Middle East

Middle EastPeriods 1-6Period 1Domestication of Grains- Middle East has the earliest evidence of agriculture Remember the change from food gathering to food production known as Neolithic RevolutionBegan producing grains-wheat & barleyPlants spread to nearby civilizations through cultural diffusionDomesticated animals(cows and camels)

Middle East is the cradle of civilization with numerous period 1 civilizationsBy 4000 BCE there were independent villages like Jericho on the Jordan river and Catal Huyuk in southern Turkey

Period 1-Basic Concepts of CivilizationReliable food surpluses- farming and domesticated animalsSpecialized Labor- there is enough food that people can do jobs other than agricultureClear social class distinctions- usually based on prestige and/or wealthGrowth of citiesComplex, formal governmentLong Distance TradeOrganized writing systems-enabled traders, religious leaders and political leaders to communicate (EXCEPTION is Inca who did not have writing)Mesopotamia-earliest civilizationLocation: between Tigris & Euphrates rivers-modern day TurkeyGovernment: Began as theocracies which were city states by Sumerians which were conquered by Sargon the Great of Akkadian EmpireHammurabi of Babylon conquered MesopotamiaHammurabi Code- written set of laws- based on classThree Social Distinctions created by Hammurabi Code: 1) free landowning class, 2) dependent farmers, 3) slaves who were prisoners of war or debtorsWomen lost status with agriculture because had more children to work farm but women could own property and participate in tradeEconomics: Agricultural society, Location was crossroads of trade-traded mostly grains, Slavery commonInvented bronze to make harder metal used for weaponsLong distance trade included sailing Persian GulfMesopotamia contCulture: Writing-Sumerians invented writing- cuneiformEpic of Gilgamesh- epic journey like Homers Odyssey or Virgils Aeneid also tells of great flood like BibleReligion- polytheistic based on agricultural gods who were gloomy/vengeful, built ziggurats as templesMath & Science- developed number system based on 12, 60, 360 still used today in our time and geometry

EgyptEnvironment- used their environment to their advantageIn Nile River valley (same latitude as Mesopotamia)predictable flooding (optimistic society) leads to agricultural fertilityCataracts (rapids) protect from invasion/surrounded by desert which protects tooEconomicsAgriculturalNo use for bronze weapons since had natural barriers to invasion- used bronze weapons after defeat by HyksosSailed Persian Gulf and Mediterranean-traded gold, linens, leather goods, silver in exchange for ebony, ivory, cattle, slaves, cosmeticsGovernment- Pharaoh is both king and god (most powerful king in history), reincarnation of sky god

Egypt contSocial Structure: fewer class distinctions than MesopotamiaCultureReligion-polytheistic-gods based on natureRe-God of sun, Isis-god of Nile, Osiris-god of deadPyramids-tombs for pharaohWriting- hieroglyphics Book of Dead- on papyrus, compilation of rituals of deathDeveloped Calendar

LocationGovernmentEconomicsCultureMesopotamiaTigris & Euphrates, crossroads of trade, no natural barriers, flooding irregularHammurabi Code based on classAgricultural, bronze weapons. Sumerians=wheel, sailed Persian GulfPolytheistic, Sumerian cuneiform, Epic of Gilgamesh, vengeful gods, ziggurats, early developments in math & astronomyEgyptNile River, predictable flooding, cataracts & desert protectsPharaoh was king & god (Most powerful king in history)Agricultural, no use for bronze weapons until defeated by Hyksos, sailed in Red Sea, traded in MedPolytheistic, Hieroglyphics, Book of Dead, pyramids were tombs, calendar, fewer class distinctions than MesopotamiaChinaHuang He and Yangzi riversShang DynastyZhou Dynasty-kept written records, professional bureaucrats ShiAgricultural-domesticated rice, invented hoe, bronze weapons & tools, chariots from Mesopotamia, silkCities on grid-orderly, 3 social groups (elite, peasants, unskilled), women lost status, religion not important but Mandate of Heaven, importance of family, ConfucianismMeso-Americaisolated from rest of period 1 civilizations, near Gulf and lakes in Mexico & Andes mountainsLong distance trade among themselves, though Inca notNo domesticated animals except Llama, no wheel, agricultural, drainage systemsPolytheistic, Inca no writing but system of knots- Khipu, pyramids, Human sacrifice, Aztecs had calendar, planned cities lined up with stars, giant headsHow did Period 2 differ from Period 1?Empires bigger and stronger militaryMore complex cultures- major religions develop esp in Middle East (Judaism & Christianity) but Islam develops in Period 3-faiths spread during period 2More numerous and better written records-alphabets develop making literacy easier but certainly not universal literacyMore complex long distance trade-great trade routes connect the regions. Exs: Silk Road, Indian Ocean route and Saharan caravansMiddle East connected to all routes- empires grew wealthier, culture spreadMore contact between nomadic and sedentary people-Trade Routes of Period 2 link Middle East to Rome, East Asia and Africa

