizers to make accommodations. Session Chairs: The last speaker for each session is designated as session chair. Session chairs will introduce each of the three speakers in that session, and will enforce speaking times by holding up signs to alert the speaker that time is elapsing. At the 15 minute mark, the chair will hold up a “5 minute” sign”. At the 19 minute mark, the chair will hold up a “1 minute” sign. At the 20 minute mark, the chair will hold up a “STOP” sign. The speaker can then answer questions for no more than five minutes. Poster Session: Poster size should not exceed 48” x 48”. There will be two poster sessions. Posters for Session A will be held during lunch (12:30 – 1:30pm). Session A posters should be put up during the first tea break at 10:30am. Posters for Session B will be held during the reception (6:00 – 7:00pm). Session B posters should be put up during the second tea break at 3:00pm. All posters will be displayed for the entire lunch/reception time.

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Grammar and Complexity

Peter W. Culicover

The Ohio State University

A fundamental question in linguistic theory is, What is the source of speakers’ judgments that certain sentences are acceptable

or unacceptable? Traditional answers in theoretical linguistics have appealed to linguistic competence, that is, whether such

sentences conform to grammatical rules or principles; this is what we conventionally refer to as “the grammar”. An alternative

answer is that many unacceptable sentences are actually grammatical, and the judgment of unacceptability is related to the

complexity of computing the mapping between linguistic form and meaning, that is, performance.

The idea that performance plays a role in acceptability judgments is generally accepted for well-known cases of self-

embedding (e.g. The patient that the doctor that the nurse consulted treated suddenly improved). In this talk I review several

cases where a performance account is not immediately obvious, but is arguably more satisfactory than the traditional type of

explanation expressed in terms of linguistic competence: so-called “freezing” configurations (illustrated in (1)), “island”

constraints (exemplified in (2)), and English zero-relatives (as in (3)).

(1) ?How many famous people did Robin see paintings at the National Portrait Gallery last week of?

[cf. How many famous people did Robin see paintings of at the National Portrait Gallery last week?]

(2) ??How many shares did [that the company planned to reinvest] disturb the markets?

[cf. How many shares did it disturb the markets [that the company planned to reinvest]?]

(3) *We interviewed a candidate [whether it is polite to make eye contact during the visit] apparently wasn’t obvious to.

[cf. We interviewed a candidate it apparently wasn’t obvious to [whether it is polite to make eye contact during the

visit].]

If this appeal to performance is on the right track, it suggests that the traditional relationship in linguistic theory between

speakers’ judgments of sentences and what constitutes linguistic competence needs to be reevaluated.

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Day‐at‐a‐Glance Schedule: May 18th

, 2013

8:15 - 9:00am

Registration in PS Lobby Breakfast refreshments in PS 035

Talk Session A PS02 PS10 PS14

9:00 - 10:30am Decision Making Perception Miscellaneous/Other

10:30 - 11:00am

Tea Break (Poster Session A setup) Refreshments in PS35

Talk Session B PS02 PS10 PS14

11:00 - 12:30pm Memory Perception Concepts

Poster Session A Lunch

12:30 - 1:30pm

Poster Session A Lunch Refreshments in PS 35

Talk Session C PS02 PS10 PS14

1:30 - 3:00pm Memory Dynamical Systems Language

3:00 - 3:30pm

Tea Break (Poster Session B setup) Refreshments in PS35

Talk Session D PS02 PS10 PS14

3:30 - 5:00pm Methodology Dynamical Systems Language

5:00 - 6:00pm

Keynote Address by Dr. Peter Culicover in PS02 Grammar and Complexity

Poster Session B Reception

6:00 - 7:00pm

Poster Session B Reception in PS Lobby

7:00pm

Dinner on your own

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TALK SESSION (A) AT-A-GLANCE

SESSION A ROOM PS02 ROOM PS10 ROOM PS14

Times Decision Making Chair: Peter Kvam

Perception Chair: Fabio Leite

Miscellaneous / Other Chair: Mark Herman

9:00 - 9:30am

Differentiating among mechanisms for integrating multiple sources of mate choice information

Robert Bowers*, Peter Todd

Indiana University

The Loaded Simon Effect

Lassiter Speller*, DeWayne Williams, Julian Thayer

Ohio State University

Multi-dimensions of Media Multitasking

Zheng (Joyce) Wang*, Matthew Irwin, Cody Cooper, Jatin Srivastava

Ohio State University; Ohio University

9:30 - 10:00am

The impact of post-decisional information on confidence judgments

Shuli Yu*, Timothy Pleskac

Michigan State University

Not just for binding anymore: Using neural synchronization to understand sensory integration and sensory enhancement in rattlesnakes, cats and humans

Vincent Billock*

Air Force Research Laboratory

Explanatory Anti-Psychologism and the Norms of Use for ‘Explanation’

Ian Harmon, Jonathan Waskan, Andrew Higgins*, Joseph Spino

University of Illinois

10:00 - 10:30am

Interference Effects from Choice on Confidence

Peter Kvam*,Timothy Pleskac, Jerome Busemeyer

Michigan State University; Indiana University Bloomington

Modeling visual search with racing diffusion processes

Fabio Leite*


Is ‘Cognitive Heuristic’ an Adequate Scientific Concept? Disambiguating Causal and “Contrastive” Explanation

Mark Herman*

Bowling Green State University

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TALK SESSION (B) AT-A-GLANCE

SESSION B ROOM PS02 ROOM PS10 ROOM PS14

Times Memory Chair: Vishnu Sreekumar

Perception Chair: Heeyoung Choo

Concepts Chair: Karina- Mikayla Barcus

11:00 - 11:30am

Openness/intellect predicts critical item intrusions in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott Paradigm

Matt Gillespie*, Troy Smith, William Cunningham, Per Sederberg


Sparse Reconstruction for Improving the Perceptual Quality of Binary Masked Speech

Donald Williamson*, Yuxuan Wang, DeLiang Wang


The influence of hunger on categorical perception of food and non-fooditems

Joshua De Leeuw*, Peter Todd

Indiana University

11:30 - 12:00pm

Constraints on theories of serial order memory revisited: The cases of the fill-in and protrusion effects

Adam Osth*, Simon Dennis


Perceived duration of deviant auditory oddballs: Test of a novel pitchwindow hypothesis

Elisa Kim*, J. Devin McAuley

Michigan State University

Mostly Categorical but also Continuous Representation of Emotions in the Brain: An fMRI study

Shichuan Du*, DirkBernhardt-Walther, Aleix Martinez


12:00 - 12:30pm

Using Life-logging to Assess Memory for When

Vishnu Sreekumar*, Simon Dennis


Disrupting local structure impairs human scene categorization more than disrupting global texture

Heeyoung Choo*, Dirk Bernhardt-Walther


Are Acoustical Categories Easier to Learn than Visual Categories? Investigating the Nature of Auditory Concepts

Ronaldo Vigo, Karina-Mikayla Barcus*, Yu Zhang, Charles Doan

Ohio University

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TALK SESSION (C) AT-A-GLANCE

SESSION C ROOM PS02 ROOM PS10 ROOM PS14

Times Memory Chair: Sarah Lukowski

Dynamical Systems Chair: MaryLauren Malone

Language Chair: Jerry Ball

1:30 - 2:00pm

Effects of Perceptual Similarity and Encoding Strategy in Recognition Memory

Gregory Cox*, George Kachergis, Richard Shiffrin

Indiana University

Intention and the Use of Voluntary and Involuntary Control in Motor Performance

Auriel Washburn*, Charles Coey, Michael Richardson

University of Cincinnati

Learning Object Labels with Semantic Space Models

Brent Kievit-Kylar*, Michael Jones

Indiana University

2:00 - 2:30pm

The Development of Episodic Memory: Items, Contexts, and Relations

Hyungwook Yim*, Simon Dennis, Vladimir Sloutsky


Coordination in a Distributed Temporal Estimation Task

Isabella Frueh; Andrea Malek, Edward Stone; John Holden*


The mental representation of plurals

Nikole Patson*, Gerret George, Tessa Warren

Ohio State University; University of Pittsburgh

2:30 - 3:00pm

Etiology of working memory in relation to math outcomes

Sarah Lukowski*, Stephen Petrill


Dynamics of Simon Says: The Structure of Response Behavior During Joint-Action

MaryLauren Malone*, Rachel Kallen, Michael Riley, Michael Richardson


Modeling the Binding of Implicit Arguments in Complement Clauses in ACT-R/Double-R

Jerry Ball*

Air Force Research Laboratory

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TALK SESSION (D) AT-A-GLANCE

SESSION D ROOM PS02 ROOM PS10 ROOM PS14

Times Methodology Chair: Mario Fific

Dynamical Systems Chair: Ashley Walton

Language Chair: Sophia Rammell

3:30 - 4:00pm

An Extended Bayesian Analysis of Recognition Memory

Simon Dennis*, Adam Osth; Michael Lee


Recruitment of Degrees of Freedom based on Multimodal Information about Interlimb Coordination

Laura Bachus*, Kevin Shockley University of Cincinnati

"My doctor told me to….so I did": Linguistic indicators of agency andadherence in hypertension online discussion forums.

Emily Polander*, Valerie Shalin

Wright State University

4:00 - 4:30pm

Hierarchical Bayesian Analysis of the Mean Interaction Contrast

Joseph Houpt*, Mario Fific

Wright State University; Grand Valley State University

Pupil Dilations and Adaptive Gain Theory in LLDT

Yasaman Kazerooni*

University of Michigan

Describing Objects in Visual Scenes: Is Visual Salience Like Conversational Salience?

Micha Elsner*, Hannah Rohde, Alasdair Clarke

Ohio State University; University of Edinburgh

4:30 - 5:00pm

A snake wiggle of reaction time functions to indicate holistic perception

Mario Fific*, Daniel Little

Grand Valley State University; The University of Melbourne

Behavioral Dynamics of Joint-Action and Social Movement Coordination

Ashley Walton*, Joubert Lucas, Michael Riley, Michael Richardson


Perception of formulaic and novel utterances under acoustic degradation: Evidence for a unitary memory trace

Sophia Rammell*, David Pisoni, Diana Van Lancker Sidtis

Indiana University; New York University

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POSTER SESSION (A) AT-A-GLANCE 12:30pm – 1:30pm

(Set up during first tea break)

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Restorative value of different categories of environment

Jack Nasar*, Margherita Pasini, Stephen Perry, Roberto Burro, Anna Paolillo Ohio State University; Queensland University of Technology; University of Verona

Concepts

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Do Contrast Cues Facilitate Concept Learning? P. Andrew Halsey, Ronaldo Vigo*, Derek Zeigler, Sunil Carspecken Ohio University

Concepts

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When to Disbelieve the Data Joshua Eckroth*, John Josephson The Ohio State University

Decision-Making

4 Health, Beliefs and Cognition: An Exploration of the Compensatory Health Belief Scale

Bethany Lavins*, Claudia Gonzalez-Vallejo Ohio University

Decision-Making

5 The Metronome Matters: Fractal Structure Carries across Coordination

Justin Hassebrock*, Charles Coey, Michael Richardson University of Cincinnati

Dynamical Systems

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Effects of Target Size and Symmetry on the Structure of Variability in Precision Aiming

Veronica Romero, Andrew Beach*, Charles Coey, Michael Richardson University of Cincinnati

Dynamical Systems

7 Assessing Comprehension: The Effects of Multiple Documents and Scenarios

David Boveri*, Keith Millis, Katja Wiemer, John Sabatini, Tenaha O'Reilly Northern Illinois University

Language

8 Syllable-specific tonal probabilities in Mandarin lexical access

Seth Wiener*, Kiwako Ito Ohio State University

Language

9 Perceptual category structure of nonnative speech

Eriko Atagi* Indiana University

Language

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Effect of Gestures on Speech Segmentation Lauren Henderson* , Andrea Sell, Allison Board, Tehillah Adams University of Kentucky

Language

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Effect of Distal Prosody on Word Learning in an Artificial Language Learning Paradigm

Katherine Jones*, Patrycja Zdziarska, J. Devin McAuley, Tuuli Morrill, Laura Dilley, Lisa Sanders Michigan State University

Language

10

12 ERPs Evidences to Understand Individual Differences on Visual Working Memory Capacity

Li Zhou*, Robin Thomas Miami University

Memory

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Local context changes elicit von Restorff-like boosts in memory performance

Brian M. Siefke*, Troy A. Smith, Per B. Sederberg The Ohio State University

Memory

14 Increasing efficiency of fMRI retinotopic mapping using Maximum Length Sequences

Daniel Berman*, Xiangrui Li, Zhong-Lin Lu, Dirk Bernhardt-Walther The Ohio State University

Methodology

15 Efficient Rule Formation in a Co-evolutionary Multi-Agent Competitive Game

James Torre* None

Other

16 The Influence of Media Multitasking on Cognitive Control

Reem Alzahabi*, Mark Becker Michigan State University

Other

17 Neurocognitive mechanisms of learning acceleration under conditions of brain stimulation

Ion Juvina*, Tiffany Jastrzembski Wright State University; Air Force Research Laboratory

Other

18 Rules, Laws, and Levels of Description William York*

Indiana University

Other

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Evidence accumulation in 2AFC and same-different tasks in face and object recognition

Maxim Bushmakin*, Thomas James Indiana University

Perception

20 Perceptual Influences to Team Navigation Andrew Hampton*, Valerie Shalin, Robert Gilkey

Wright State University

Perception

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POSTER SESSION (B) AT-A-GLANCE 5:00pm – 6:00pm (Set up during second tea break)

1

Bourne Again Karina-Mikayla Barcus*, Ronaldo Vigo, Shannon Pinegar, Charles Doan, Basawaraj Basawaraj Ohio University

Concepts

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Is a Heavy King a Valuable King? The Role of Weight in Judgments During Poker

Alex Bianchi di Carcano*, Andrea Sell University of Kentucky

Decision-Making

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The role of deliberate behavior in expert performance: The acquisition of context sensitivity in the context of emergency medicine

Frank Robinson*, Valerie Shalin, Debra Steele-Johnson Wright State University

Decision-Making

4 Testing proportional difference model in intertemporal choice: a perspective from the intra-attribute based comparison

Jiuqing Cheng*, Claudia Gonzalez-Vallejo Ohio University

Decision-Making

5 Timing and cognitive processing in a dyadic framework: What gaps in conversation can teach us

Felicia Roberts* Purdue University

Language

6 A Random Permutation Model Over Fuzzy Objects

Brent Kievit-Kylar*, Michael Jones Indiana University

Language

7 The effect of listener expectation on cross-dialect sentence intelligibility

Abby Walker*, Kodi Weatherholtz, Cynthia Clopper The Ohio State University

Language

8 fNIRS brain imaging investigation of “bilingual cognitive advantage” in young children.

