Middle Ages• Middle Ages

– Time between the fall of the Roman Empire, 500AD and 1500AD.• Crusades

– “Holy Wars” between Muslims and Catholic Christians over the holy lands. Crusaders brought back new foods, spices, clothing—this leads to trade

• Renaissance– Means “rebirth” Renewed interest in arts, learning, and technology .

• Reformation– a movement started by Martin Luther that split the Catholic Church.

Martin Luther writes his 95 Theses in 1517 against the practice of indulgences (paying $ to get to heaven)Eventually leads to the establishment of the Church of England or the Anglican church

Johannes Gutenberg

• A renaissance inventor of the movable type. Promoted the spread of bibles during the reformation.

Columbian Exchange• The exchange of plants, animals, and disease

between Europe and the Americas• Around 80% of Native Americans were killed by

disease transmitted through the exchange of these goods

Conquistadors

• Hernando Cortez– Conquered the Aztecs; searched for gold

• Francisco Pizarro– Conquered the Incas; searched for gold

• Juan Pounce de Leon– Searched for the fountain of youth in Florida

Prince Henry the Navigator

• Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugalsets up a school for sailors and navigators

• Technological Advances:–Astrolabe- find position from the stars–Compass- indicates direction–Caravel- larger, stronger ship that made

exploration easier

St. Augustine

• First Permanent European settlement• Fort built by the Spanish in Florida to protect

shipping and the colonies in the Caribbean.

The English Colonies

• Real purpose of colonies: to enrich Britain• mercantilism: colonies are expected to supply

materials the mother-country lacked so they could make goods for trade

English Colonies• Slave Trade– Grows because colonist need laborers for the

plantations• Indentured Servants– People who worked for 5-7 years in exchange for

passage to the colony• Triangular Trade– The movement of goods

between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that brought slaves to the colonies

English Colonies• Middle Passage• The voyage from Africa to America that brought a

cargo of slaves. This passage was a part of the Triangular Trade.

• Abolitionists– Those who wanted to abolish slavery

• Quakers– Some of the first to oppose slavery and speak against it

as an evil institution

Navigation Acts• All trade must be done in English or colonial

ships• Certain items can only go to England• All goods have to go through English port 1st

New England or Northern Colonies

Soil was infertile, little farming

Fishing, whale hunting

Small factory manufacturing became common

Develop a mainly urban (cities) society, based on commerce (business) and trade

Middle Colonies Economy

• “Breadbasket colonies”

•Grow grain

• Forests provided lumber

Southern Economy

Grow rice, indigo, and tobacco

Many farm on small farms or on large farms (called plantations)

Jamestown: Known for the commodity (product) tobacco

specialized in a single cash crop one grown for sale, rather than farmer’s own use

Age of Enlightenment

• An intellectual movement that stressed reasoning (thinking) as a way to discover how the universe works..– Learn the earth revolves around the sun– World controlled by fixed mathematical, scientific

laws; world is not random (gravity!)– Ben Franklin key Enlightenment figure as well as

John Locke

Great Awakening

• 1730s-1740s• Series of religious revivals. • Jonathan Edwards- he was a traveling preachers

(evangelist today), outdoor revivals. Most famous sermon is “Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God”

• Christian denominations are established such as Methodist and Baptists

• Results of the Great Awakening- People learn to question authority. Soon, they will question Britain’s authority over them

Jamestown

• Jamestown• - first permanent English settlement in North

America• Tobacco– Crop grown by the Virginia colony to earn profits

for the company.

Navigation Act

• Navigation Act– Acts to regulate colonial manufacturing and trade

• Imports– Goods that a nation buys

• Exports– Goods that a nation sells

• Smuggling– Importing goods illegally

French and Indian War

• War between the French and their Indian allies (friends) against the British for control of North America.

• French and British wanted control of the Ohio River Valley in western Pennsylvania territory.

• George Washington establishes his military leadership abilities

• Treaty of Paris 1783– An agreement between the French and the British that

ended the French and Indian War.

Effects of the French and Indian War

• Colonist left Great Britain with a huge War Debt

• British tighten control of the colonist with taxes.

• Colonist felt a sense a of unity and pride.• Proclamation of 1763– Restricted the colonists from settling west of the

Appalachian Mountains until the debt was paid

Great Britain wants the Colonists to repay the money from the French and Indian War so they place taxes on the colonist…

Tax Battle:Taxes placed on the Colonist by the British.