Indian Ocean RouteIvory from Africa, India & MesopotamiaFragrances & pearls from Middle EastSpices from India & SE AsiaManufactured goods & pottery from ChinaSilk Roadgoods moving east: horses, alfalfa, grapes pistachio, sesame, spinach & ChristianityGoods moving west: silk, peaches, cinnamonStirrups moving both ways from central AsiaSaharan RoutesCamels from Egypt allowed trade routes to be establishedSalt exchanged for kola nuts & palm oilPeriod 2: 600 BCE- 600 CEPhoenicians controlled trade routes in the Mediterranean around 600 BCE and linked the Greeks to the Middle EastKnown for their seafaringCreated alphabet based on phonics- more simple than previous written languagesGreeks added vowels to Phoenician alphabetBasis of most modern languagesPhoenicians absorbed by Assyrian Empire

Phoenician EmpireAlexander the Great (336-349 BCE)Macedonian, inherited army from father, Philip IIConquered Anatolia (Turkey), Egypt, Persia to Indus River valley (India)Tried to merge Greek & Middle Eastern cultures through marriageHellenistic Period = post Alex when spread Greek cultureMany Greeks moved to his previous empire (migration) spreading Greek cultureCreated network connected by culture/language & trade

Roman Empire controls trade on Mediterranean through much of later period 2

Roman Influence in Middle EastGovernment-Rome had efficient bureaucracy that was used to rule the vast empire- Augustus Caesar reformed military, economy and governmentImplemented civil service to run empire (like China)- equites**Codified law (written code)- Law of Twelve Tables**Set up judges to hear cases-bases of modern precedent and natural lawUsed army as building and engineering crew to build infrastructure (roads, canals, aqueducts) roads facilitated tradeAugustus reforms allowed for Pax Romana- time of peace lasted until 200 CE then Rome started to declineConquered peoples- some gained citizenship but many were slaves-Rome expanded for slaves-they relied on slave labor (like Aztecs who expanded in order to get people for sacrifice)Culture: based on Greek culture, new language Latin- which spread, literature (Virgils Aeneid & Ovids poetry,

Roman Empire split between West and EastEmpire became huge- hard to defend, communicate, effectively administer4th century Emperor Constantine created a second capital at ConstantinopleEastern half of empire developed independently of west when west conquered by migrating nomads (Huns and Germanic) defeated western empire (Rome)Created Byzantine EmpireDeveloped Eastern Orthodox form of ChristianityByzantine emperor is head of BOTH government and religion (increased power)