Lourdes Delgado Reyes*, Maria Arredondo, Silvia Bisconti, Ka I Ip, Teresa Satterfield, Ioulia Kovelman University of Michigan

Language

9 Sentences with Ambiguous Pronouns: How Do We Resolve/Understand Them?

David Bender* Indiana University

Language

10 Information Accumulation for Recognition: Dynamic Presentation and Diagnosticity

Nicholas Lewis*, Gregory Cox, Richard Shiffrin Indiana University

Memory

11 OI Effect in 4AFC, Target vs. Foil Rui Cao*, Richard Shiffrin

Indiana University

Memory

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12 An a priori and Parameter‐Free Quantum Model for Cognitive Measurement Order Effects

Zheng (Joyce) Wang*, Tyler Solloway, Jerome Busemeyer Ohio State University; Indiana University Bloomington

Methodology

13 Dissecting the Leviathan: Lessons on Social Homeostasis from Occupy Wall Street

Coulter Loeb* University of Cincinnati

Other

14 Longitudinal analysis of social networks in dreams

Hye Joo Han* Purdue University

Other

15 Mechanistic Explanation and Mutual Manipulability

Daniel Pearlberg* Ohio State University

Other

16 Association as a Semantic level construct; or, why there are no associations in the brain.

Mike Dacey* Washington University St. Louis

Other

17 A retinotopically-based compatibility bias: Task-irrelevant location information influences object identity judgments

Colin Kupitz*, The Ohio State University; Julie Golomb The Ohio State University

Perception

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Simultaneously enhancing one location while suppressing another

Rachael Gwinn*, Andrew Leber, Ryan O'Toole The Ohio State University

Perception

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Talk and Poster Abstracts: May 18th

, 2013

Talk Session A

9:00am – 9:30am Differentiating among mechanisms for integrating multiple sources of mate choice information Robert Bowers Indiana University Information about the mate choices of others is apparent and abundant in many social settings. Humans, like several other species, use such information when making their own mate choices, preferring mates that are apparently preferred by others (mate-choice copying). How this occurs is not well understood. Past mate-choice copying work has focused on changes in preference following presentation of only a single source of mate choice information. However, in many real mating circumstances, observers have access to a great deal of social information from multiple models choosing and rejecting mates. How do mate seekers integrate multiple sources of social information? Discerning the form of such integration is important not only for a complete functional description of the operation of mate-choice copying, but furthermore such analyses begin to address questions about mechanism, helping to differentiate among models of cognitive processing. Specifically, we compare a summing hypothesis, by which each interested or disinterested model independently impacts ratings, with a copy-the-majority hypothesis, by which the observer aggregates available information and changes ratings based on whether more models show interest or disinterest. We present female subjects with four independent sources of mate choice information about each of several men: real speed-dating videos featuring the focal male with a female model. We found that change of ratings of a focal individual rise monotonically

with the number of models showing interest, and to levels well beyond those observed in previous studies using comparable methods with only one model each.

9:30am – 10:00am The impact of post-decisional information on confidence judgments Shuli Yu Michigan State University While single-stage cognitive models of decision making assume that confidence and choice happen simultaneously, research comparing choice accuracy and confidence ratings, especially in the field of eyewitness testimony, demonstrates that a person’s confidence may not be as good a predictor of accuracy as commonly believed because confidence judgments are easily influenced by extraneous information introduced after choice. We investigated if we could alter confidence directly by changing the quality of stimulus information made available after a choice. Participants judged the motion direction of a noisy field of dots immediately after hearing a first beep and rated their confidence in their choice immediately after hearing a second beep. We varied the onset of the second beep to manipulate the time taken to estimate confidence and altered the post-decision stimulus discriminability after choice. Results show that when stimulus discriminability was the same, longer confidence processing times led to better confidence resolution because confidence in errors reduced over time while confidence in corrects remained constant. This implies that judges continue to accumulate evidence after choice in a state-dependent fashion, where confirming evidence has a decreasing impact on confidence, but disconfirming evidence has increasing impact on confidence. Moreover, the effect of improved resolution with time was strengthened when stimulus discriminability improved after choice, but was attenuated when stimulus discriminability was reduced. This result is consistent with recent models of confidence that assume post-decisional processing of evidence and suggests that the quality of stimulus information presented after choice contributes to the accuracy of confidence judgments.

9:00am – 10:30am

Decision Making Psychology Building 02

Session Chair: Peter Kvam

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10:00am – 10:30am Interference Effects from Choice on Confidence Peter Kvam Michigan State University In many areas of cognitive science and particularly in modeling, we rely on the

assumption that information can be simply read from a cognitive system

without interfering with ongoing processes. This implies that measuring the

belief that one event will occur over another (choice) does not affect

perceptions of these events’ likelihoods. Previous studies have shown strong

evidence that choice affects subsequent information processing, which is not

predicted by most classical probability models of binary choice. However, this

sort of interference arises naturally out of a quantum random walk model. We

test these conflicting predictions in a simple binary perceptual choice task, in

which participants watch a field of moving dots and gauge their leftward or

rightward movement. Participants had to either make a choice about which

direction the dots were moving (choice) or execute a simple motor task (click),

and then make a confidence judgment expressing their degree of belief that the

dots were moving left or right. We found that distributions of confidence

following choice and click were nearly identical, but this was likely due to a lack

of post-processing of the stimuli (between choice/click and confidence rating).

However, the results support the conclusion that initial processing of stimuli

does not change based on an impending decision. In addition, we show that

while a successful classical probability model (two-stage dynamic signal

detection) provides better fits to most individuals’ choice proportions and

confidence distributions, the quantum random walk can provide a similar or

better account for others.

9:00am – 9:30am The Loaded Simon Effect Lassiter Speller The Ohio State University Previous research has investigated the effects of several attentional tasks at varying levels of difficulty; the current project seeks to extend this area of psychological research. The Simon effect (SE) occurs when participants are asked to make a forced-choice, time-critical spatial judgment based on some identifying feature (Simon, 1990). Versions of this task have been introduced (De Houwer & Eelen, 1998) and in this study, a visual form of the SE task and three memory-related variants were given to subjects (N=37). In the first block, subjects responded to SE stimuli by deciding if the arrow/dot combination was either congruent or incongruent. In the subsequent blocks (2-4), we attempted to add complexity to the standard SE task by combining free recall (FR), serial recall (SR), and sum total (ST) tasks. This meant that subjects now had additional responsibility for remembering all odd numbers (FR and SR), or for keeping a running total of all odd numbers (ST). Preliminary results from repeated measures ANOVA show that means (for both accuracy and reaction time) were significantly different, exhibiting an exaggerated Simon effect. That is, in the modified SE tasks, participants performed worse than the standard SE task (all ps <.002). Whereas there are limitations for the current pilot study, the current results suggest that this variant of the SE task can be a useful tool in understanding automatic attentional processes under varying cognitive loads.

9:00am – 10:30am

Perception Psychology Building 10

Session Chair: Fabio Leite

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9:30am – 10:00am Not just for binding anymore: Using neural synchronization to understand sensory integration and sensory enhancement in rattlesnakes, cats and humans Vincent Billock Air Force Research Laboratory Information combination problems are ubiquitous in cognitive science. In perception two manifestations of these problems are sensory integration and sensory binding – two extremely similar problems separated by a vast methodological gulf. The dominant paradigm of binding theory is neural synchronization, while sensory integration is built on observations of bimodal neurons. These cells typically show large increases in firing rates for bimodal presentation of weak stimuli, but little improvement for strong stimuli, a finding known as the Principle of Inverse Enhancement. It would be useful if there were a bridge linking these two fields. The best case for such a bridge is the rattlesnake, which has two dissimilar visual systems, one for light and one for heat. Although this sounds like a binding problem, the rattlesnake has been studied using the methods of sensory integration. Many cells in rattlesnake optic tectum are sensitive only to light but can be strongly modulated by heat stimuli, or vice versa. We modeled these cells by assuming that they are members of synchronized pairs of excitatory-coupled neurons. We ignore the usual weak coupling assumption and replace it with Goldilocks’ coupling: coupling is kept as strong as possible without distorting spike amplitudes. The same synchronized neuron model, without any parameter changes, accounts for a population of cells in cat visual cortex whose firing rates are enhanced by auditory stimuli. It also produces enhancements quite similar to those described psychophysically, both in human sensory integration and intriguingly, in human color vision. Because neural synchronization is a generic mechanism in cortex and thalamus, this information combination model may have broad applicability.

10:00am – 10:30am Modeling visual search with racing diffusion processes Fabio Leite The Ohio State University In perceptual decisions based on simple stimuli, what happens with the

decision processes and with non-decision perceptual and motor processes as

the number of alternatives increases? Following Leite and Ratcliff (2010),

response time and accuracy data were collected from a multiple-location search

paradigm in which stimulus difficulty and probability of the response

alternatives were varied along with number of response alternatives (viz., two,

four, and eight locations). In light of the question above, I will discuss the

results from fitting sequentialsampling models using racing diffusion

processes to the data. Key observations were that the degree of caution

increased as the number of alternatives increased (consistent with previous

findings), non-decision encoding time did not increase monotonically with

number of alternatives (as it could be inferred based on previous paradigms),

and that a parameter in the model could capture the effects of instructions on

unavailable alternatives (in the cases of two and four alternatives, in

comparison to eight-alternative trials).

9:00am – 9:30am Multi-dimensions of Media Multitasking Zheng (Joyce) Wang The Ohio State University It is widely known that media multitasking is detrimental to cognitive performance (e.g., Armstrong & Chung, 2000) and cognitive functions (e.g., Ophir, Nass, & Wanger, 2009), and even can be life-threatening (e.g., McCartt, Hellinga, & Bratiman, 2006). However, media saturation and convergent technologies have made media multitasking a way of life (Rideout, Foehr, & Roberts, 2010). This study identifies 11 cognitive dimensions of media multitasking which have been pinpointed across theories and empirical research on mediated information processing and effects. This provides a conceptual framework that helps with comparing and synthesizing media multitasking studies in the literature. In addition, using two empirical data sets (a survey and an experience sampling study), we start to examine how these cognitive dimensions can predict our adaptive choices and frequencies of media multitasking behavior in our daily life, and explore the interacting nature of some of the cognitive dimensions on media multitasking choices. Systematic understanding of the multiple cognitive dimensions of media multitasking should foster theory-guided designs of media tasks, technologies, and environments which curb negative consequences of media multitasking and utilize its benefits.

9:00am – 10:30am

Miscellaneous/Other Psychology Building 14

Session Chair: Mark Herman

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9:30am – 10:00am Explanatory Anti-Psychologism and the Norms of Use for ‘Explanation’ Andrew Higgins University of Illinois Philosophers of science often assert that explanations are not constituted by psychological events (e.g., feelings of insight, understanding, or satisfaction), and thus psychological research can contribute little to their investigation of explanations. A common argument for the first assertion runs as follows: There are cases (viz., hyper-complex models) that are generally agreed to constitute explanations but that are, because of their vast complexity, incapable of engendering any relevant psychological events. We hypothesize, against prevailing philosophical wisdom, that a certain psychological event, termed intelligibility, is regarded by both laypeople and scientists as constitutive of explanations and that this commitment will show up in their classifications of the kinds of cases at issue. Our hypothesis is backed by a series of experiments involving lay and scientific populations. In our first experiment, we found that a population of individuals with varying levels of scientific training was overall less likely to regard a model as an explanation (despite it being flush with other theoretical virtues) when they are led to believe that the model’s complexity prevents it from rendering the target happening intelligible to anyone. Scientific training, we found, was a poor predictor of classification judgments. In our second experiment we utilized more naturally worded materials (adapted from a published article); we switched from a Likert scale to a forced-choice paradigm; and we more effectively hid the purpose of the experiment (by disguising the key as part of a comprehension task). Despite all of these changes, the same pattern of results persisted. Our third experiment replicated this finding utilizing a population of professional scientists.

