Midterm ReviewMonday October 25, 2010

Announcements

No warm ups this week

National Parks Project DUE TOMORROW!!

Make sure to do your test corrections

Midterms Wed and Thurs

Download today’s notes from the class website

Chapter 1

Earth Science- covers ALL sciences that want to understand Earth and its neighbors in space

Broken down into four major areasMeteorology: Study of the processes that

produce weather and climateOceanography: Study of the oceanGeology: Study of the physical Earth Astronomy: Study of the universe

Chapter 1

The Earth is divided into four major spheresHydrosphere: waterAtmosphere: airGeosphere: physical earthBiosphere: life (found wherever there

is life, whether that be in the hydro-, atmo-, and/or geosphere)

Chapter 1

The Earth is divided into layersCrust: thin, rocky outer layerMantle: below the crust, partially

liquid, partially solidUpper mantleLower mantle

CoreOuter coreInner core

Chapter 1

Where does the energy for the Earth come from?Sun: external processesEarth’s interior: internal processes

Chapter 1

What is a system?Any group of interacting parts that form a complex whole

Chapter 1

MappingOn the global grid we look at lines of

latitude and lines of longitude to locate placesLatitude: “lat lies flat”

Measures North and South of the Equator (00 latitude)

Longitude: “runs the LOOOOONG way” Measures East and West of the Prime

Meridian (00 longitude)

Chapter 1

Mapping Topographic maps show elevation

Contour lines- lines that indicate a specific elevation Contour interval- the difference in elevation between

contour lines that are next to each other

Chapter 2

Everything on Earth is made up of atoms This is important because the properties of

minerals and rocks depends on the internal arrangement of their atoms

Atoms are broken down into 3 subatomic particles Protons Neutrons Electrons

Atoms have two regions Central region = nucleus Outer region = electron cloud

Chapter 2

Important characteristics of elementsAtomic number: identifies the element

The same as the number of protonsAtomic mass: like the “weight” of the

ISOTOPEMass = number of protons + number of

neutronsIsotopes of elements have the same #

protons, but different # of neutrons, so they have different masses.

Chapter 2

Atoms want to be stableTo become stable, most atoms

will bondThe type of bond that forms

depends on the type of the elementsMetallic: 2 metalsIonic: metal and non-metalCovalent: 2 non-metals

Chapter 2

When some atoms bond together they form MINERALS!

Mineral properties depend on the internal arrangement of their atoms

Chapter 2

Mineral CharacteristicsNaturally OccurringSolid SubstanceOrderly Crystalline StructureDefinite Chemical CompositionGenerally considered inorganic

Chapter 2

Where can minerals form?Technically, they can form

anywhereMore often than not, a lot of

heat and pressure is needed to make the atoms bond togetherHigh heat and high pressure

would be found in the interior of Earth

Chapter 2

Mineral Properties (determined by the internal arrangement of atoms) Color- not that reliable Hardness- measured by Moh’s scale Cleavage- breaking along flat surfaces Fracture- jagged breakage Density- how much “stuff” (mass) in a certain

amount of “space” (volume) Streak- color of the powdered form of the

mineral Luster- how it reflects light

Chapter 3

Rocks are solid masses of mineral or mineral-like matter

3 groups of rocksBased on how they formed

SedimentaryIgneousMetamorphic

Chapter 3

Rock Cycle

Chapter 3

Rock Cycle

Magma –-- crystallization Igneous Rock –-- weathering and erosion Sediment –-- compaction and cementation Sedimentay Rock –-- heat and pressure Metamorphic Rock –-- melting Magma

Chapter 3

Review: what are the 2 energy sources for the Earth system?

Sun: powers the processes that form sedimentary rocks

Earth’s interior: powers the processes that form igneous and metamorphic rocks

Mid-term Essays

Your mid-term will include two essay questions

I will not tell you EXACTLY what the essays will be, but they will be chosen from the questions we go over today and tomorrow

You will take the essay portion of the test on WED.

To prepare, you will outline key points for the essays in a google doc (or a sheet of paper) to organize your thoughts.

Midterm Essays

For the following two questions write down at least 7 key points for the question.

1. Why do atoms bond to form minerals? What are the five characteristics that make something a mineral? Describe two different mineral properties.

2. Describe the path a rock takes from magma igneous rock metamorphic rock sedimentary rock magma. Describe where the energy for the formation of the three rock types comes from.

Study Guide work-time

For the rest of class time, you should work on your study guides.

Questions # 1- 25 should be done before class tomorrow for you to be on-track for an A+

If you are finish your questions early, it’d be a great idea to not only have the key points for your potential essays, but also write a rough draft (trust me, this is NOT a waste of your time)

MIDTERM REVIEW – Day 2PLATE TECTONICS

Plate Tectonics

THINK ABOUT IT: How would our earth be different if there were no plate tectonic movement?

Announcements

National Parks Projects are DUE TODAY!!

Reminder: no late projects will be accepted without a call or email from a parent.

MIDTERMS begin tomorrow!

Theories of Plate Tectonics

Before the theory of plate tectonics was the theory of continental drift – a theory stating that the continents were once joined to form a single supercontinent

Alfred Wegner provided four evidences to support that earth’s continents formed Pangaea:

1. Continental puzzle

2. Fossil evidences

3. Ancient climates (glaciers were once where?)

4. Rock Types

Theories of Plate Tectonics

The theory of Continental Drift was rejected because:

Wegner could only come up with ILLOGICAL explanations for the movement of the continents.

Plate Tectonics

The theory of Plate tectonics the earth’s crust (lithosphere) is divided into several plates that move around the planet. When the plates interact they form a boundary:ConvergentDivergentTransform fault

Plate Tectonics

Key evidence that supports the Theory of plate tectonics:Seafloor spreading

Paleomagnetism

Mountain Building

Plate movement creates STRESS on rocks, making them DEFORM.