During Period 2, Three monotheistic faiths began in Middle EastJudaism- **1st monotheistic faith**- Jewish belief in one god distinguished them from everyone elseAbraham was founder; Sacred text= Hebrew BibleJews scattered by their conquerors- any scattering of people is a diasporaZoroastrianism- official religion of the Persian Empire- good vs evil- man could choose his pathChristianityFounder- Jesus, Sacred Text-Bible1/3 Universal faiths (Buddhism, Islam & Christianity) because open to all/ everyone equal chance at salvationEspecially appealed to poor!Missionaries spread faith- Paul tried to spread to Greeks & RomansRome persecuted early Christians but then emperor Constantine issued Edict of Milan (313) which tolerated faith and Constantine converted Spread along trade routes esp Silk RoadContinuities of Period 3(600-1450)Belief Systems unifying force for societies- Islam begins and unifies ME, Christianity- Europe but too late to save Roman Empire, Hinduism-India, Buddhism- China, Korea, SE AsiaCivilization spreads to Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe & Japan, height of nomadic powerTrade increased and societies interdependent-technology and culture spread, routes more complex, disease spreadBeginning of IslamPre-Islam- Mecca & Medina were trading cities controlled by Bedouin clans practicing polytheistic & animistic faith (belief that spirits in every part of nature)Mecca controlled by Umayyad clan- rich from trade and visits to relics in town Kaba which held Black Stone Muhammed Merchant- exposed to many different groups including monotheistic Jews and ChristiansHad visions of angel telling him about AllahFled to Medina- hijrah- founding date of new faithIslam united clans of Medina and eventually MeccaBasic Beliefs of IslamAllah is the one GodPrayer 5 times a day, facing MeccaFasting during the month of Ramadan) demonstrating commitment to faithAlms to poor- historically, Muslims not taxed in Muslim states because they gave to the poorHajj- once in lifetime, expected to make pilgrimage to Mecca- great opportunity to spread ideas/technology throughout Muslim worldSacred Text- QuranUniversalizing faith because everyone is equal to AllahFaith spread along trade routes esp to North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa among chiefs, Middle East, to IndiaSpread of Islam

Umayyad Empire (661-750)GovernmentCaliph- political & religious leader , strong bureaucracy Damascus is capitalConquered North Africa, Spain (Iberia), AfghanistanEconomicSupported trade and merchant classNo taxes for Muslims, non-Muslims (People of the Book) pay taxesCultureReligionSunni Muslim(Sunni maj. of Islam-caliph is not related to Muhammad)Religiously tolerant though tried to keep Muslims separate by outlawing intermarriageMonumental building-mosque, palace, Caliphates united by language-scholars had to read ArabicSpread technology & culture with yearly pilgrimage to Mecca

Mawali (non-Muslims) revolt in 740s helped bring down empire

Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258)Government (combination of political and religious power)Strong BureaucracyCaliph- political & religious leaderVizier was the head of gov under Caliph (Ottomans had same in per 4)Sharia- religious scholars (Ulama) interpret Quran and create Islamic law codes- Ulama increasingly gaining more power than CaliphVast military with military leaders increasingly becoming more independent from CaliphEconomicBaghdad new capital and trade centerSupported trade and merchant class who formed guilds, $$$Controlled much of trade-esp Indian Ocean RoutesDhow- Muslim ships designed to sail on rough Indian Ocean (lanteen sails)Connect Asia to African routesAs empire grew, shared new farming techniques, crops, technology (sugar cane, rice, spinach new goods)- increased food supply- healthier populationSlaves performed much of unskilled labor in empire

Trade routes under Abbasid

Abbasid DynastyCulture- Golden Age of IslamReligionOpened religion to all on equal basis helped make Islam universal religionReligious toleration led to blending of cultures and cosmopolitan citiesMonumental building-mosques had minaret (prayer tower) & loved to build domesCaliphates united by language-scholars had to read ArabicLoved Chinese paper for government records and literature poetry, Thousand and One NightsLike Chinese, excelled in calligraphyLearning/EducationSpread technology & culture with yearly pilgrimage to MeccaArabic Numerals: Brought numbers based on 10 from India and added concept of zeroDevelop algebraCreated urban universities- Madrasas- which preserved Greek and Roman textsEuropeans will rediscover Greek & Roman texts when come to ME during Crusadesleading to European RenaissanceDownfall of Abbasid DynastyInternal: Vast empire hard to defend and hold together from centralized area of BagdadInternal problems-Religious differences between Sunni & ShiitesDuring 800s most of Africa and Arabia broke away from Abbasid EmpireExternal invasions: Defeated by Mongols but eventually the Mongols converted to Islam (great example of unifying force of Islam-religion holds together people until leader converts)