10:00am – 10:30am Is ‘Cognitive Heuristic’ an Adequate Scientific Concept? Disambiguating Causal and “Contrastive” Explanation Mark Herman Bowling Green State University Human intuition is prone to cognitive biases (i.e., systematic errors). Many such biases are attributed to intuitive processes called “cognitive heuristics” (i.e., reasoning shortcuts). Since cognitive heuristics are unobservable, theoretical posits, their scientific adequacy depends upon their doing explanatory work. Referring to the referents of “heuristics” does explanatory work in causal explanations of biases. Thus, extensionally, “heuristic” does causal explanatory work. However, intensionally, “heuristic” is explanatorily and inductively problematic. ‘Heuristic’ is distinguished from contrast-class members (e.g.,

‘algorithm’) by the feature, being-a-shortcut (e.g., using ease-of-recall as a proxy for probability). Those referents’ being-a-shortcut and constituting-a-heuristic is causally irrelevant to the manifestation of biases. Thus, referring to those referents as “heuristics” (vs. “processes”) does no causal explanatory work. As such, in a causal explanatory context, “heuristic” is intensionally problematic. However, biases are “contrasts” (between actual and ideally rational judgments). Their explanation requires explaining judgments’ instantiation of systematic error. Biases are distorted by causal explanation to yield the explanandum, judgments that instantiate systematic error. With the former, instantiating-systematic-error is a property whose possession must be explained; with the latter, the property merely demarcates the explanandum. The former is explained by “contrastive explanation.” Within such, heuristics’ being-a-shortcut and the intension of “heuristic” do explanatory work. As such, “cognitive heuristics” are adequate theoretical posits in a contrastive explanatory context and ‘heuristic’ is a scientifically adequate concept. Nevertheless, “heuristic” and “bias” remain susceptible to conflations and equivocations between their contrastive and (putative) causal variations; this can inhibit scientific progress and warrants caution.

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Talk Session B

11:00am –11:30am Openness/intellect predicts critical item intrusions in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott Paradigm Matt Gillespie The Ohio State University Unique to the human experience is the fact that who we are as individuals profoundly influences how we construe and perceive the world around us. Although we vary widely and measurably across broad personality domains, little research has acknowledged the significance of individual differences in cognitive processes, instead classifying most of this variability as measurement error. Openness/intellect is a Big Five personality dimension associated with intelligence, intellect, creativity, and imagination (DeYoung, 2007), so it is likely that high-openness/intellect individuals construct richer, more interconnected representations of their experiences. Therefore, we hypothesized that these individuals are more likely to rely on semantic memory to guide retrieval than their low-openness/ intellect peers. Specifically, we predicted that openness/intellect is a reliable predictor of critical item intrusions (i.e., ‘false memories’) during free recall of lists in the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995). In addition, we predicted that an aspect of the openness/intellect trait (‘intellect,’ as measured by the Big Five Aspect Scales), would predict greater overall veridical recall than a second openness/intellect aspect, ‘openness.’ Using a generalized linear mixed effects model, we demonstrate that openness/intellect better explains an individual’s propensity toward critical item intrusions than either the random effects of subject and critical item or an individual’s overall recall performance. The demonstration of a simple personality measure reliably predicting false memories highlights the importance of understanding individual differences in

cognitive processes and indicates the potential for these differences to play a greater role in future cognitive modeling and research efforts.

11:30am – 12:00pm

Constraints on theories of serial order memory revisited: The cases of the fill-in and protrusion effects Adam Osth The Ohio State University In his seminal dissertation, Henson (1996) identified a number of constraints on theories of serial order memory. Two constraints, the fill-in constraint, in which an item that is erroneously recalled early is likely to be followed by its predecessor rather than its successor (recall of ACB is more likely than ACD), and the protrusion constraint, in which prior list intrusions are likely to be recalled in the same output position as their previous serial position, were considered evidence against chaining theories. We present results from two experiments which investigate the extent to which these effects are dependent on experimental methodology. When participants are given a large experimental vocabulary, a robust in-fill effect was observed (sequence ACD was more likely than ACB) and a protrusion effect was obtained. However, when a closed set was employed or participants instead used a reconstruction of order task, a fill-in effect was observed. Implications for theories of serial order memory are discussed.

12:00pm – 12:30pm Using Life-logging to Assess Memory for When Vishnu Sreekumar The Ohio State University With the advent of sensor technology, it is now possible to measure people’s

lives outside of the laboratory and provide better ecological validity for studies

of episodic memory. Subjects in this study wore smartphones around their

necks that automatically captured images from their everyday activities. At the

end of each day, subjects segmented the stream of images into distinct contexts

and tagged each context using activity, people and place cues. A week

discrimination test was administered after a retention interval of 5 days. The

serial position curves for proportion correct show the characteristic U-shape

with primacy and recency within each week except that performance drops for

the Monday of the second week. This is reminiscent of backward telescoping

effects. Furthermore, people make decisions more rapidly for images drawn

from the Thursday of the second week. This implies a context effect since the

11:00am – 12:30pm

Memory Psychology Building 02

Session Chair: Vishnu Sreekumar

18

testing is done on a Thursday as well. These are novel patterns of data obtained

in an ecologically valid setting that differ in substantive ways from equivalent

laboratory studies. Current and future mathematical models of memory need to

be informed by such ecologically valid data.

11:00am – 11:30am Sparse Reconstruction for Improving the Perceptual Quality of Binary Masked Speech Donald Williamson The Ohio State University We propose an approach for improving the perceptual quality of speech separated by binary masking through the use of sparse reconstruction in the time-frequency domain. Sparse reconstruction uses a linear combination of a small number of basis vectors to represent the time-frequency units of a speech signal. In our approach, the Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) of separated speech is represented as a sparse linear combination of STFTs from a clean speech dictionary. Binary masking for separation is generated from deep neural network (DNN) classifiers. The Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ), which is a standard objective speech quality measure, is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. The results show that the proposed approach improves the perceptual quality of binary masked speech, and outperforms traditional time-frequency reconstruction approaches.

11:30am – 12:00pm Perceived duration of deviant auditory oddballs: Test of a novel pitch-window hypothesis Elisa Kim Michigan State University Durations of deviant (oddball) stimuli embedded within a series of otherwise identical (standard) stimuli tend to be overestimated. In the following experiment, we used a tone-sequence paradigm to test a novel pitch-window hypothesis, which predicts that when most events (tones) occur within a fixed pitch window (range), rare events occurring outside this window will be perceived to be longer than rare events occurring within this window, regardless of absolute pitch distance of those rare events from the pitch of a standard (referent) tone. On each trial, participants heard an isochronous nine-tone sequence consisting of eight 350-ms 400-Hz standard tones and one embedded oddball tone, which differed in pitch from the standards, in the 5th - 8th sequence position. Participants judged whether the variable-duration oddball was ‘shorter’ or ‘longer’ in duration than the standard. Participants were randomly assigned to either a narrow pitch-window context, wherein a near-pitch (550-Hz) oddball was presented on 75% of trials, or to a wide pitch-window context, wherein a far-pitch (850-Hz) oddball was presented on 75% of trials. In both contexts, an intermediate-pitch (700-Hz) oddball was presented on the remaining 25% of trials – thus occurring either within (wide context) or outside (narrow context) the pitch window. Consistent with the proposed pitch-window hypothesis, results indicate that the same (700-hz) oddball was perceived to be longer when presented in the narrow context (outside the window) than when it was presented in the wide context (within the window).

12:00pm – 12:30pm Disrupting local structure impairs human scene categorization more than disrupting global texture Heeyoung Choo The Ohio State University People can accurately categorize natural scenes with brief presentations (Potter, 1975). It has been suggested that this efficient processing is mediated by global texture, e.g., orientation and spatial frequency (Oliva & Torralba, 2001). Recent work, however, showed that local structure, e.g., vertex types and angles, can explain human scene categorization (Shen & Walther, 2012). Here we independently manipulated the availability of global texture or local structure of scenes. Experiment 1 selectively removed either category-specific amplitude information or phase information of an image by normalizing amplitude or phase across all images. These manipulated images along with intact images were presented to participants briefly to categorize the images

11:00am – 12:30pm

Perception Psychology Building 10

Session Chair: Heeyoung Choo

19

into beaches, city streets, forests, highways, mountains, and offices. Although removal of phase and amplitude both caused a significant decrease in accuracy, removal of phase was significantly more detrimental than removal of amplitude. In addition, error patterns were significantly correlated between the intact and amplitude-removed images, but not between the intact and phase-removed images. Experiment 2 manipulated the visual features available in line drawings. Specifically, we used intact line drawings of natural scenes, contour-shifted line drawings, in which vertex information was distorted, and rotated line drawings, in which orientation information was distorted. The results showed not only a higher accuracy for rotated than contour-shifted images, but also a significant correlation in error patterns between intact and rotated images, but not between intact and contour-shifted images. Moreover, error patterns were significantly correlated between phase-removed and contour-shifted as well as between amplitude-removed and rotated images in spite of a large difference in pixel-by-pixel similarity. Our findings together suggest that human scene categorization relies more on local structure than global texture.

11:00am – 11:30am The influence of hunger on categorical perception of food and non-food items Joshua De Leeuw Indiana University Does hunger level change how we categorize objects? Internal states can impact perceptual judgments - desire for an object makes it seem closer, and being thirsty makes objects seem more transparent. Here we test whether an internal state (hunger level) can change the perceived category identity of an object. Subjects saw a series of ambiguous images, generated by morphing between food and non-food items. They were asked to report whether the image looked more like the food item or the non-food item. Subjects also completed a self-report questionnaire about their current level of hunger. We tested the hypothesis that an increase in self-reported hunger correlates with an expansion of the food-item categories, consistent with the idea that an

increase in hunger would cause more objects to appear appetizing and food-like. We compare the results to previous research and discuss the implications for perception-cognition interactions.

11:30am – 12:00pm Mostly Categorical but also Continuous Representation of Emotions in the Brain: An fMRI study Shichuan Du The Ohio State University The old question of how emotions are represented in the brain has resulted in a fierce debate between the proponents of the continuous versus categorical models. The continuous model argues for the same set of brain regions to differentially respond to all emotion categories. In contrast, the categorical model argues for a distinct set of areas consistently and specifically active for distinct basic categories of emotion. To test these two models, we use fMRI to determine whether the brain regions associated with the perception of six basic facial expressions of emotion (happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust and fear) plus neutral best fit the continuous or the categorical model. We used a block design with eight runs of fourteen blocks each. Each block includes six sample images of the same emotion category. Each face is shown for 1.5 seconds followed by a blank screen for .5 seconds. Blocks are separated by 13 seconds with blank screen. Category order in each run is randomized. After each run, subjects are shown two images and asked to indicate which of the two images had been previously shown by button press. Five subjects successfully completed the task. We used searchlight with linear discriminant analysis to classify each pair of categories in a leave-one-block-out test, yielding 70% to 90% classification accuracy (chance 50%) in each subject with p<.05. The most discriminant areas were then mapped into a standard brain to identity common areas. Only regions consistently active in at least four subjects were kept. Most identified brain regions are consistently and specifically active for one category only (e.g., left SFG for happiness), but a few are common over several categories (e.g., left STS in sadness, anger, fear and surprise). These results suggest the brain includes a categorical and a continuous representation of facial expressions of emotion.

12:00pm – 12:30pm Are Acoustical Categories Easier to Learn than Visual Categories? Investigating the Nature of Auditory Concepts Karina-Mikayla Barcus Ohio University One of the seminal findings in the field of human categorization research involves the learning difficulty ordering of the six category structures

11:00am – 12:30pm

Concepts Psychology Building 14

Session Chair: Karina-Mikayla Barcus

20

associated with stimulus sets with four objects defined over three dimensions. This ordering is very robust and has been studied extensively and duplicated in several rigorous studies (Kruschke, 1992; Love et al., 2004; Nosofsky et al., 1994; Shepard et al., 1961; Vigo, 2011a, 2012). However, the category structures tested have always involved visual stimuli. In this study, we investigated categorization performance on this key family of structures using acoustical stimuli. We found that, for acoustical stimuli, the learning difficulty ordering of these structures is considerably different from that of their visual counterparts. This finding poses a new and important challenge for nearly every existing model of human categorization behavior. Unlike prominent theories and models, we were able to explain these differences and to predict the observed orderings for both visual and acoustical category structures using generalized invariance structure theory (Vigo, 2012).

Talk Session C

1:30pm –2:00pm Effects of Perceptual Similarity and Encoding Strategy in Recognition Memory Gregory Cox Indiana University Using a novel class of artificial stimuli that lack preexperimental associations or encoding strategies, we manipulated both the similarity and value of items in a set of recognition memory experiments. Varying the similarity among studied items and between targets and foils allowed us to assess effects of pure perceptual similarity whilst varying the value (positive or negative) of studied items induced encoding strategies that could emphasize memory for certain types of item features. Using a novel stochastic signal detection model, we found that blocked presentation and increased category size of studied items

lead to poorer encoding of individual items, indicating that participants fail to encode distinctive features when list homogeneity is increased. Further, although items with negative values are given more weight when making recognition decisions--and negative values are more likely to be retrieved correctly than positive values--this comes at the cost of poor encoding of the item's perceptual features, a sign that participants attempt to find overlapping--rather than distinctive--features among items with negative value. Finally, we apply our model to participants' response dynamics to discover different retrieval rates for perceptual and value information.