• Stamp Act– A direct tax on legal documents and printed

matter.– Examples newspapers, sermons, documents.

• Sugar Act– Called for stricter enforcement of the Navigation Acts to

prevent the colonist from smuggling in goods. • Townshend Act– Acts that collected import duties on goods imported from

England.• Tea Act– Act that gave a monopoly to the East India Company to

sell tea directly to the colonies.

Boston Massacre

• Boston Massacre-Bloodshed that occurred when British soldiers fired upon a group of angry colonist

• Crispus Attucks– Free slave that was shot during the Boston Massacre and

considered the first causality (death) of the American Revolutionary War.

• Quartering Act– Acts that forced the colonist to feed and house the British

troops in North America.

Committees of Correspondence• It was very difficult to communicate across the

3000 or more miles of the colonies in the 1700s• They needed a way to keep the colonist

informed• Set up groups to let colonies know about new

taxes and how to respond

Boston Tea Party• An act of rebellion when the Sons of Liberty,

dressed as Indians, dumped a shipload of tea in to the Boston Harbor.

• The British reacted by enforcing the Coercive Act (the Colonist called it the Intolerable Act). It closed the Boston Harbor, preventingtrade until the teawas paid for.

Lexington and Concord• Lexington

– Town where the first clash or skirmish between colonial soldiers (minute men) and British troops(redcoats) took place

• Concord– Small town outside Boston where minutemen had muskets and gunpowder

stored• Paul Revere

– A silversmith who rode from Boston to Lexington to warn that the British were on the way to capture the weapons at Concord and to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock

• Patrick Henry– Fiery Virginia legislator who spoke in favor of freedom “give me liberty or give

me death”• Minute Men

– Citizen soldiers who were prepared to act at any moment’s notice• Red Coats

– The British army

Join or Die

Represents the 13 Colonies as a confederacy ( loose union of independent states)

• Published before the French and Indian War. • A Political Cartoon from Benjamin Franklin strongly

suggesting that the colonists need to form a united government.

Setting the Stage for the Revolutionary War

• Patriots– Colonist who wanted the colonies to be

independent from England• Loyalists– Colonist who remained loyal to the king and

opposed the Patriots; also called Tories• Neutrals– Colonist who did not take the side of the Patriots

or the Loyalists

Thomas Paine

• He wrote Common Sense– An essay explaining in plain terms why the colonist

should be free and how the monarchy was corrupt.

First Continental Congress

• The colonies meet at the First Continental Congress in September of 1774 in Philadelphia. The colonies agree to fight back against the British if the King refuses to compromise.

• 12 of the 13 colonies are present; Georgia is absent

Second Continental Congress

• Olive Branch Petition• The letter sent by the Colonial Congress to King

George III asking for a peaceful solution.• Created an army• Coined money (created a colonial currency)• George Washington is appointed commander of the

Continental Army• John Hancock is named President of the Continental

Congress• Colonies were asked to draw up constitutions

Revolutionary War Battles• Bunker Hill

– Battle near Boston where it took the British three charges to take the hill from the Patriots. Deadliest battle of the War.

• Battle of Trenton– Washington crossing the Delaware River to make a surprise attack at Trenton, New

Jersey on Christmas night 1776. He attacks the German mercenaries (paid soldiers) called Hessians and wins a victory for the colonists.

• Valley Forge– The place where the Continental army spent the coldest winter of 1777-1778.General Washington’s troops lacked food and clothing, but things eventually improveOut of the 10,000 troops there, more than 2,000 died.

• Baron von Steuben is the Prussian army officer who trained the Continental army at Valley Forge

Revolutionary Battles• Saratoga

– the French are still mad that they lost to Britain in the French and Indian War, so they send weapons to the Americans to help them out.

– Saratoga is known as the turning point of the war; British army from Quebec was surrounded by the efforts of the French leader Burgoyne’s and forced to surrender

• Yorktown– A Virginia town where the British General Cornwallis and his soldiers were trapped

and forced to surrender– American and French troops combine and plan to attack Cornwallis at Yorktown– 17,000 French and American troops bombard British troops at Yorktown for 3

weeks– Cornwallis finally surrenders– The Patriots (colonists) win!