Gender Roles Period 3 Islamic empiresMuhammad urged men to respect womenPolygamy ok- Muhammad authorized up to four wives1st wife owned a businessSome women went to battle with men- jihad As caliphates became more urban and sophisticated, women lost status (recurring theme)Upper class women restricted to homes-led to idea of Harem (restricted area for women)Mongol rule- generally higher status for womenByzantine EmpireGovernment:Capital-Constantinople- fortified city last to fall to Ottomans 1453Trade hub of period 3- connected Europe to ME to East AsiaEmperor-**both political & religious leader** caesaropapismBenefitted from Roman technology-roads, infrastructure, Roman lawJustinian Code: Codified Roman law into written code: basis for law codes in EuropeCentralized bureaucracyEconomicsLocated in crossroads of both sea and land trade routesSilk production like China, manufacture cloth, carpetsMerchants held down in status by bureaucrats,/CultureReligion: Christianity-Eastern Orthodox-separates from EuropeLanguage closer to Greek than Latin-separates from EuropeHagia SophiaState sponsored school for boys, girls tutored tooWomen confined to home like Greece & caliphatesCulture spread to eastern Europe & Russia

Mongols and the Middle EastPeriod 3 is the height of Mongol power. From Central Asia, they sweep across Eurasia, conquering with their quick moving cavalry Pax-Mongolia-however, throughout Eurasia, the Mongols protected the trade routes and brought peace and prosperity to those who traded with them from East Asia (Yuan Dynasty), to Southeast Asia, to Russia, to Middle EastIn addition to economic ties, Mongols spread culture, technology and disease (plague) on Silk Road. When Mongols lost power, Silk Road forever disappeared, replaced by Indian Ocean route.While Mongols controlled most of Eurasia, they had a tendency to adopt the culture of the areas they controlled-keeping the Mongols from being a unified forceespecially seen in Middle East where Mongols adopted Islam (remember, Islam is the glue that holds Middle East together)

Be sure you know Kiev is new trading city of Per 3 RussiaBaghdad was Abbasid capital and key per 3 trading cityDelhi SultanateMuslim rulers in Hindu IndiaPeriod 3 tradeEmpires more interdependent in period 3 than period 2-trade routes more complexMajor technology moving along trade routesFrom China-paper (gov records, literature), compass (led to long distance navigation), gunpowder (Mongols used in catapults) led to use of cannonsTo Africa: citrus, rice-better food meant healthier/stronger peopleDiseases moving on trade routes-Plague came from China to Europe to Egypt to North Africa, destroying populations along the wayTrade leads to urban centers and growth of cities, growth of banks (Exs of cities: Kiev, Baghdad, Cairo, Venice, Genoa, Timbuktu, Constantinople)Silk Road disappears with end of Mongol rule (Yuan Dynasty) at end of per 3-most trade shifted to Indian Ocean routePeriod 4 ContinuitiesJoining of western and eastern hemispheres-leads to decimation of Amerindians and their environment, Columbian Exchange, expansion of African slave trade, new social hierarchies Balance of power changed from Asia/ME to increasing power of western EuropeLand empires remained important, esp with their use of gunpowder (Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal. Russia)Labor systems transformed-African slavery escalated due to demand for labor in new worldNatural environment changed with introduction of new plants/animals in western hemisphere, deforestation, & diseases spread (Columbian Exchange)