2:00pm – 2:30pm

The Development of Episodic Memory: Items, Contexts, and Relations Hyungwook Yim The Ohio State University Episodic memory involves the formation of relational structures that bind information about the stimuli people experience to the contexts in which they experience them. The ability to form and/or retain such structures may be at the core of the development of episodic memory. In Experiment 1, 4- and 7-year-olds were presented with paired-associate learning tasks requiring memory structures of different complexity. A Multinomial Processing Tree (MPT) model was applied to estimate the use of different structures across the age groups. The use of two-way list-context-to-target structures and three-way structures were found to increase between the ages of 4 and 7. Experiment 2 demonstrated that (a) the ability to form increasingly complex relational memory structures undergoes development and (b) the development extends well into adulthood. These results have important implications for theories of memory development.

2:30pm – 3:00pm Etiology of Working Memory in Relation to Math Outcomes Sarah Lukowski The Ohio State University Numerous studies suggest that working memory is correlated with math skills. The present study extends this work to examine whether the genetic and/or environmental etiology of working memory overlaps with that of math achievement. Participants from the larger ongoing Western Reserve Reading and Math Project (N=103 MZ (identical) and N=138 DZ (same-sex fraternal) twin pairs), took part in home visits at which mathematics assessments were collected. Children were approximately 12 years old at the time of testing (M=12.20, SD=1.20). In addition to psychometric measures of mathematics, children completed two memory tasks: spatial working memory (Corsi Blocks)

1:30pm – 3:00pm

Memory Psychology Building 02

Session Chair: Sarah Lukowski

21

and verbal working memory (Memory for Digits). These measures were examined using structural equation modeling to estimate additive genetic, shared environmental and non-shared environmental contributions to the relationships among working memory and mathematics achievement. Univariate results indicate that math achievement has significant additive genetic (a2=0.43 – 0.45) and non-shared environmental influences (e2=0.25 – 0.29). Shared environmental influences are significant (c2=0.32) for math problem solving. Both verbal and spatial working memory have significant additive genetic (a2=0.74 verbal, 0.48 spatial) and non-shared environmental influences (e2=0.26 verbal, 0.49 spatial), but shared environmental influences are non-significant. Multivariate results indicate that additive genetic influences related to verbal and spatial working memory overlap with mathematics, accounting for 6 – 28% of the variance in math achievement. There is little overlap of shared environmental influences. Results indicate that while both verbal and spatial working memory capture some of the genetic variance in math achievement, spatial working memory is a stronger predictor of the genetic underpinnings of math achievement.

1:30pm – 2:00pm Intention and the Use of Voluntary and Involuntary Control in Motor Performance Auriel Washburn University of Cincinnati Previous research has demonstrated that the manipulation of environmental constraints can influence the relative amounts of voluntary and involuntary control employed by a person to complete a task, as well as the resulting structure of performance variability. Generally, it appears that the voluntary control required when no constraints are present leads to self-similar changes in performance, some constraint provides involuntary control that leads to random fluctuations in performance, and constraint which provides feedback about performance accuracy can result in anti-persistent variability. The current study investigated whether providing two groups of individuals with

different intentions for the same task would produce changes in voluntary and involuntary control similar to that observed following the manipulation of task constraints. Results indicated that a difference in intention does result in divergent uses of voluntary and involuntary control and distinctly different structures in performance variability.

2:00pm – 2:30pm Coordination in a Distributed Temporal Estimation Task John Holden University of Cincinnati Synchronous patterns are found throughout the natural world. Scientists use the mathematics of coupled oscillators to model synchrony. Synchrony results when one sub-system exhibiting a sinusoidal oscillation function affects the oscillation of another sub-system within the larger system. These oscillations can also be driven by an external source. This experiment tests for evidence of cognitive synchronization distributed across participants in a dyadic temporal estimation task. Individual participants take turns attempting to estimate approximately 700 milliseconds (ms) by pressing a key after a visual stimulus has been shown to them for what they perceive to be this duration of time. The key manipulation is the insertion of sinusoidal variation in the sequence of inter-trial intervals (ITIs), but only for one participant in the dyad. We then use the tools of oscillator dynamics to test if the other participant becomes entrained to the sinusoidal pattern. Each dyadic group participates in one of five conditions concerning the modulation of the inter-trial interval (ITI): with a high-frequency sine wave, a low-frequency sine wave, an additive sine wave, random variations, or held constant at 700 ms.

2:30pm – 3:00pm Dynamics of Simon Says: The Structure of Response Behavior During Joint-Action MaryLauren Malone University of Cincinnati Research investigating joint-action stimulus-response compatibility (JSRC)

effects suggest that knowing what another person’s task is during joint action is

the means by which an individual can understand others’ action intentions and

points to shared representations as the basis of this integration or modulation

process. Although this co-representation hypothesis is compelling, it is unclear

how these co-representational structures are formed and how the causal

processes involved in such representations actually modulate the movement

dynamics of ongoing joint activity. Here we present data from several studies

that examined whether JSRC effects can result from dynamic entrainment

processes, whereby joint-action modulation is the result of the complex

1:30pm – 3:00pm

Dynamical Systems Psychology Building 10

Session Chair: MaryLauren Malone

22

couplings that bind actors to each other and to their environment. Employing a

number of standard joint stimulus-response compatibility paradigms (i.e., joint

Simon type tasks), we examined the dynamic structure of joint response

behavior using various fractal statistics and dynamical time-series methods.

Collectively, the results provide evidence that self-organizing (interaction-

dominant) dynamical processes of entrainment may underlie social stimulus-

response compatibility effects and shape joint cognitive processes in general.

1:30pm – 2:00pm Learning Object Labels with Semantic Space Models Brent Kievit-Kylar Indiana University Learning labels for concepts is an essential aspect of child language learning. Children do not learn these labels in clean laboratory conditions but through natural interaction or observation, typically with an adult. In these conditions, there is the potential for complications such as the absence of matches between objects and words, or the presence of words that do not refer to any objects, making this a complex problem. An annotated version of the CHILDES corpus (Frank et al. 2007) provides an ideal testing ground for label learning as it includes naturalistic sentences as well as a list of objects that were seen by the child when the sentences are spoken. A field of new models has been created to solve this complex problem, mostly based on Bayesian mechanisms or innate constraint strategies. We take a different approach here and provide a general framework for transforming any existing semantic space model into a word-concept pair learning model. We compare these models as well as existing label learning models to a gold standard of word-concept pairings, and find that the semantic models perform comparably or superiorly to existing models. Noticing that first order co-occurrence models correctly predict different pairings than higher order semantic space models, we describe a series of hybrid models that are weighted combinations of existing models. These hybrid models are shown to far exceed the performance of any single model on its own.

2:00pm – 2:30pm The Mental Representation of Plurals Nikole Patson The Ohio State University We investigated the format of sentence comprehenders’ plural mental representations using a picture-matching paradigm (Zwaan et al., 2002). Participants read sentences that ended with either a singular noun phrase (NP, e.g., crayon), a quantified-plural NP (two crayons), or a plural definite description (crayons) and then saw a picture of one, two, or more than two referents for the NP. Participants judged whether the pictured item(s) were mentioned in the sentence. Judgment times to confirm that the picture included something mentioned in the sentence showed an interaction between the NP’s grammatical number and NP-picture match. For singular NPs and quantified NPs, participants were reliably faster to respond “yes” to a picture that had the same number of objects represented, but for plural definite descriptions, the effect of the number of pictured items was not reliable. These results suggest that comprehenders mentally represent number information when it is specified. This is consistent with work showing that comprehenders create detailed, image-like mental representations of linguistic content (e.g., Zwaan et al.). These results further suggest that: (1) our default mental representations for plurals with unspecified numerocities are no more similar to images of small sets of multiple items than to images of singular items; and (2) the difference between singular and plural mental representations is unlikely to be simply the presence or absence of a plural feature. The results are consistent with theories in which plurality is unmarked, such that plural definite descriptions can sometimes refer to singular items (Sauerland et al., 2005).

2:30pm – 3:00pm Modeling the Binding of Implicit Arguments in Complement Clauses in ACT-R/Double-R Jerry Ball Air Force Research Laboratory Double-R, which stands for referential and relational, is a computational cognitive linguistic theory of the processing of linguistic expressions into representations which encode grammatically expressed and implied aspects of referential and relational meaning. In addition to being a cognitive linguistic theory, Double-R is implemented as a computational cognitive model in the ACT-R cognitive architecture and adopts the cognitive constraints of ACT-R. Double-R also adheres to two well-established cognitive constraints on Human Language Processing (HLP): incremental and interactive processing. Double-R processes written linguistic expressions incrementally, one word or multi-word unit at a time and interactively uses all available information to make the best choice at each choice point. In addition, Double-R incorporates a non-

1:30pm – 3:00pm

Language Psychology Building 14 Session Chair: Jerry Ball

23

monotonic mechanism of context accommodation which is capable of making modest adjustments to the evolving representation in the right context. The result is a pseudo-deterministic language processing capability, a capability that presents the appearance and efficiency of deterministic processing despite the rampant ambiguity that makes truly deterministic processing impossible. Double-R has been under research and development in ACT-R since 2002. Currently, the computational implementation consists of more than 1100 productions which express grammatical knowledge and nearly 58,000 declarative memory chunks. The current focus of research is on modeling the binding and co-reference of referring expressions within (intra-sentential) and across (inter-sentential) sentences. This paper addresses the modeling of the intra-sentential binding of implicit arguments of complement clauses, motivating the introduction of grammatical function specific buffers (subject, object), the representation of grammatical features (number, animacy, gender), and the encoding of verb preferences (transitive vs. intransitive; subject vs. object control).

Talk Session D

3:30pm –4:00pm An Extended Bayesian Analysis of Recognition Memory Simon Dennis The Ohio State University Dennis, Lee and Kinnell (2008) proposed a Bayesian method for analyzing yes/no recognition memory experiments that has several advantages over standard approaches. The technique is able to provide evidence in favor of both the alternate and null hypotheses, can be used iteratively as data becomes available, estimates the proportion of subjects that conform to either the null or

alternate hypothesis rather than making inferences about means, is applicable with small sample sizes, adjusts for edge effects in hit and false alarm counts in a principled manner and properly accounts for uncertainty in hit and false alarm rates given counts. In this work, we extend the analysis to apply to between subjects designs and to properly incorporate uncertainty about the ratio of standard deviations of new and old distributions of memory strength.

4:00pm – 4:30pm

Hierarchical Bayesian Analysis of the Mean Interaction Contrast Joseph Houpt Wright State University Systems Factorial Technology (SFT) is a powerful framework for analyzing cognitive processes by measuring response times. SFT analysis determines whether a cognitive system processes information in parallel or serially, and whether all information (exhaustive) or only partial information (self-terminating) is used. Two of the main SFT measures are the survivor interaction contrast (SIC), which is based on the analysis of reaction time distributions, and the mean interaction contrast (MIC), which is based on the analysis of mean reaction times. Although the SIC is more diagnostic than the MIC, the MIC is more practical to measure and analyze as fewer trials are required to estimate a mean than a full distribution. In this paper we propose an integration of the hierarchical Bayesian analysis of the MIC statistic. Our goal is to improve the diagnostic powers of SFT by looking at (1) Both individual differences and group level data, and (2) Potentially reduce the number of trials required for SFT analysis. We compared the new hierarchical Bayesian method to existing MIC and SIC statistical tests on both simulated and real data to demonstrate the advantages of this new approach.

4:30pm – 5:00pm A Snake Wiggle of Reaction Time Functions to Indicate Holistic Perception Mario Fific Grand Valley State University We analyzed the underlying fundamental processes engaged in forming holistic perceptual representations. The subjects participated in a face categorization task over multiple sessions. We applied the systems factorial technology (SFT) to analyze the properties of the observed response time (RT) distributions. The key statistic was a survivor interaction contrast function (SIC). Over the course of extensive practice, the observed SICs exhibited a specific pattern of shape transformations that could be described as a "snake wiggle". The observed SIC signature indicated that the processing mechanism behind holistic perception relies on strong positive facilitation between feature detectors, within the

3:30pm – 5:00pm

Methodology Psychology Building 02

Session Chair: Mario Fific

24

parallel mental network. The converging evidence is provided by the additional qualitative RT test (Fific, Little & Nosofsky, 2010).

3:30pm – 4:00pm Recruitment of Degrees of Freedom based on Multimodal Information about Interlimb Coordination Laura Bachus University of Cincinnati Recent studies have demonstrated that less stable rhythmic coordination

patterns can be stabilized by recruiting additional degrees of freedom (df) that

are not necessary for the movement itself. For example, during antiphase

bimanual pendulum coordination, increasing movement rate results in

elliptical rather than planar motion and recruitment of forearm motion (e.g.,

Buchanan & Kelso, 1999). By decoupling visual information about movement

from actual movement, previous research has also demonstrated that less

stable coordination patterns can be stabilized when visual information

corresponds to more stable coordination modes (e.g., Mechsner, Kerzel,

Knoblich, & Prinz, 2001). The present research involved participants producing

rhythmic movement patterns in the coronal plane with both hands that were

either visually or biomechanically symmetric or asymmetric and were either

in-phase or anti-phase with one another. In visually symmetric, but

biomechanically asymmetric, conditions an optical gain was applied to the

motion thus requiring asymmetric limb movement to produce visually

symmetric movement. At issue is whether participants recruit df (increased

excursion into the sagittal plane), to stabilize motor coordination during

asymmetric limb movements, and whether visually asymmetric conditions are

differentially stable than biomechanical asymmetries. Participants

spontaneously moved in the non-required sagittal plane (measured by the

average angle relative to the horizontal plane and the average amplitude of

vertical motion). Participants exhibited greater excursion into the sagittal plane

during asymmetric trials, primarily when visual information was also

asymmetric. This suggests that the motor system is recruiting more df from the

unintended plane of motion, perhaps to stabilize overall coordination.