Treaty of Paris 1783The treaty that officially

ended the Revolutionary War

Peace agreement by the British• Recognizes the United States as

an Independent nation• Set boundaries of the United

States• Agreed to withdraw British

soldiers from American territory• Returned Florida to Spain

Peace agreement by the Colonist• Agreed that the English could

collect debts owed by Americans

• Permitted Loyalists to go to court to recover losses of confiscated goods and property

Declaration of Independence

• Thomas Jefferson– Patriot who wrote the Declaration of Independence

• John Locke– Enlightenment thinker who wrote that government

is to protect the rights of the people; if it does not, the people could rebel

• Grievances– List of wrongs done by the king to the American

colonies

Forming a New Nation: The Articles of Confederation

– The first American constitution (set of laws/rules) that formed a confederation of states governed by a weak federal government.

NO DIRECTPOWER OVER

CITIZENS

COULD NOTBE CHANGED WITHOUT

CONSENT OF ALL 13 STATES

COULD NOT REGULATE TRADE

COULD NOT ENFORCE LAWS

NO POWER TO TAX

WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLES

OF CONFEDERATION

Northwest Territory

• Land Ordinance of 1785– A law that divided the Northwest Territory into 36

square mile township and sold the land to raise money for the government.

• Northwest Land Ordinance 1787– A law that provided a way for new states to enter

the union.

Foundations of the Constitution• Magna Carta

– A document that limited the power of the king • English Bill of Rights

– A list of the freedoms that English citizens could expect from the government• Social Contract Theory

– A theory that people have individual freedom but must surrender some of it for the good of society

• Montesquieu– An enlightenment thinker who introduced the idea that government should be

divided into three branches: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial• Rousseau

– An enlightenment thinker who proposed the Social Contract Theory, which states that people agree to give up some freedom for the good of the groups

• John Locke– An enlightenment thinker who believed that authority to rule is given to the

government by the people and that if the government abuses the power, the people can take it back.

Constitutional Convention• Independence Hall

– The name given to the Pennsylvania statehouse in Philadelphia because of its importance in the early years of the United States republic.

• Constitution Convention– The name given to the meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where the

constitution was written• George Washington

– Delegate who presided over the Constitutional Convention• Benjamin Franklin

– Delegate who was the most well-known and well-respected statesman of his day• James Madison

– Delegate who contributed the most to the writing of the United States Constitution called the “Father of the Constitution”

• Alexander Hamilton– Delegate who helped to write the Federalist Papers, which explained the

Constitution

3 Issues at the Constitutional Convention

• #1-The Great Compromise or The Connecticut Compromise

New Jersey Plan Virginia Plan

Small States Large States

Equal Representation Representation based on Population

Set up our Senators House of Representatives

2 Senators per state

Set up a Bicameral Congress with 2 chambers- the Senate and the House of Representatives

3 Issues at the Constitutional Convention

• #2 Three-fifths Compromise– The compromise over slavery that allowed 3 out

of 5 slaves to be counted for representation in the House of Representatives (and for the purpose of taxation)

3 Issues at the Constitutional Convention

• #3 Slave Trade/Federal Power– Slave trade was stopped during the Revolutionary

War– Southern States were eager to start the slave

trade after the war– Southern States feared that Congress could

prevent this– Delegates compromised and allowed the Federal

Government to regulate trade and keep the slave trade for at least 20 more years.

Ratifying the Constitution• Ratify (approve)

– The process of approving the Constitution that required the approval of 9 out of 13 states

• Federalists– People who believed in a strong federal government; wanted the

Constitution ratified• Federalists Papers

– 85 essays written by Federalist to explain the Constitution• Leading Federalists were:

– George Washington, 1st president– James Madison, the “Father of the Constitution”– Alexander Hamilton, secretary of treasury– John Adams, first Supreme Court Justice– Benjamin Franklin

Ratifying the Constitution

• Antifederalists• People who believed in the states’ rights, didn’t want the

Constitution ratified unless it contained the Bill of Rights (First 10 amendments to the Constitution)

• Leading Antifederalists– John Hancock, President of the Second Continental Congress– Thomas Jefferson, wrote the Declaration of Independence– Patrick Henry, midnight ride & “give me liberty or give me

death” speech– Samuel Adams, Sons of liberty, Boston tea party, Committee of

Correspondence First to ratify- Delaware, 1787 Last to ratify- Rhode Island,1790

The United States Constitution• Purpose of the Government– Found in the Preamble of the Constitution– To set up a court system– Keep peace among the states– Defend the nation against all enemies– To pass laws that will be good for the people– Maintain rights of citizens now and in the future

The Structure of the Constitution: Preamble, Articles & Amendments

The United States Constitution

• The Preamble– The Introduction to the United States Constitution– We the people of the United States, in order to

form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide of the common defense, promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution of the United States of America.