Europe rises at expense of Islamic EmpiresCrusades (per 3) had few effects on Middle East, however European crusaders experienced the advanced culture of ME- saw technology, medicine, weapons traded with Asia & wanted to compete-led to European development of Caravels with compasses, astrolabes, & cannons (all borrowed technology)Venice & Genoa rose as banking/trading powers as result of crusadesEuropeans rediscovered their past scholarship (Greeks & Romans) from Muslims who had never lost itled to RenaissanceSpain (Ferdinand & Isabella) defeated Muslims and drove them out of Spain/Iberia leading to consolidation of their power and Age of Exploration which would supplant ME from key to trade routesGunpowder EmpiresOttoman, Safavid, Mughal, Ming & Qing Dynasties, Russia Relied on armies, roads, inland cities, economic powerGunpowder-new technology-key to military successesBy 1750, Ottoman, Safavid & Mughal on decline while sea based empires still rising

Period 4- Ottoman EmpireOsman-1299-settled in Anatolia(Turkey)declared independence from Seljuk Turks & founded Ottoman EmpireGovernmentSultan- leaderVizier-chief administrative officerStrong bureaucracyDevshirme- system of tribute- taking Christian boys into the service of the Sultan- converted & educated them they went into bureaucracy or militaryStrong military- conquered Constantinople 1453 renamed IstanbulJanissaries- Christian boys taken as tribute and made into footsoldiers for military-commanded the artillery of the army-led to power in the military and the empireSuleiman the Magnificent led attack on Constantinople but failed to take Vienna when his armies laid siege to the cityArmy & navyNavy lost to Spain in 1571 at Battle of Lepanto- lost control of Mediterranean

Ottoman EmpireEconomics-Istanbul-Crossroads of trade both by land and seawealthy from trade, urban (sophisticated)Merchants and artisans valued- formed guildsEmpire hurt by the inflation caused by influx of European silver from New WorldCultureReligion- Sunni Muslim (fought Safavid who were Shiite)Hagia Sophia converted to largest mosque, aqueducts restoredBureaucracy valued the printing press and paper to keep detailed recordsSaw Europeans as backwards to their own superior society

Problems of the Ottoman Empire: in decline by 1600s but not dissolved until end of World War IWeak Sultans (leaders)Succession questions when Sultan diedSultan raised in palace and not allowed to be worldly, brothers killed when inherited throneLarge empire hard to defendBureaucracy in Istanbul could not control local officials who failed to pay taxes to governmentPeasant Revolts

Safavid Empire- ended by 1720GovernmentLed by ShahRoutinely fought Ottoman Empire excuse was that they were different Muslim sectsSafavid cavalry, the quilbash, decimated by the Ottoman (Janissary) artillery-Battle of Chaldiran 1514example of the importance of new artilleryImportant because stalled the Safavid empires expansion to the westHeight of power under Shah Abbas I (1588-1629)Similar to devshires (Janissaries) safavid captured Russian boys and educated them to be soldiers-use of artillery gave them power in empireBrought European technology to empire to strengthen Land based empire-no navyEconomicsFew ports, no merchant navy- relied on the Europeans to transport goods Trade in Persian rugs, carpets, textilesNot urban or cosmopolitan (unlike Ottoman)CultureReligion-Islam- ShiiteCurrent day Iran-Persian influenceAcademics spoke Persian not ArabicGovernmentEconomicsCultureOtherOttomanSultan dictator, land to aristocracy for military service, Army & Navy, Sultan aided by vizier and Janissaries, strong bureaucracy centered in Istanbul. By 1750-in decline. Dissolved after WWIAgriculture, Istanbul urban center, crossroads of trade, value merchants, guilds, controlled own trade, hurt by inflation of European silverSunni MuslimCaptured Christian boys in Balkans to join devshirme (Janissaries), Hagia Sophia becomes mosque, domed buildings

SafavidShah- dictator, land to aristocracy for military service, Land based-ONLY army, defeated by Ottomans with superior military. By 1750-in declineAgriculture, Goods: rugs & textiles, relied on Europeans to moved goods, hurt by inflation of European silverShiite MuslimPersian influences, Persian calligraphy, domed buildingsMughalShah is dictator, land to aristocracy for military service, Army only- no navy, Akbar-height of empire- his reforms gone when he lost power; strong bureaucracy based on military hierarchy for collecting taxes but a lot of power left in local hands. By 1750-in decline-British take over powerAgriculture, Goods: cotton, indigo, silk. Relied on Europeans for trade on water. Akbar abolished jizrah head tax non-Muslims paid, hurt by inflation of European silverGov= Sunni Muslim; people were Hindu, Child marriage, purdah- isolation of women, sati- widow suicide