4:00pm – 4:30pm Pupil Dilations and Adaptive Gain Theory in LLDT

Yasaman Kazerooni University of Michigan Adaptive Gain Theory relates modes of activity of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system to performance optimization. Recent studies suggest that the switch between LC phasic and tonic modes of activity can be traced via pupil dilation patterns. The LC phasic mode occurs during episodes of high performance and task exploitation and is accompanied by large task-related pupil dilations and lower pupil baseline. LC tonic mode occurs during episodes of poor performance and exploratory behavior and is linked to higher pupil baseline. Such pupil dilation patterns in a list lexical decision task with varying payoff schemes were examined. The three payoff schemes emphasized either accuracy of responses, speed of responses or a balance between the two factors. The correlation of pupil baseline with pupil dilation, payoff and response time throughout the task was consistent with the predictions made through the Adaptive Gain Theory. Alternations between the LC phasic and tonic mode are apparent throughout the task and are consistent with changes in one’s task performance, as demonstrated in payoff and response time. Moreover, LC phasic and LC tonic alterations are also apparent at a more local level, within a trial, and after fixation on word or nonword stimuli. The difference in correlation between pupil baseline and pupil dilation patterns between the three payoff categories supports the increase in LC phasic mode when the potential cost of exploration is high, and increase in LC tonic mode when the potential cost of exploration is low.

4:30pm – 5:00pm Behavioral Dynamics of Joint-Action and Social Movement Coordination Ashley Walton University of Cincinnati Performing everyday goal-directed tasks such as clearing a table or loading a

dishwasher with a spouse or family member requires movement coordination

that gives rise to and is affected by environmental constraints and designated

action roles. Behavioral dynamics provides a way to understand how this

3:30pm – 5:00pm

Dynamical Systems Psychology Building 10

Session Chair: Ashley Walton

25

coordinated activity between agents emerges and dissolves throughout joint-

action tasks. To describe the self-organizing dynamics of physical interactions

among socially coordinated human agents, a more experimentally controllable

version of every day tasks was created. In a multi-agent object-moving task two

participants moved around a virtual environment depicted on a tabletop from

one location to another. Participants interacted with the virtual tabletop

environment in real time via wireless motion tracking sensors attached to the

hands/fingers. Start, goal positions, and obstacle locations were manipulated to

reveal how these environmental constraints influenced the motion trajectories

and coordination patterns, over the course of the interaction timespan. Results

indicated that what, when, where and how to move or act during a social

interaction can be implicit in the dynamics of the task, and that patterns of

coordinated social movement can emerge spontaneously from these dynamics

with little a priori planning. Finally, a low dimension dynamical model was

formulated to capture the behavioral dynamics observed.

3:30pm – 4:00pm "My doctor told me to….so I did": Linguistic Indicators of Agency and Adherence in Hypertension Online Discussion Forums Emily Polander Wright State University This study examines the relationship between medical patient behavior and patient agency in online forum discourses, using hypertension as our domain of analysis. We code for indicators of adherence, doubt, and non-adherence to medical advice along with linguistic nuances of agency (e.g., patient speaking as actor versus recipient) in 200 hypertension posts from the online forum eHealth. Expected patterns include low-agency individuals who imply adherence (e.g., “My cardio put me on Coreg, Norvasc and Nitro Spray…and it has made a world of difference”) and high-agency and doubt/non-adherence (e.g., “Now I am running 150's/105 daily. I want to try everything before committing to those dreadful meds”). However, incongruent patterns also

occur. Low-agency individuals may initially adhere to medical advice until they observe disconcerting perceptible feedback. These individuals continue to use low-agency language while simultaneously demonstrating behaviors reflecting doubt or non-adherence (e.g., “When I saw another dr a month ago, after he checked my pulse (he was shocked at my low pulse rate) and bp and recommended that I try to "cautiously wean off" atenolol. Thus I stopped taking atenolol…at about the 21th day after I stopped taking atenolol I felt slight headaches and my bp started to go up... So I became concerned and started to take the atenolol again...”). Consistent with Polander and Shalin (2013), our findings suggest that perceptible feedback may prompt doubt or non-adherence in low-agency individuals. Moreover, this dissent from medical authority often manifests itself through non-adherent behaviors while low-agency language persists.

4:00pm – 4:30pm Describing Objects in Visual Scenes: Is Visual Salience Like Conversational Salience? Micha Elsner The Ohio State University When describing an object in a visual scene (referring expression generation; (Krahmer and van Deemter 2012), a speaker must devise an expression which allows a listener to quickly and accurately locate the target. Speakers often do so by describing both the target itself and other objects (landmarks); previous work has shown that objects chosen as landmarks are frequently visually salient-- easy to find by visually searching the scene (Viethen and Dale 2011). However, the relationship between visual salience and the syntax of the resulting linguistic description is still unclear. While objects that are salient because of recent conversational mentions are known to be described differently and in different positions (Prince 1981), it is not clear whether the same patterns hold true for objects that are salient for purely visual reasons. In this study, we present preliminary results on the syntax of a corpus of descriptions of cartoon people in crowded visual scenes drawn from the childrens' book series "Where's Wally". We evaluate visual salience using a computational model (Torralba et al 2006). We investigate speakers' strategies for selecting landmarks, describing them, and positioning them in the description. Finally, we draw comparisons between strategies for describing and positioning visually salient and conversationally salient objects.

3:30pm – 5:00pm

Language Psychology Building 14

Session Chair: Sophia Rammell

26

4:30pm – 5:00pm Perception of Formulaic and Novel Utterances Under Acoustic Degradation: Evidence for a Unitary Memory Trace Sophia Rammell Indiana University It is estimated that formulaic expressions, or idioms, compose up to 25% of conversational speech (Van Lancker & Rallon, 2004). Previous studies have suggested that formulaic expressions are stored in memory as single, unanalyzed units, instead of as individual elements like literal sentences (e.g., Van Lancker, Canter, Terbeek, 1981). To test this prediction, we presented 140 sentences in random order to naïve listeners. Half of the sentences were idioms, and the other half were novel sentences matched for length and phonetic inventory. The first phase of the experiment was a transcription task. All sentences were degraded using a 4-channel CI simulator. In the second phase of the experiment, subjects heard all 140 sentences, again in random order, in the clear. This time, they completed a familiarity rating for each sentence. Pilot data from 22 individuals (ages 18-21 years) were analyzed. Pilot data showed that subjects could correctly identify formulaic expressions more often than novel expressions under degradation. Also, subjects identified expressions they use more often with higher accuracy than those they use less often. Works Cited: Van Lancker, D., & Rallon, G. (2004). Tracking the incidence of formulaic expressions in everyday speech: Methods for classification and verification. Language and Communication, 24, 207-240. Van Lancker, D., Canter, G., & Terbeek, D. (1981). Disambiguation of ditropic sentences: Acoustic and phonetic cues. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 24, 330-335.

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Poster Session A

Poster 1 Restorative value of different categories of environment Jack Nasar The Ohio State University

In agreement with an evolutionary argument, humans distinguish between natural and built categories of environment and find natural environments as more restorative. However, natural environments after dark would threaten survival through their lack of differentiation and prospect. The present study had U.S. and Italian participants view and rate the regenerative capacity (restorativeness) of environments during in day and night conditions. Participants saw 32 color slides of environments that varied in Category (natural or built up) and, from the same position and viewing angle, Light (day or night). The U.S. sample had 54 graduate students (16 women and 35 men) in a City & Regional Planning class. The Italian sample had 23 undergraduate students (21 women and 2 men) in an Educational Science class. We obtained ratings of each environment on the short 5-item Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS). For each group, the five items had high inter-item reliability and were combined for a restorative score. The repeated measure ANOVA showed that for each group Day Nature had the high scores and Night Nature had the lowest scores. The findings agree with evolutionary arguments for nature as restorative, but only during the day. For nature after dark, the findings agree with the threat to survival from the lack of differentiation and prospect. Future research could test other environments and psychophysiological responses (such as saccadic eye movements) to assess the regenerative capacity of the different categories of environment.

Poster 2 Do Contrast Cues Facilitate Concept Learning? Ronaldo Vigo Ohio University One of the standard approaches to the empirical assessment of classification performance involves the display of positive and negative information, either simultaneously during a training phase, or sequentially (with corrective feedback) during a classification phase (Shepard et al. 1961; Medin & Schaffer, 1978; Nosofsky et al. 1994; Feldman, 2000; Vigo, 2013). In what follows, we try to determine to what extent this negative information (contrast cue condition) facilitates concept learning. To accomplish this, we examined the class of concept structures defined over three binary dimensions. The result was surprising: we found no significant difference between the categories learned without contrast cues and those learned with contrast cues. The implications of this result for prominent theories of concept learning are discussed.

Poster 3 When to Disbelieve the Data Joshua Eckroth The Ohio State University

A cognitive agent tasked with making sense of a stream of data from sensors or other sources might sometimes be faced with making sense of anomalous data. We define anomalous data as data that are inconsistent with the cognitive agent's running estimate of its world. The agent must determine if the anomalous data are the result of noise, false claims, deception, etc., and should be disbelieved, or the agent has made some kind of mistake in its running estimate. We report experiments with an agent that uses abductive reasoning to maintain a running estimate of a dynamic world. Rarely and unpredictably, data about the world are distorted by the inclusion of spurious reports or distortion of reports. Sometimes, these invalid data are inconsistent with the running world estimate and considered anomalous. However, some valid data might also appear anomalous due to mistakes in the agent's world estimate. The agent attempts to ascertain the validity of anomalous data by employing an abductive metareasoning strategy. This strategy attempts various repairs to the agent's world estimate assuming the data is valid. Repairs are retained if they

12:30 – 1:30pm Psychology Ground Floor

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reduce the amount of anomalous data, and further repairs may be tried until no more improvement is possible. Whatever anomalous data remain are regarded as noise. This strategy proves to work better than a variety of simpler strategies for specifying under what circumstances the data should be disbelieved.

Poster 4 Health, Beliefs and Cognition: An Exploration of the Compensatory Health Belief Scale Bethany Lavins Ohio University The health problems associated with childhood and adult obesity may result from certain cognitive patterns of thought, specifically, adherence to compensatory health beliefs (CHBs; Knäuper, Rabiau, Cohen & Patriciu, 2004; Rabiau, Knäuper & Miquelon, 2006). CHBs have often been described as an individual’s belief that the negative effects of an unhealthy behavior can be compensated for or “neutralized” by engaging in another, healthy behavior. Studies have shown that these beliefs are prevalent among the U.S. and Canadian population, and correlated with many health outcomes. Little research has explored the thought processes behind these beliefs. This study develops a Structural Equation Model investigating how the need for cognition (NFC), decision-making coherence, self-control and risk perception, influence the endorsement of CHBs. The model begins with paths flowing from these variables to CHBs. Further paths lead away from CHBs, which we hypothesize will be related to health outcomes (e.g., BMI, scores on the health behaviors checklist and self-reported risk behavior), such that high levels of CHBs will be associated with poorer health outcomes and increased risk-taking behavior. Preliminary analyses suggest that CHBs are instrumental in predicting health outcomes and that decision-coherence may be strongly related to CHBs. We hope to demonstrate individual differences that are not evident from CHBs alone, as well as reveal the validity of the CHB scale for use in health-behavior research to help clarify the relationship between health-related cognitions and actions, and impact the design of interventions to help people to manage a healthy weight over their life span.

Poster 5 The Metronome Matters: Fractal Structure Carries across Coordination Justin Hassebrock University of Cincinnati Several studies have revealed complex patterns of variation in human behaviors as they unfold over time. These “fractal” patterns entail self-similar and scale-invariant structure such that small fluctuations in behavior are nested within large fluctuations, much like geometric fractal patterns. Research has also shown that experimental task constraints can bring about shifts in these patterns. For instance, tapping a key to a self-paced or remembered rhythm produces a fractal pattern in the behavioral variability of inter-tap intervals, while tapping to a metronome produces a more random pattern. The current study sought to determine if the dynamic nature of the task constraints also affects the pattern of fluctuation in behavior. Here, the task constraints were manipulated to reflect the inherent structure produced in natural human behavior. Specifically, participants completed four trials of key tapping while being presented different auditory stimuli. In the “baseline” (i.e., unconstrained) condition, participants tapped the key to a remembered beat. In the other three conditions, participants tapped along with a metronome that was either computer-generated, a recording of another participants unconstrained tapping behavior, or a recording of another participants metronome-constrained tapping behavior. The results demonstrated that the dynamic nature of the metronome does matter. Both tapping to a computer-metronome and tapping to a recording of another participants’ constrained tapping yielded more random patterns of fluctuation, while the other two conditions yielded more fractal patterns of fluctuation. Generally, these results suggest that the organization of human behavior is deeply context-dependent and founded on reciprocal, non-linear interactions between participant and task.