UNITED STATES CONSTITUION:The Articles of Confederation

Article I (1) Created the Legislative Branch

Article II (2) Created the Executive Branch

Article III (3) Created the Judicial Branch

Article IV (4) Determined relations between the states

Article V (5) Explained the process for amending the Constitution

Article VI (6) Declared the Supremacy of the National Government

Article VII (7) Declared the Process of ratification (approval) of the Constitution

Makes the laws

Enforces the laws

Interprets the law

Articles I, II & III

AmendmentsFirst 10 are called the Bill of Rights

• 1-Freedom of Religion, Assembly, Press, Petition & Speech• 2-Right to bear arms (own a gun) & maintain a militia (army)• 3-No Quartering (housing) of the troops• 4-Search and Seizure• 5-Rights of the accused• 6-fair & speedy trial, trial by jury, right to an attorney• 7-Civil suits• 8- Cruel and Unusual Punishment, excessive bail• 9- enumerated rights• 10-State’s Rights

Cont. The United States Constitution• 11- Suits among the States• 12-The election process of the President and Vice President• 13-Abolished (did away with) slavery• 14-Established Citizenship• 15-Gave African American males the right to vote• 16-Established an Individual Income tax• 17-Set up the direct election of Senators• 18- Prohibition of alcohol• 19-women’s right to vote• 20-”Lame Duck” the 100 day transition from one president to another• 21-repealed prohibition (the 18th amendment)• 22- limited the President’s term to two• 23- Set up the District of Columbia with 3 electoral votes• 24- abolished the poll tax• 25- established the presidential session and disability process• 26- Eighteen-year-olds have the right to vote• 27- Congressional Salaries

The Federal Government:The Basic Principle of the Government

• Popular Sovereignty- The people rule• Federalism- Division of power between the National and State

governments• Limited Government- • Constitutional Supremacy- the idea that the Constitution is the

supreme law of the land• Separation of Powers-a term indicating that the authority of the

government is divided among the three branches: Legislative, Executive & Judicial

• Checks and Balances-a term that describes the overlapping powers of the three branches to balance the power among the branches

• Judicial Review- the power of the judicial branch to declare acts and laws of the other two branches (executive & judicial) unconstitutional

Checks and Balance System

Developing our Presidency

• Oath of Office- the promise the President takes to preserve, protect and defend the U.S. Constitution.– “ do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the

office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.”

• George Washington- the first President of the United States.

• John Adams- the first Vice President of the United States• After Washington the President was sworn in by the Chief

Supreme Court Justice.

Developing our Presidency

• Judiciary Act of 1789- an act that created the federal court system

• Neutrality Act 1793- an act stating the President’s decision not support the French against the English in the war between them during the French Revolution.

• Washington’s Farewell Address– Avoid foreign alliances– Avoid strife between political parties

Hamilton vs. Jefferson• Alexander Hamilton

– Secretary of Treasury in Washington’s administration• Thomas Jefferson

– Washington’s Secretary of State• Federalist Party

– A political party that supported the Constitution, a strong central government, and an economy based on industry and manufacturing

• Democratic-Republican Party– A political party started by Thomas Jefferson (not today’s republican party) that

believed in states’ rights and an economy based on agriculture• Loose Constructionists

– Those who interpreted the Constitution “loosely” used the “implied” powers (not written word for word) to do things that are not specially mentioned in the Constitution

• Strict Constructionists– Those who interpreted the Constitution “strictly” used the “expressed” powers

(written word for word) believed that if the Constitution doesn’t list it, the government should not do it.

Hamilton vs. Jefferson

ISSUE HAMILTON JEFFERSON

GOVERNMENTBelieved in a

strong central governmentBelieved in a

strong state government

ECONOMYThought the economy should be based on

manufacturing and industryThought the economy should be based on agriculture (farming)

TARIFFS (TAX)Jefferson’s view

wins

Wanted TARIFFS tax on imported goods (foreign goods would cost more) to protect

American (Domestic) industries

Opposed tariffs because it hurt farmers, they needed foreign

goods

EXCISE TAX Federal Government needed revenue (money) Wanted EXCISE TAX tax on items made in

America (Domestic) proposed it on whiskey.