Akbar wanted intermarriage. Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal, domed buildings

Period 5 (1750-1900)- ContinuitiesWorld dominated by western countries- used technology of Industrial Revolution to dominate- improved travel & communication due to Railroads, steamships, telegraph- $$Industrial Revolution changed life & economics- shift to urban, smaller families, pollution of cities, increased domination of colonies for raw materials & markets- one crop colonies leads to deforestation, unnatural economy that cannot sustain populationNew Political model- British parliament- desire for democratic reforms (social contract) led to revolutions esp in US, France, Latin America (revolutions in ME, Africa & India in per 6)Inequality of people leads to reform movements: abolition of slavery labor replaced by indentured servants, womens rights (Wollstonecraft)Territory losses in Ottoman Empire to 1791

Decline of Ottoman EmpireMilitary declines in period 5- while that was the reason they flourished in period 4- falling behind EuropeansJanissaries, fearing loss of their power, refused to innovate military in period 5 to keep up with European technology from Industrial RevolutionGreece declares independence from Ottomans 1830, Serbia 1867Crimean War= Ottoman, Britain & France vs Russia (1853-54)Ottomans losing war in Crimea to Russia, who was expanding to Black Sea for warm water portOttomans, ironically, had to ask the Europeans for help to defeat Russians (remember in Per 4, Ottomans thought themselves superior to Europe)Florence Nightingale revolutionized battlefield medicineTransition from traditional to modern warfare- after war, started military schools under leadership of Europeans to train forcesEgypt, while still in empire, acts independently under Muhammad AliOttomans attempt reforms through westernization- failedTanzimat- period of reform under Mahmud-used French legal code instead of sharia law (Muslim law), guarantees of public trials, equality under law for all, state sponsored public schools- Abd al-Hamid II eliminated constitution, parliament and reformsWesternized military- modern weapons, training, uniformsEliminated beards (changed the way they looked like Peter in Russia or Ming Dynasty)Tried to use western military hats but head could not touch ground for Muslim prayer- compromise= Fez (brimless)By 1900-Empire much smaller- fewer diverse groups to unify- Young Turks-nationalist group pushed for language changed to Turkish rather than Arabic- angered Syria & Iraq

Rise of Egypt under Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) but by 1880s under control of BritainPolitical: While still a part of declining Ottoman empire, begins to act independentlyAli builds army by drafting peasants and training them with European strategy & weapons (innovates unlike Ottomans)- one of first countries to come under European influenceEconomic: industrializes like Europeans- built textile/ cotton production to compete with American south during interruption in their cotton during US Civil WarUsed European investment $$ to build infrastructure: RR, **started planning the SUEZ CANAL**- canal taken over by BritainIncurred huge debt owed to EuropeansCultureBuilt state sponsored , secular public schoolsSuez Canal(built 1859-69)Conceived by Muhammad Ali, French helped Egypt build, taken over by Britain for debts Egypt owed BritainLinked Mediterranean & Red Sea to dramatically reduced length (think cost, time, risk of loss) of trip/movement of goods/communication from Europe to India & ChinaExample of technology of Industrial Revolution (like Panama Canal)

Steamboat trip from Britain to India reduced from 4 months to 2 weeks with canalPeriod 6 (1900-present) ContinuitiesDomination of west interrupted post WWII through 1991 with divisions of Cold War between two new superpowers: US vs USSRInternational Organizations became more important Exs: United Nations, World Trade Organization, European Union, League of Arab States, NATO, Warsaw PactNationalism (desire for independence/own country) still important but new area of world: Africa, ME, India, SE Asia and former Soviet Union and new issues: fascism, decolonization, racism, genocide, breakup of Soviet UnionPolitical revolutions based on democratic (self determination) valuesSocial reform & social revolutions continue with consequences including changes in gender roles, peasant protests, spread of Marxism (USSR, China, North Korea, Cuba, Vietnam)Increasing interaction of populations due to increased technologyDemographic changes including decrease in proportions of populations that live in western nations-Environmental changes continue