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Poster 6 Effects of Target Size and Symmetry on the Structure of Variability in Precision Aiming Andrew Beach University of Cincinnati Concentration, accuracy, and precision are all required for aiming at a target but the target itself may unknowingly affect the actions we take. This experiment sought to look at the effects of target size and symmetry on the dynamics of aiming. Participants sat in a chair and were asked to point at the center of four different targets (a small and big square target, and a horizontal and vertical rectangular target). The variability of their movement was then calculated using linear (root mean square) and non-linear statistics (monofractal and multifractal analyses). It was found that with target dimensions of less constraint (more target room available), participants exhibited spontaneously more movement variability. The results suggest that there is a strong relationship in aiming tasks between the person and environment, such that subtle changes in constraints can result in changes in the dynamics of aiming. The multifractal analysis did also show the participants movements to be multifractal, but the width of the multifractal spectrum was not changed by the different task constraints. These results simply suggest that the dynamics of aiming and coupling between the person and environment are more complex than we first thought.

Poster 7 Assessing Comprehension: The Effects of Multiple Documents and Scenarios David Boveri Northern Illinois University The effects of embedding multiple documents into a fictional scenario for assessment were investigated. The current findings suggest that adding scenarios may cause difficulties for students, especially when integrating between documents. College students read the same text as either single or multiple documents, with and without the use of a fictional scenario framing the reading tasks. Overall, students performed better when reading the same text as a single document than as multiple documents. Similarly, students who read texts in a fictional scenario made fewer inferences between passages than those who read without the scenario. Single documents were shown by the

presence of a single author’s picture with the first passage, while multiple documents were shown by a different author’s picture next to each passage. The scenario conditions presented the documents in the context of a narrative where students helped a fictional agent—a friend of the student who needed help understanding the passages for their new job. Such scenarios are a new element being used in the assessment literature, but the effects of such scenarios on comprehension have not been investigated. Likewise, reading multiple documents is an important aspect of academic and everyday reading required by national standards such as the Common Core Standards, but has not been investigated in an assessment context. The current study extends the assessment literature by showing the costs that reading multiple documents and scenarios present to students on multiple levels of comprehension.

Poster 8 Syllable-specific tonal probabilities in Mandarin lexical access Seth Wiener The Ohio State University Word recognition in Mandarin Chinese involves processing of both segmental (syllable) and suprasegmental (lexical tone) information. Previous research has assumed that the contribution of tone during the word recognition process is static, regardless of syllable frequency or tonal probability. This study investigates whether syllable-specific tonal probabilities guide online lexical access in native Mandarin listeners. Participants’ eye-movements were monitored while they searched for Chinese characters that matched spoken words of either a high or low frequency syllable with a corresponding probable or improbable tone. If Mandarin speakers are sensitive to tonal probabilities across different syllables, they may more accurately and swiftly detect frequent syllables with highly probable tones than infrequent syllables with least probable tones; if syllable-specific tonal probabilities are not part of the phonological representation of the Mandarin lexicon or their contribution to word recognition is minimal, the degree of competition between the target and the tonal competitor should be equivalent regardless of the target’s tonal probability. Responses from 62 participants revealed a main effect of tonal probability and the interaction between tonal probability and syllable frequency on both the fixation likelihood and mouse response times. A post-hoc comparison revealed that low frequent syllables with most probable tones were fixated and responded fastest while low frequent syllables with least probable tones were fixated and responded slowest. These results indicate that syllable-specific tonal probabilities are stored, at least for low frequent syllables, and that they affect the processing of words containing these infrequent syllables.

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Poster 9 Perceptual category structure of nonnative speech Eriko Atagi Indianan University Listeners encode representations of talker-specific features, which facilitate speech processing (Samuel & Kraljic, 2009). For nonnative speech, such facilitative representations could include talkers’ native language backgrounds. Bradlow and Bent (2008) demonstrated that perceptual adaptation to one nonnative accent generalizes to novel talkers with the same accent, but not to talkers with a novel accent. This accent-dependent adaptation suggests that listeners may be creating native language categories as they encounter nonnative speech. To directly investigate the perceptual category structure of nonnative speech, 50 native listeners completed a six-alternative forced-choice native language categorization task. The stimuli consisted of English sentences produced by 24 talkers from six native language backgrounds (French, German, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin, Spanish). Listeners were above chance, but not highly accurate, at categorizing the talkers into language background categories (28% mean accuracy). Data were also modeled using the Similarity Choice Model (Luce, 1963; Shepard, 1957) and additive clustering (Sattath & Tversky, 1977) to examine biases and perceptual similarities. These models showed that the three Asian language backgrounds were perceptually highly similar to each other and very distinct from the other three language backgrounds. Additionally, when biases were calculated for each language background by talker gender, the direction of biases differed by gender, such that there were higher biases for the female Asian categories and the male non-Asian categories. These results suggest that listeners may not have categorical representations of talkers’ native languages, but are sensitive to talker gender and sociolinguistic similarities of the native languages.

Poster 10 Effect of Gestures on Speech Segmentation Lauren Henderson University of Kentucky One key step in human language acquisition is identifying word units of language. Learners are able to identify word boundaries in speech using statistical information; this is an important aspect in language learning and previous research has shown humans can segment speech. Language can be a complex combination of many different components. The current study examines the effect of visual information on a human’s ability to segment speech. Speech segmentation is a process in which a person can distinguish words from a fluent speech stream. In this study, gestures are paired with nonsense words. Gesture is a unique form of visual information in speech and

some language theories specify it as a precursor to spoken language. This study contains three conditions: visual with gestures, visual with shapes and colors, and a no visual information. The visual gesture condition is a video of a person saying the words with the inclusion of gestures. The visual shapes condition has auditory information with the presentation of shapes in different colors. The no visual information condition consists of strictly auditory information. The presence of visual information in the form of gestures led to better speech segmentation. This shows gestures are a more salient cue for language learning than other types of visual information, e.g. shapes. Visual information, in any form, had better speech segmentation than no visual information. These results suggest visual information helps in speech segmentation and learning language.

Poster 11 Effect of Distal Prosody on Word Learning in an Artificial Language Learning Paradigm Katherine Jones Michigan State University

When learning a spoken language, multiple cues facilitate word segmentation, including distributional cues (e.g. transitional probabilities between syllables), and local prosodic cues (e.g. word-initial stress). Additionally, recent research from our lab indicates that the utterance-initial pitch and timing pattern (“distal prosody”) influences utterance-final word segmentation in a novel language, indicated by better learning of words heard with congruent versus incongruent distal prosody. The current study investigated whether distal prosody influences word learning in an artificial language when the distal prosodic pattern is not continued through utterance-final speech. Participants heard sequences of 9-10 syllables; distal prosody was manipulated on the initial 5 syllables, while utterance-final (6th-10th) syllables (containing target-words with equal transitional probabilities between syllables) had no pitch modulation. Distal prosody was either congruent or incongruent with target-word boundaries. After exposure, participants heard 24 test items; half were target-words heard during exposure and half were non-words. Half the target-words had been heard with congruent, and half with incongruent, distal prosody. Participants judged whether each item was a word or non-word. If distal prosody guides later segmentation of the monotone utterance-final syllables, participants should learn congruent words better than incongruent words. Preliminary results from the current study suggest that when the distal prosodic pattern is not continued through the entire utterance there is a weaker effect of distal prosody on word learning, compared with the effect of distal prosody on word learning found in a previous study in which the prosodic pattern was continued through the entire utterance.

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Poster 12 ERPs Evidences to Understand Individual Differences on Visual Working Memory Capacity Li Zhou Miami University The change-detection task has been used to measure visual working memory capacity for decades. Recently, Vogel and college’s study showed that an ERP component they termed contralateral delay activity was sensitive to individual differences in memory capacity (Vogel & Machizawa, 2004). In our study, we adopted the traditional change-detection task to probe these individual differences further. The behavioral results suggested that most of the variance in working memory capacity occurred for larger memory array size conditions. Specifically, high-capacity individuals performed the task as well as low-capacity individuals on memory array size 4, but better on array size 6 and 8. Correspondingly, the N2 component on parietal lobe showed different pattern of changes from size 4 to 6 and then to 8, and the amplitude changes were correlated with estimated behavioral capacity in different ways as well. This neural evidence suggests that high- and low-capacity individuals adopted different strategies when facing information beyond their memory capacities.

Poster 13 Local context changes elicit von Restorff-like boosts in memory performance Brian M. Siefke Ohio State University The well-known von Restorff effect refers to enhanced memory performance for items with features that are incongruent with other items in a list. Most theories assume that these items are remembered better because their incongruent features render them distinctive, thereby causing them to receive either greater selective attention at encoding and/or more focused targeting at retrieval. We propose an additional source of distinctiveness that is a consequence of trial-by-trial changes in features that update the local (recent) contextual trajectory of experience. To test this context updating theory, we devised a task in which participants studied lists of words, with each word presented on one of two blocks of color for a subsequent source

memory test. Critically, both colors occurred an equal number of times within each list, but the overall probability of the color changing on any given trial varied across lists (high entropy = ~85% alteration rate, low entropy = ~15% alteration rate). In the low-entropy condition, source memory performance was significantly higher for items occurring with a rare color change, indicating an effect of trial-by-trial variability during encoding, even in the absence of list-level item distinctiveness. This variation of a von Restorff effect, based on local contextual trajectory, supports the hypothesis that updating the local trajectory of context can give rise to improved attentional processing during learning and highlights the critical role of context in what we remember from our experiences.

Poster 14 Increasing efficiency of fMRI retinotopic mapping using Maximum Length Sequences Daniel Berman The Ohio State University Visual cortex is organized in a series of retinotopic maps. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is routinely used to establish the correspondence between locations in the visual field and the activity of specific pieces of cortical tissue in response to visual stimulation of these locations. The standard stimulus for this type of mapping consists of a rotating wedge and an expanding ring, establishing the polar angle and eccentricity of each voxel’s preferred location. This stimulus is conceptually simple and ensures orthogonality of the time courses of stimulation at each visual field location. However, the wedge/ring technique does not make optimal use of scan time. Depending on the specifics of the design, each portion of visual cortex is being stimulated for only about one quarter or less of the total scan time. Here we demonstrate a new, more efficient way of mapping spatial receptive fields of voxels in early visual areas. The stimulation of each segment of visual field, defined by polar angle and eccentricity, is controlled by a Maximum Length Sequence (MLS) of ones and zeros. Since an MLS is essentially orthogonal to itself when shifted in time (autocorrelation zero everywhere except at t=0), we use shifted versions of the same MLS for each visual field location. This procedure ensures orthogonality of the stimulation sequences while stimulating each location for half of the total scan time on average. In computer simulations we have found a significant increase in efficiency, which is reflected in higher accuracy of the

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receptive field mapping when using the same scan time as for the wedge/ring stimulus, or in a decrease of the scan time required to achieve the same accuracy. In fMRI experiments we compare the results of both types of stimuli within subjects, thus verifying the predictions of our computer simulations.

Poster 15 Efficient Rule Formation in a Co-evolutionary Multi-Agent Competitive Game James Torre A co-evolutionary system was investigated for its potential to select for the creation of efficient rule sets by its constituent agents. The notion of efficieny was inspired by the operational level of maneuver warfare, in which commanders must issue orders (rule sets) that are of a certain size (few enough to be quickly parsed, yet still able to cover the desired course of action) and scope (sufficiently specific to provide co-ordination and direction, without becoming overly rigid) to sub-ordinate units. A competitive game imitating these constraints was created, populated by two multi-agent teams. The behavior of each agent was controlled by a team-level rule set produced via genetic algorithm, which mapped current enemy and ally team-member positions (in a certain radius of awareness around an agent) to the agent's next movement vector. Fitness was determined by the effectiveness of a team in destroying its opponent, the size of its rule set, and the degree to which rules required long-range awareness of agent positions. Each fitness factor was measured in comparison to the opposing team, to provide co-evolutionary pressure. The results, observations, and implications of this experiment are discussed.

Poster 16 The Influence of Media Multitasking on Cognitive Control Reem Alzahabi Michigan State University Within the past decade, there has been a 120% increase in the amount of media multitasking the average youth engages in (Rideout, Foehr, & Roberts, 2010), yet, little is known about the cognitive impacts if this ubiquitous behavior. To investigate this issue, we had participants complete the Media Multitasking Index Questionnaire (Ophir, Nass, & Wagner, 2009) and then tested their

performance on a series of cognitive control tasks. Based on a task-switching paradigm, we found that heavy media multitaskers had decreased switch costs compared to light media multitaskers. Both groups showed comparable dual-task performance on a dual-task that required performing two visual/manual tasks. In a Psychological Refractory Period task, which required performing both an auditory/vocal and visual/manual task, heavy media multitaskers appeared to complete the response selection stage more rapidly, resulting in less dual-task interference. Differences in performance on a series of working memory tasks suggest that working memory capacity may underlie these attentional control differences. In sum, these findings suggest that frequent media multitasking may be associated with greater cognitive control.