Types of Stress:1.Compressional2.Tensional3.Shear

Types of Deformation:1. Elastic2. Brittle3. Ductile

Mountain BuildingOROGENISIS – general term for the

process that produces mountains.

Mountains are classified by the dominant processes that form them.

Types of Mountains:

1. Folded

2. Fault Block

3. Domes and Basins

4. Volcanic

Mountain BuildingMountains are mainly formed by

plate boundaries. Convergent: oceanic-oceanic,

oceanic-continental

An example of this is an accretionary wedge.An accretionary wedge is an

accumulation of different sedimentary and metamorphic rocks combined with scraps of ocean crust.

Mountain Building

Isostatic AdjustmentWhen the earth’s crust adjusts to

support the weight of a mountain.

This process is controlled by gravity.

Essay Preparation – Plate Tectonics

On the class website, or on a separate piece of paper, answer the following question in preparation for the essay portion of the midterm tomorrow. Include at least 7 sentences.

1. Describe the actions that occur at each of the three plate boundaries. Include what happens to the earth at each boundary and a geographic example of at least 2 of them.

EarthquakesEarthquakes are caused by plate

motion.

Different ways radiate from the FOCUS of the earthquake causing destruction:P waves: fastestS waves: second fastestSurface waves: slowest and most

destructive

At 1500 miles, how many minutes does the s-wave arrive AFTER the p-wave?

_______________

When will the first p-wave be received if it is 2000 miles from the epicenter?

________________

Earthquakes

Where would you be safest during an earthquake? In an area with granite bedrock

What is a tsunami?A succession of ocean waves set in motion

by a submarine earthquake.

VolcanoesA volcano is a type of mountain

formed from magma escaping from earth’s crust.

Magma tends to rise towards Earth’s surface primarily because rocks become LESS DENSE when they melt.

The form of the volcano is determined by the composition of the magma.

Volcanoes

Magma is formed by melted rock – the three factors that affect the melting point of a rock are:1. Composition of the rock (material)2. Water content3. Confining pressure (less confining

pressure = easier to melt)

Volcanoes

Three things come out of a volcano:

1. lava – aa flow and pahoehoe flow

2. pyroclastic material - the particles produced in volcanic eruptions

3. gases

Volcanoes – not in notesA volcano is highly explosive if the lava

escaping from it is high in VISCOCITY.Viscocity – resistance to flow

Silica content affects lava viscocity directly – the higher silica content, the higher viscocity.

Gas content also affects lava viscocity directly – the higher gas content, the higher viscocity.

Temperature affects lava viscocity REVERSLY – the higher the temperature, the lower the viscocity.

Essay Preparation–Plate Tectonics

On the class website, or on a separate piece of paper, answer the following question in preparation for the essay portion of the midterm tomorrow. Include at least 5 sentences.

1. Describe how silica content, temperature and gas content affect the viscocity of magma. How does magma with high viscocity affect the explosion of an earthquake? Why does magma rise to the surface of the planet?

Midterm Study Guide

Use your book and notes to work on your study guides for Plate Tectonics (starting on number 26).

Remember, test starts TOMORROW (essays!)

Study guides are due THURSDAY

Midterm Review – Day 3Geologic Time

Warm Up – Review Essay Questions

1. Why do atoms bond to form minerals? What are the five characteristics that make something a mineral? Describe two different mineral properties.

2. Describe the path a rock takes from magma igneous rock metamorphic rock sedimentary rock magma. Describe where the energy for the formation of the three rock types comes from.

Warm Up – Review Essay Questions

3. Describe how silica content, temperature and gas content affect the viscocity of magma. How does magma with high viscocity affect the explosion of an earthquake? Why does magma rise to the surface of the planet?

4. Describe the actions that occur at each of the three plate boundaries. Include what happens to the earth at each boundary and a geographic example of at least 2 of them.

Announcements

National Parks Project is OVERDUE – turn it in with a note/email/call from a parent.

Midterms start TODAY!

Study Guides are due when you walk in the door tomorrow!

Geologic Time

Our planet has existed and changed for billions of years!

The physical, chemical, and biological laws that operate today have also operated in the geologic past – this is part of the principle of UNIFORMITARIANISM.

Geologic TimeScientists have been trying to interpret

earth’s history for hundreds of years.

Scientists interpret earth’s history through RELATIVE DATING - dating process that places geologic events in proper sequence. Law of superpositionPrinciple of original horizontality

Fossils are evidences of past life.A quick burial and hard parts of an

organism are important in making fossils.

Geologic Time

Absolute dating is using radiometric dating to find the EXACT age of a rock or fossil.

A half life is the time it takes for 50% of the nuclei in a radioactive sample to decay to its stable isotope.

What fraction of the original parent isotope still exists after 3 half-lives have passed?

______________

If 1/16 of the parent material is left, how many half lives have passed?

____________

Geologic Time ScaleThe Geologic Time Scale covers

4.56 billion years – the length of the history of the planet.

The scale is broken into Eras that cover massive amounts of time:Precambrian: life was confined to the

seasPaleozoic: Era of “ancient life”Mesozoic: Age of the ReptilesCenozoic: Age of the Mammals

Precambrian

Everything else

Geologic Time ScaleOriginally, the Earth’s atmosphere

had no free oxygen.The major source of the free oxygen in

our atmosphere is green plants through photosynthesis .

Animals evolved:First they lived only in waterAmphibians – lived in water, but could

visit landReptiles – the first true terrestrial

animals. Cold blood.Mammals – warm blood

Midterms – Essay Questions

Clear everything off your desks except something to write with.

When you finish, you may continue to work on your Study Guides.

No computers will be allowed on desks for the remainder of the class.