Farmers were angry because corn was used to make whiskey. They refused to pay any tax, known as

the Whiskey Rebellion.

WAR DEBTSBelieved the federal government should repay

national and state debts from the Revolutionary War

Believed the federal government should only repay national debts

from the Revolutionary War

CONSTITUTIONViewed with loose interpretation Viewed with strict interpretation

Banking differences between Jefferson and Hamilton

BANKING SYSTEM

HAMILTON JEFFERSON

Wanted a national bank as a place to deposit federal tax

money and as a place to issue currency (paper money)

(Loose Constructionist view)

Opposed (disagreed with) Hamilton’s National Bank idea

because it was not authorized by the United States Constitution

(Strict Constructionist view)

John Adams as President• John Adams

– 2nd United States President• Impressment

– The act of taking sailors off American ships to serve in the British navy• XYZ Affairs

– Incident that occurred when French representatives demanded a bribe from American representatives before being allowed to talk to and negotiate with the French Foreign Minister

• Alien and Sedition Acts– Laws that allowed the President to expel foreigners (aliens) who he considered

dangerous to the nation or to jail anyone who said bad things (sedition) about the government

– Jefferson encouraged states to nullify (refuse) to obey. Virginia & Kentucky agreed, said it was unconstitutional

• Naturalization Act– An act that extended the time required for foreigners to become American citizens from

five years to fourteen years• John Jay Treaty

– Gave the United States “most favored nation status” and allowed them to continue to trade with England

The Republican Era:Thomas Jefferson as President

• Thomas Jefferson– 3rd President of the United States

• Republican Era– Time between the presidential election of Thomas Jefferson through

the presidency of John Quincy Adams; 1800 to 1828• Republican Party

– Political Party that Thomas Jefferson started (not today’s Republican party)

• Sectionalism– Division that occurs when a geographic section of the country looks

out for its own needs instead of for the best interests of the whole country

• Embargo Act– An act requested by Jefferson to suspend all foreign trade in 1807

The Republican Era:Thomas Jefferson as President

• Louisiana Purchase– Land between the Mississippi

River and the Rocky Mountains that was bought from the French for 15million dollars.

Meriwether Lewisco-commander who traveled with Clark to explore the Louisiana territoryGeorge Clark asked by President Jefferson to explore the Louisiana territorySacagawea Indian wife of French fur trader, helped guide Lewis & Clark

After purchasing the Louisiana Territory1. Doubled the size of the U.S2. Guaranteed use of Miss. River3. Eliminated threat of French in North America4. Provided new land for settlement west of Miss River

War of 1812:

War between the United States and Great Britain over impressment (taking sailors off American ships) and seizing of

American ships and cargo bound for France

• War Hawks– Young congressmen from the West and South who

wanted a war with the British so they could increase the territory of the United States by taking Canada and Florida

War of 1812• Andrew Jackson

– Commander of the Tennessee militia; fought the Creek Indians in Alabama and defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans

• Horseshoe Bend– Site where Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek Indians at the battle of Tallapoosa River near

present-day New Site, ALABAMA– Creeks: Native Americans in Southern Alabama, sided with the Americans– Red Sticks: Native Americans in Northern Alabama, sided with the British

• Ft. McHenry– Fort that successfully defended the city of Baltimore from a British attack– Where the National Anthem the Star Spangled Banner was written by Francis Scott Key

• New Orleans– Jackson defeated the British after the war had ended

• Tariff of 1816– Tax passed to protect American industries after the War of 1812

• Treaty of Ghent– Ended the War of 1812; signed on Christmas Eve 1814– Canada and Florida stayed in the control of Great Britain

John Marshall

• Federalist • Chief Justice of the Supreme Court • Appointed by President John Adams • Influenced the development of the federal court

system for more than 30 years (1801-1835)• Historical Cases: – Marbury v. Madison– McCulloch v. Maryland– Gibbons v. Ogden

John Marshall’s Case

• Marbury vs. Madison 1803– Case• Marbury was appointed as a federal judge in the last

hours of John Adam’s presidency. Jefferson opposed the appointment, asked Secretary State James Madison to withhold the appointment.