Poster 17 Neurocognitive mechanisms of learning acceleration under conditions of brain stimulation Ion Juvina Wright State University We developed a neuro-biologically-inspired computational cognitive model in the ACT-R architecture to account for acceleration of learning effects in a target search task performed under conditions of trans-cranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). An empirical data set provided by Dr. Andy McKinley was used as input for our modeling project. Participants received static images of terrain revealing buildings and vehicles in different orientations and they were tasked with identifying 3 pre-specified targets. In the active condition, participants received 2mA anodal stimulation applied over the right ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) for 30 minutes, in the sham condition they received 2mA for 30 seconds, and in the control condition they received no stimulation. Significant learning acceleration effects have been found, such that performance was approximately two times greater (equating to a much faster rate of learning) in the active stimulation condition as compared with both control and sham conditions. Our model was informed by recent theories and research on neural mechanisms of cognition and learning. The VLPFC area of the brain has been validated to map onto the retrieval buffer in ACT-R. Thus, retrieval of declarative memory elements was deemed to be an important component of our model. Changes in gray and white matter following tDCS are analogous to brain plasticity associated with normal learning. We used a combination of declarative and procedural learning mechanisms to attain the accelerated learning effect observed in the human data. Our modeling efforts aim to clarify the interaction between electrical stimulation and task specific brain activity.

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Poster 18 Rules, Laws, and Levels of Description William York Indiana University

In his celebrated paper on the imitation game, Alan Turing (1950) drew a distinction between rules of conduct (e.g., "Stop if you see a red light") and laws of behavior (e.g., "If you pinch someone, s/he will squeak"). He argued that even if there aren't rules of conduct for every situation, there could still be underlying laws of behavior at work--suggesting that humans could, in the proper light, be conceived of as machines. As such, he saw no reason why a suitably programmed computer could not achieve human-like intelligence simply in virtue of its being a machine. However, precisely where computers fit into this two-fold distinction remains debatable. According to one line of thought, computers can do nothing but follow rules: they are "rule-following beasts" (Hofstadter 1979). According to another, computers are no more capable of following rules than they are of disobeying them, since rule-following is an inherently normative, or social, activity (Wittgenstein 1953; Shanker 1998). In the proposed talk, I will argue that these two seemingly opposing viewpoints can be reconciled, provided that one carefully distinguishes between the different levels of description at which the relevant rules, laws, and/or mechanisms are said to operate. In doing so, I attempt to refine Turing's distinction between rules of conduct and laws of behavior, drawing on ideas from Shanker, Bechtel (1994), and Haugeland (1998). I then offer some suggestions for how this distinction can shed light on the seemingly ineffable phenomena of aesthetic perception and judgment, which seem to resist characterization in terms of rules or mechanisms.

Poster 19 Evidence accumulation in 2AFC and same-different tasks in face and object recognition Maxim Bushmakin Indiana University There is considerable evidence that different kinds of objects are processed differently by the visual system, but there is a need for more mechanistic explanations for these processes. Many theories of visual object recognition overlook the contribution of time, but others suggest that recognition is accomplished over time by perceptual “accumulators”. A commonly studied

area of object recognition is face perception, and a frequent finding with face recognition is an advantage for upright faces compared to inverted ones that is not observed with other types of objects (Rossion, 2008; Yin, 1969). A common explanation for these effects is that upright faces are processed holistically while everything else -- including inverted faces -- is processed featurally (Maurer, Grand, & Mondloch, 2002; McKone, 2009). An alternative account is that variation between different kinds of objects is based on differences in efficiency of visual information processing (Sekuler, 2004). We examined these ideas with a Drift Diffusion model (Ratcliff, 1978; Ratcliff & Rouder, 1998) analyzing subject performance on upright and inverted faces and objects in both 2AFC and same-different paradigms. We hypothesized that lower performance with inverted faces would be due either to a lower rate of perceptual evidence accumulation or a higher decisional threshold. The modeling results showed that the large inversion effects found with faces were mediated solely by the rate of perceptual evidence accumulation – none of the other parameters changed across orientation or object type.

Poster 20 Perceptual Influences to Team Navigation Andrew Hampton Wright State University Using transcripts from a study that established a positive effect of spatialized audio communication channels on team navigation (Hampton et al. 2012), the current analysis investigates the cognitive and perceptual roots of that performance advantage. Spatialized audio presents the speaker’s voice as it is located in a virtual environment via headset. The navigation task placed teams of two in an immersive simulation of a Middle Eastern city in the roles of a downed pilot and a soldier on a rescue mission, with instructions to rendezvous as quickly as possible. Manipulations of the teams’ perceptual experience included landmarks along with spatialized radio transmissions. Transcripts from the team communications serve as indicators of cognitive load, working memory contents (Ericsson & Simon 1980), frame of reference (Newcombe & Huttenlocher 2000), and perceived mutual understanding (Clark 1996). Results indicate that landmarks shift navigation strategy toward relative spatial rather than absolute frame of reference. Spatialized audio showed a decreased need to communicate overall, with lower word counts per trial. Even accounting for this drop, teams used less relative spatial language and absolute frame of reference language, indicating a decreased need to communicate navigation information. Further, deictic references, such as pronouns, increased, indicating higher perceived mutual understanding. Results of this research bear on the nature of representation in large scale navigation.

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Poster Session B

Poster 1 Bourne Again Karina-Mikayla Barcus Ohio University Bourne (1970) studied and observed the learning difficulty ordering of a subset of the atomic Boolean concepts (i.e., concepts defined by the sixteen possible relations of classical logic such as, implication, conjunction, disjunction, exclusive disjunction, and bi-conditional). Yet, in spite of the importance and fundamental nature of this finding, it has taken a backseat to, for example, the venerated Shepard et al. concept learning difficulty ordering (1961). Admittedly, Bourne’s method was significantly different from recent methods of studying concept learning difficultly in terms of classification behavior. In what follows, we reexamine all sixteen of these atomic concepts using a classification experiment. We compare Bourne’s original results to our results and try to account for both using the leading models of concept learning difficulty.

Poster 2 Is a Heavy King a Valuable King? The Role of Weight in Judgments During Poker Alex Bianchi di Carcano University of Kentucky

The physical mental connection is based on certain contextual cues influencing one’s own judgment of learning (JOL) based upon the ease of processing heuristic theory. For example, we use temperature to explain someone’s emotion where someone who is furious might be seen as boiling mad. Poker uses an enormous amount of cognitive processes especially in judgments in trying to figure out whether to play a hand that’s worth risking chips. The present study explored the power of this phenomenon with the contextual heuristic cue of weight in order to manipulate someone’s judgments. We predicted that adding weight to a hand would influence one’s perception of the value that hand holds (more weight equals higher value hold). Participants rated the strength of a five card poker hand which was rated on a 1 to 10 point Likert Scale and presented, unbeknownst to the participant, either on a weighted or non-weighted clipboard. We found that the cards that were presented on the weighted clipboard influenced the participant’s delayed JOL (i.e. rated higher in strength compared to the non-weighted hands of similar original value).

Poster 3 The role of deliberate behavior in expert performance: The acquisition of context sensitivity in the context of emergency medicine Frank Robinson Wright State University Effective performance in dynamic domains requires experts to assess problems and implement solutions within the constraints of their work systems. However, the mechanisms by which experts balance these sometimes-competing constraints are not well accounted for in the expertise literature. We observed resident and attending emergency physicians to determine the behaviors that distinguish doctors as they manage patients and the contextual variables that may affect these behaviors. Factor analyses of coded behaviors revealed three types of behavior: goal establishment behavior, goal enactment behavior, and acknowledging uncertainty. Multilevel analyses indicated that

6:00pm – 7:00pm Psychology Ground Floor

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doctors’ experience as well as patient, shift, and hospital characteristics impact these behaviors. More experienced doctors appear to be more sensitive to contextual features when establishing goals. Less experienced doctors appear to be more sensitive to contextual features when enacting goals. Emergency room physicians do adapt to contextual constraints in order to manage workload and satisfy care goals, but seem to acquire goal establishment and goal enactment skills at different trajectories. Schema and frame based accounts of expertise must accommodate this ever-present learning while still providing for relatively rapid response in time-critical task domains.

Poster 4 Testing proportional difference model in intertemporal choice: a perspective from the intra-attribute based comparison Jiuqing Cheng Ohio University Intertemporal choice refers to making decisions dealing with payoffs/costs and delay. The present study aims at extending the understanding of the intertemporal choice from the perspective of the proportional difference model (PD) (González-Vallejo, 2002). PD assumes that people compare similar attributes to each other in an adjusted or proportional manner (e.g., receiving $60 is twice as advantageous as receiving $30; whereas waiting for 4 weeks is twice as disadvantageous as waiting for 2 weeks ). Proportional difference is acquired by subtracting the disadvantages from the advantages of the options. Furthermore, PD assumes that the probability of choosing one option over the other depends on the comparison of the proportional difference between the options and the decision threshold, a free parameter of PD. The present study adopted two tasks. In the first one, PD was fitted to a typical intertemporal choice task where participants made repeated choices between an immediate smaller reward and a delayed larger one. We adopted 6 different delays. It was found that PD could be fitted to the choices within each single delay. Furthermore, the decision threshold of PD was correlated with revealed indifference points under each delay. The second task used choices that varied in delays and payoffs. In addition to good fit, there was a high correlation between decision threshold and the tendency of choosing greater delayed options. PD also captured the magnitude effect well.

Poster 5 Timing and cognitive processing in a dyadic framework: What gaps in conversation can teach us Felicia Roberts Purdue University To understand brain function, especially in relation to language and other behavioral processes, a dyadic framework is required (Hasson, Ghazanfar, & Galantucci, 2012; Scott, McGettigan, & Eisner, 2009). Indeed, a recent neuroscience perspective on the motor theory of speech perception suggests that the reason the motor cortex has been linked for so long with speech production/perception is because it is being recruited to manage the timing of turn-taking in conversation (Scott, McGettigan, & Eisner, 2009). This introduces a profound and exciting new frontier: turn-taking in conversation, the fundamental framework for social actions, is intimately connected with sensorimotor activity. For this study, we exploit the turn-taking structure and isolate the effect of inter-turn silence by constructing dialogues where responses to requests were identical and affirmative such that study participants’ (n = 380) ratings about “willingness” would be colored by lag time, not by the semantics of the response. All 100 ms intervals between 200 and 1200 were tested in a between groups design. Results indicate a notable drop-off in ratings at 600 ms with statistically significant differences in ratings between 700 and 800 ms. After 900 ms, ratings level off. We propose that 600 ms is a key moment in the projection of social attributions and discuss this in the context of word production research, entrainment, and neurobiology. Our findings suggest that sensorimotor regions, verbal activity, and turn-taking expectations are intimately connected. This is important for anyone concerned with processes of intersubjectivity, metacognition, and psychologinguistic processing.

Poster 6 A Random Permutation Model Over Fuzzy Objects Brent Keivit-Kylar Indiana University

A ubiquitous simplifying assumption in all semantic space models is that the

words to be learned are fully specified. For modeling mature adult language

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representations, this is a reasonable assumption as there is minimal ambiguity

in mapping written words to internal verbal representation (i.e. you can be

reasonably sure that the word “dog” and the word “dog” will map onto the

same phonological representation). But this is not true for infants that are just

beginning to learn the commonalities of their language. We can assume that

hearing two different people say the word “dog” will share many phonological

properties, but may not be evidently obvious that they represent the same

word to the new language learner. We provide a potential solution to the fuzzy

object learning (FOL) problem modeled after the BEAGLE semantic space

model (Jones & Mewhort 2007). In the FOL model, a single memory vector is

used to encode all learned instances of sentences (negating the need for an

individual vector for each word, as each word is known only probabilistically).

Permutations are used to represent incoming words where we assume that

these permutations are generated from ideal versions of each word, with an

added series of random permutations. Exploiting the fact that permutations can

be translated into sparse binary representations by simply translating a

common binary vector, learning an association between two words is

performed by applying the permutation of the first word to the sparse binary

vector of the second. The resulting vector can then be added into the singular

memory trace. Retrieval can then be performed by undoing the permutation of

two observed words with the memory trace, and taking a cosine of the resulting

vectors to determine similarity of the novel objects.

Poster 7 The effect of listener expectation on cross-dialect sentence intelligibility Abby Walker The Ohio State University Previous research has shown that General American English is more intelligible in noise than the less standard Northern, Southern, and Mid-Atlantic dialects of American English, and that this effect is independent of American listeners' native dialect. However, the intelligibility of the Mid-Atlantic dialect improves if listeners are first primed with Mid-Atlantic place names, suggesting that subconscious expectations about dialects can affect performance in a sentence intelligibility task in noise. In this study, we examined whether simply changing the name of the lab in which participants perform a cross-dialect sentence intelligibility task similarly alters their expectations about the role that less standard dialects may play in the task, changing their perceptual strategies, and thus their performance. Participants were asked to transcribe sentences produced by six talkers from each of four U.S. dialect regions (General American, Northern, Southern, and Mid-Atlantic) and mixed with speech-

shaped white noise. The experiment was conducted in two locations that were identified by computer welcome screens as the Dialect Lab and the Speech Lab, respectively. Aside from this initial welcome information, the experiment was identical in both locations. We hypothesize that the previously observed General American intelligibility benefit reflects listener expectations about hearing standard varieties in a laboratory setting, but that we can change this expectation by identifying the lab as one that focuses on dialect variation. We therefore expect to find that participants perform better with the three less standard dialects in the Dialect Lab than the Speech Lab condition.