Treaty of Versailles 1920Peace treaty that ended World War IGoal of France and Great Britain to punish GermanyGermany had to accept responsibility/guilt for warGermany lost colonies in Africa & ME, lost Alsace & Lorraine to France, Rhineland demilitarized zone between France & GermanyGermany had a limited militaryGermany had to pay reparations to France & BritainWilson proposed the 14 Points of Light (optimism for future)--Created League of Nations- failed international peace bodyEastern European states gained independence like Poland, CzechoslovakiaOttoman Empire dissolvedLeague created Mandates- states under the protection of European nations- opposite of Nationalism (Ex: GB controlled Palestine & Iraq, France controlled Syria & Lebanon)Ex of Social Darwinism- League gave ind to European states but not MEOil is new important raw material- Europe wants to control oil fieldsCreated fragmented ME and resentment by ME states against Europe/west

Post WWI Mandates created by Treaty of Versailles

Post WWII-Decolonization- Turkeysecular nationalism-1923Mustafa Kemal unified Turkey into independent countryLike the reforms of the Ottoman Empire-tried to create secular gov: eliminated sharia law (Muslim), ended polygamy and office of Caliph Changed culture: changed from Arabic writing to Roman alphabet, encouraged wearing of western style clothes, urged women to discontinue wearing veilsLed to tensions in Turkey between clerics and governmentPost WWII-Decolonization-IranPahlavi Dynasty-Shah of IranHighly centralized state-first since Persian EmpireReligious state but secular (western) law codes and judicial systemSuffrage (voting) for women, restricted polygamy, allowed women to work outside homeSupported by USAReligious Revolution many Muslims did not like Shah because he made Iran too secular too soon, seen as to close to USA, also seen as dictator1978 hundreds of unarmed demonstrators against Shah were killed in Tehran then oil workers went on strikeCreated Theocracy led by Ayatollah Khomeini Islamic Fundamentalist- Shiite leaders launched Cultural Revolution with goals similar to ChinasMoving away from secularism toward purification of ShiismKilled oppositionAnti-USAPost WWII-Decolonization-EgyptSince WWI- Britain had economic power over Egypt (like China) with the Suez Canal as the key to their power During WWII Britain handed over control to the Waft, Egyptian Nationalism partyWaft instrumental in creating the League of Arab States- a regional organization designed to strengthen and unite countries that were predominately Muslim (remember the DBQ you wrote!)1952- drove out Egyptian king and British InfluenceGamel Nasser took control of EgyptPlayed both sides of cold war to get aid from USA and USSRUS supported Egypts nationalization of Suez Canal (took canal from Britain) Ex of growing importance of third world nations during cold war Zionism-desire for Jewish HomelandRemember Period 2 Diaspora of Jewish people-they are spread out throughout the worldAnti-Semitism throughout history: Exs: persecution in Roman Empire, pogroms & living in Ghettos in RussiaZionism gains ground post WWI with Balfour Declaration- British support of Jewish NationalismWorld War II and Hitlers Holocaust against the Jews (ex of genocide- systematic killing of whole race/ethnic group- other examples include Rwanda in 1990s, Serbia 1990s, Armenians in Turkey during WWI)United Nations passed resolution to create ind state of Israel in 1948 out of previous PalestineDisplacement (forced migration )of Palestinians to other ME statesSeries of Wars between Israel (backed by US) and Arab states in which Israel winsPalestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) came to represent displaced PalestiniansContinuing tension in Middle EastIsrael carved out of Palestine in 1948- triggered a series of wars between Israel and Arab states

Middle East Present Day

Beau Peep says good luck!