– Marbury sued Madison– Supreme Court Decision• Established Judicial Review, The Supreme Court has the

power to declare acts and laws unconstitutional

John Marshall’s Case

• McCulloch Vs. Maryland 1819– Case• Maryland placed a tax on banks chartered outside the

state. McCulloch an employee refused to pay the tax.

– Supreme Court decision • Congress had the right to make laws that are “implied”

by the Constitution by using the “necessary and proper” clause• The tax was federal law, since state law could not

interfere with federal law the tax was ruled unconstitutional

John Marshall’s Case

• Gibbons vs. Ogden 1824– Case • State of New Jersey gave Ogden a permit to transport

passengers by steamboat between New York City and New Jersey. • Federal government gave a license to Gibbons for the

same thing.

– Supreme Court decision• Affirmed that the Constitution was the “supreme law of

the land”. States can not interfere with the federal government’s power

Era of Good Feeling:Period in U.S. history from around 1816-1824 when

there was little disagreement among politicians

• Nationalism– The feeling of pride for one’s country

• Sectionalism– The division that occurs when sections of a

country look out for their own interest rather than the good of the whole country

• Alabama becomes a state during this time 1819

During the Era of Good Feeling

• Missouri Compromise or the Compromise of 1820– The agreement about slave and free states formed from the Louisiana

Territory– Used to keep a balance of free and slave states in the U.S.– Created by the Great Compromiser Henry Clay– Missouri was admitted as a slave state– Maine was admitted as a free state– Slavery would be permitted

in states formed from territory of the Louisiana Purchase north of the latitude 36-30’N (the southern border of Missouri)

During the Era of Good Feeling

• Monroe Doctrine– Statement issued by James Monroe– Background

• Some European countries favored helping Spain reclaim their territories in the U.S.

• Neither England nor U.S. wanted further European involvement in the Americas.

• England & the U.S. issued a joint statement to the rest of the world to stay out of the areas

– Doctrine stated• Western Hemisphere was closed to any further colonization by European

countries• No European powers were to interfere with the Americas. If they did, the U.S.

would consider the action a threat to national security• The U.S. would not get involved in any affairs of European countries

The Republican Era: Dirty Politics

• Election of 1824– John Quincy Adams, son of 2nd president John

Adams and winner of the 1824 election– Andrew Jackson, War hero in the War of 1812– Henry Clay, Speaker of the House from Kentucky

& Secretary of State under John Q. Adam’s presidency in 1824

The Republican Era: Dirty Politics• Election of 1824

– Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adam and William H. Crawford• Corrupt Bargain

– The accusation of Andrew Jackson’s supporter against Adams of making Henry Clay the Secretary of State in exchange for Clay’s support in the 1824 election

• National Republicans– Political party that supported John Q. Adams; what was left of Jefferson’s

Republican Party• Democrats

– Political party that supported Andrew Jackson and was split from the Republican Party

• Mudslinging– The act of attacking the character of political opponents

Jacksonian Democracy• Andrew Jackson

– Wins the presidential election of 1828– Believed in a strict constructionist approach that government should only do

what the Constitution specifically says it can do– Nickname: Old Hickory (hard wood) because of his strict command over his

troops– Nickname from his Opponents: King Andrew because he used his veto (rejecting

a bill) power for any reason.• Expanded Suffrage

– Result of dropping the land ownership requirement for voting (more people were given the right to vote)

• Common Man– Ordinary people who were not from the wealthy or well-educated class;

allowed to vote– Help Jackson win the presidency

Jacksonian Democracy

• Patronage– Practice of giving government jobs to political

supports• Spoil System– Name given for patronage under Andrew Jackson– Jackson believe that ordinary citizens could hold

government jobs. Others believed this would “spoil” the government,

Jacksonian Democracy:The Nullification Crisis

• Tariff of 1828– A tariff (tax) on imported goods in order to protect domestic (home)

goods was opposed by the South; called the Tariff of Abomination by the South

• Nullification Ordinance– Law passed by the South Carolina legislature that said the state would

ignore (nullify) the Tariff of 1828.• Force Act

– Act by Congress authorizing President Jackson to use federal troops to “force” South Carolina to obey the tariff laws