Poster 8 fNIRS brain imaging investigation of “bilingual cognitive advantage” in young children. Lourdes Delgado Reyes University of Michigan Past research has found evidence of bilingual children’s enhanced executive function abilities, characterized by advanced attention and inhibitory control capabilities. This has been attributed to the necessity to inhibit and rapidly switch between two languages during the important early periods of brain development. In particular, it has been suggested that it is the function of the prefrontal cortex and the DLPFC region that are enhanced in their capacity to attend and alternate between tasks (Bialystok, 2001). Nevertheless, the idea of a bilingual advantage is subject of considerable debate and continues to be a poorly understood phenomenon. In the present study, we directly examine the

hypothesis of bilingual cognitive advantage as supported by the frontal lobe functioning. We use functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) to study brain activation in bilingual Spanish-English and monolingual English children (ages 7-11), as they complete a child-friendly version of the Attention Network Test (ANT-C). This task is thought to be an efficient measure of distinct attentional components and their neural correlates. The flankers consisted of 5 fishes and were divided into three types (congruent, incongruent and neutral). Brain activity will be investigated by using fNIRS over DLPFC and other regions of the frontal cortex bilaterally. Children’s brain activation during the ANT-C task will be compared across the three trial types and between the groups. Results will show support for the “bilingual cognitive advantage” in frontal lobe functioning and will correlate participants’ brain activity and bilingualism status. We predict that there will be between groups differences in DLPFC and IFG hemodynamic response, in particular for incongruent trials. The study is a first time investigation of the neural correlates of “bilingual cognitive advantage” with fNIRS and will offer an innovative window of examining neural plasticity as a result of early bilingual exposure.

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Poster 9 Sentences with Ambiguous Pronouns: How Do We Resolve/Understand Them? David Bender Indiana University The last eight years have seen several challenges put forward in the domain of commonsense reasoning. Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE), which ran from 2005 to 2011, has been followed by Choice of Plausible Alternatives (COPA). Recently Levesque, Davis and Morgenstern proposed the Winograd Schema Challenge (WSC), and while similar to RTE and COPA, unlike these it does not explicitly involve notions of entailment or causation. Instead the WSC highlights the human ability to resolve textual ambiguity. It consists of pairs of nearly identical sentences, each of which contains an ambiguous pronoun reference. Here is one example: Lilly interrupted Donna, breaking her concentration. (Whose concentration was broken?) Lilly interrupted Donna, breaking her silence. (Whose silence was broken?) Average English speakers understand sentences like these seemingly without effort. And yet the task would appear to be extremely difficult to model computationally for several reasons: it draws on immense amounts of contextual knowledge, it disallows syntactic cues (e.g. gender disagreement) that make pronoun resolution relatively easy, and it is designed to resist techniques that aggregate statistics over large corpora to approximate word meaning. Human performance on a corpus of Winograd Schema sentences is discussed, as well as that of state of the art co-reference resolvers. I also review the computational model recently offered by Rahman and Ng (EMNLP-2012). Finally, Levesque et al. intended the WSC to replace the Turing Test as an operational test for intelligence. The existing Turing Test literature raises methodological issues that apply equally to the WSC.

Poster 10 Information Accumulation for Recognition: Dynamic Presentation and Diagnosticity Nicholas Lewis Indiana University The dynamic approach to recognition memory outlined by Cox & Shiffrin (2012) suggests several avenues of research that have thus far been lightly trod. For instance, what are the effects of manipulating the timing at which

different kinds of information become available? And how does the salience and/or diagnosticity of that information affect subsequent recognition decisions? We report results from a set of experiments in which stimuli to be remembered are constructed from a set of discrete features (e.g., consonant triads or words) and, at test, the order in which the features appear is unconsciously manipulated (i.e., different letters come on at intervals of 33 ms). Contrary to the predictions of most models, both hit and correct rejection rates increase when diagnostic information comes on later, rather than earlier. These results are accounted for by a dynamic model of recognition a la Cox & Shiffrin (2012), where the time at which information starts to be accumulated for a recognition decision can vary independently of when features are available to be sampled from the test display.

Poster 11 OI Effect in 4AFC, Target vs. Foil Rui Cao Indiana Unversity

Test order effects refers to changes in episodic memory performance as testing continues. These are often termed Output Interference (OI) when performance drops. Especially recently there have been reports of OI in recognition testing using both old/new and forced choice testing; models of such decreases include interference caused by storage of the test traces, and/or changes in contextual cuing. Regardless of the cause, it remains an open question how much of OI is due to the testing of foils vs. targets. We carried out a study whose critical conditions used four alternative forced choice (4AFC) testing, with two variants blocked by list: 4AFC(T) tests had one target and three foils, and participants responded with their best guess of the target; thus testing involved mostly foils. 4AFC(F) tests had three targets and one foil and participants responded with their best guess of the foil; thus testing involved mostly targets. Control conditions used 2AFC testing and these were either blocked or mixed during testing. We report the results and the implications for models of testing effects in particular and episodic forgetting generally.

Memory

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Poster 12 An a priori and Parameter‐Free Quantum Model for Cognitive Measurement Order Effects Zheng (Joyce) Wang The Ohio State University An a priori and Parameter‐Free Quantum Model for Cognitive Measurement Order Effects Zheng Joyce Wang (The Ohio State University, Columbus), Tyler Solloway (The Ohio State University, Columbus), & Jerome Busemeyer (Indiana University, Bloomington) Quantum theory, initially invented to explain order effects of measurements in physics, provides a powerful prediction for order effects of measurements in psychology. Wang & Busemeyer (in press) developed a quantum probability model of question order effects, called the QQ model, to account for four different types of question order effects identified in literature: consistency, contrast, addictive, and subtractive. The QQ model has been empirically tested using QQ equality, which is an a priori, parameter-free, and precise prediction that was derived from the model. This type of exact prediction and test is rare in social and behavioral sciences. The prediction of QQ equality has been supported across a series of field survey experiments and lab experiments. Recently, we tested the prediction using a set of 26 national surveys in past 10 years on two important public opinion questions in the U.S.: presidential job approval and country satisfaction. This surprisingly accurate prediction of QQ equality illustrates the theoretical power of our new approach to use quantum theory as a mathematical tool to explain and predict human cognitive behaviors.

Poster 13 Dissecting the Leviathan: Lessons on Social Homeostasis from Occupy Wall Street Coulter Loeb University of Cincinnati

Occupy Wall Street presented a unique opportunity to study how decentralized, consensus-based social organizations go about the processes of self-assembly, self-regulation, and in the vast majority of cases self-destruction. With the objective of studying homeostasis in the democratic system, I embedded with the movement for 10 months to photographed interactions between citizenry and state. My conclusion is that direct interaction between an electorate and their government is not a reliable method of producing an outcomes in favor of the electorate. Instead, the electorate must communicate via the medium of the 4th Estate to generate the necessary degree of social stress to induce change. I specifically find that the Watchdog Journalism subprocesses (through which an electorate stays informed of the actions of its representatives) are most pertinent in producing this stress. My Shannon/Weaver model of the democratic process draws parallels to the physiological body to explain how a democratic society maintains stability. I then extrapolate my model onto three theoretical solidarity engines: a collegiate fraternity, a small business, and a federal institution. While all three engines are based on the same model of the democratic process, the flow of capital through each engine is regulated by different sub-processes. These models of social organization are specifically designed to amplify three different aspects of the democratic process: local fraternity, regional commodity, and national civility.

Poster 14 Longitudinal analysis of social networks in dreams Hye Joo Han Purdue University Lubbers et al. (2010) found overall characteristics of personal networks hardly change over time. We investigate dream social networks of a dreamer who wrote a long dream series over forty years and provided the list of core characters in dreams. Dream reports are divided into four segments to make a series of networks in different time intervals. Each dream social network is constructed by joining two characters with an edge if they appear in at least one dream together. People overlapping between two different time networks are around 80 percent of people in the later networks and overlapping rates

Methodology Other

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are larger for closer networks in time. The degree of a vertex is the number of edges connected to the vertex. Degrees of the overlapping people between two different time networks are highly correlated and more correlated for closer networks in time. The person with the maximum degree is always the same, the dreamer’s mother, except for the last network and the degree of her mother hardly changes over time. Transitivity refers how likely two people connected to another common person are directly connected. Assortativity refers how likely people are connected to people with similar degrees. Changes in transitivity and assortativity over time are very small. Results suggest that characteristics of overlapping people and overall network characteristics in dream social networks tend to be stable over time.

Poster 15 Mechanistic Explanation and Mutual Manipulability Daniel Pearlberg The Ohio State University Philosophers of cognitive science have argued that the kinds of explanations typically found in cognitive science are best construed as constitutive mechanistic explanations. Very roughly, a constitutive mechanistic explanation shows how a given mechanism (say, the mechanism(s) responsible for spatial memory) works in terms of its components parts (e.g. hippocampal neurons and NMDA receptors) and the way in which the parts are organized together. Thus, the whole mechanism is explained in terms of the parts that constitute the whole. Proponents of this account of cognitive science explanations have also provided an account of constitutive relevance, whereby the relevant component parts of a mechanism bear a particular relation to the whole- namely, the relation of mutual manipulability . In short, components are relevant to the behavior of the mechanism as a whole when one can change the behavior of the components by changing the behavior of the mechanism as a whole, and vice versa. I argue that this account of constitutive relevance relies upon a problematic feature of traditional manipulationist accounts of causation that arises whenever non-causal dependence relations such as constitution are involved. I then provide a new manipulationist account that lacks this problematic feature and can therefore be better employed in the mutual manipulability account of constitutive relevance. I conclude by suggesting how my account can also be used to solve two other problems for the mutual manipulability account.

Poster 16 Association as a Semantic level construct; or, why there are no associations in the brain Mike Dacey Washington University in St. Louis This paper presents a novel account of the concept of association and its role in psychological theorizing. According to this view, association is a highly abstract account of psychological processing that only captures the sequence of representations in a process. As such, I call it a semantic level construct in Pylyshyn’s terminology. The view is instrumentalist about associations themselves. They are not features or kinds of processing; they are simply ways of expressing causal regularities in processing. This view of association captures a certain kind of explanation in psychology that is underappreciated: the sequences of representations are themselves explanatory, even if we do not have an explanation for that sequence. Examples of this kind of explanation include: those that use routes of access, subcritical activation, depletion of activation from a source (the fan effect), grouping and binding, and representations of learned relations in the associative learning literature. I will also discuss several alternative views of association and show how they face problems that my view does not.

Poster 17 A retinotopically-based compatibility bias: Task-irrelevant location information influences object identity judgments Colin Kupitz The Ohio State University To function properly in the world, we must bind the features and identities of

objects with their spatial locations. How automatic is this process, and what is

the nature of this location information? Subjects saw two sequentially

presented novel “objects” (each presented for 500ms and masked, separated by

approximately 1sec memory delay), and were instructed to make a

same/different object identity comparison. The task was designed to be

challenging: objects were presented in the periphery, and when identity

differed the changes were subtle. Within each trial, the two stimuli either

Perception

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shared or differed in location. Despite being task-irrelevant, when the objects

shared a location, subjects (1) had faster reaction times, and (2) were more

likely to report “same identity” (i.e., a location-identity compatibility bias). This

compatibility bias indicates that subjects were unable to suppress the influence

of object location even when irrelevant (or possibly maladaptive) to the task.

We next asked: If location is automatically bound to representations of object

identity, does it update across eye movements? Subjects performed the same

task, but the fixation cross moved during the memory delay, cuing a saccadic

eye movement. Thus, the two stimuli could appear in the same spatiotopic

(absolute, screen-centered), same retinotopic (eye-centered), or completely

different locations. Critically, the location compatibility bias persisted only in

retinotopic coordinates post-saccade. The fact that location-identity binding

occurs automatically and is anchored in native retinotopic space may have

important implications for its utility in object recognition and stability.

Poster 18 Simultaneously enhancing one location while suppressing another Rachael Gwinn The Ohio State University

While research has suggested that individuals can voluntarily either enhance or suppress stimulus processing at cued locations, it remains unknown how these two functions interact and whether or not they work independently. This study questioned whether enhancement and suppression could be implemented simultaneously. Participants searched displays containing a target in one location and a salient distractor in another. Before the onset of each display, two arrows appeared; a long arrow cued the target location and a short arrow cued the distractor location, both with 70% validity. Initial results showed a clear target-validity effect but no distractor-validity effect. However, the lack of a distractor-validity effect may have resulted from cognitive demands from processing multiple cues. To reduce these demands, our next experiment employed an incidental learning manipulation. We presented a single arrow cue predicting the target location with 70% accuracy. Unbeknownst to participants, the arrow also independently cued the distractor location with 70% validity. Results again showed the target validity effect and critically also now showed a distractor validity effect; this latter effect emerged over time, due to the gradual acquisition of incidental learning. These results demonstrate that individuals can simultaneously enhance and suppress multiple noncontiguous locations in the visual field. Further analysis revealed a striking exception: enhancement and suppression only occurred when target and distractor appeared in opposite visual hemifields, presumably due to the hemispheric independence of attentional resources (Alvarez & Cavanagh, 2005). Thus, enhancement and suppression are limited by competition for common resources and are not fully separable.