• States’ Rights– Rights belonging to the states; term associated with the belief that the

states have stronger rights than the federal government

Jacksonian Democracy: Indian Removal Act• Assimilation

– The action of adapting to another culture• Indian Removal Act 1830

– An Act that authorized the President to negotiate treaties of “removal” with the Indians; tribal lands would be exchanged for lands west of the Mississippi River

• Five Civilized Tribes– The five tribes of Indians in the South, the Cherokee, the Choctaw, the

Chickasaw, the Creek, and the Seminoles, who tried to adopt white culture and be good neighbors to the whites

• Trail of Tears– The forced removal of the Cherokee

to Oklahoma in the winter of 1838-1839; many died along the way from the harsh cold, lack of food and the harsh treatment from federal troops

Cont. Indian Removal Act

• Trail of Tears• Santa Fe• Oregon• Mormon• California

The Jacksonian Democracy: The Bank War• Second Bank of the United States

– The national bank chartered in 1816 after the government had difficulty paying for the War of 1812 without a federal bank. Helped keep the money supply in the U.S. stable.

• Pet Banks– State banks where Jackson deposited federal money after it had been withdrawn from

the national bank• Panic of 1837

– The economic depression that resulted from the closing of the national bank and Specie Circular issued by Jackson. The bank didn’t have enough gold or silver to exchange for the peoples currency

• Species– Gold and silver; also called hard money

• Currency– Paper money issued by banks; was supposed to be backed by gold and silver in the bank

• Specie Circular– Executive order issued by Jackson declaring that all purchases of public land had to be

made with gold and silver• Depression

– a time of hardship caused when the economy stops growing, banks fail, business close, and jobs are hard to find

The Jacksonian Democracy:The Whig Party

• Second Party System– The rise of a distinct two-party system for the second time in American history

• Democratic Party– The political party that began with Andrew Jackson and his supports

• Whig Party– The political party made up of the National Republicans such as Henry Clay

and Daniel Webster and some Democrats such as John C. Calhoun, all of whom did not like Andrew Jackson

• William Henry Harrison– The Whig candidate who was elected President in 1840; dies after one month

in office• John Tyler

– The “accident” President. He was the Vice President who became President when Harrison died of pneumonia.

Decades of Change for the United States

• Revolution– a period of rapid change. The U.S. Had grown rapidly the first

half of the 19th Century• Industrial Revolution

– Period when a society changes from hand-made goods to machine made things

• Social experience– A community of like-minded people who want to try different

ways of organizing society• America Culture

– The art and learning that is uniquely American rather an European

The Industrial Revolution• Industrialization

– Replacing hand-made goods with machine-made goods• The American System

– A proposal by Henry Clay that the government build roads, establish a national bank and pass protective tariffs to help American industries to grow

• Cumberland Road (also called the National Road)– The only road of its time that was built with federal money

• Turnpike– A toll road where the people who use the road pay for it by paying a fee

• Clermont– The first commercial steamboat; developed by Robert Fulton

• Canal– A man-made ditch that connects sources of water

• Steam locomotive– A stem engine designed to pull a train

• Telegraph– A communication device that sends electrical signals over wires that can be received and decoded

into messages; developed in the United States by Samuel F. B. Morse• Black Belt

– The area of rich soil found in parts of the South that became the primary cotton-growing region

Industrial Revolution: Inventions

Inventor Invention Impact

Eli Whitney

Cotton GinAllowed cotton fiber to be quickly separated from the seeds. Cotton production increased across the

entire South

Interchangeable PartsAllowed things to be made in pieces

and assembled later since all the parts were the same

Robert Fulton Commercial Steamboat (Clermont)

Made river transportation much easier. Could travel in shallow water

and against the current.

George Stephenson Steam Locomotive Helped make railroads the best means of transportation

Reform Movement

• Second Great Awakening– Religious renewal that started in the 1830s and

swept the nation; awakened the social conscience of the United States

– Address several social problems, especially the issue of slavery

Reform Movement

• Abolition Movement• Movement that wanted to abolished slavery; also called the anti-slavery

movement

• Abolitionists-wanted to abolish (do away with) slavery– William Lloyd Garrison

• Abolitionists who published the anti-slavery newspaper called The Liberator

– Frederick Douglass• Abolitionists who published the North Star an abolitionist newspaper

– Harriet Tubman• Helped slaves escape to freedom through the Underground railroad

Reform Movement:Underground Railroad

• System of paths and “safe houses” used to help runaway slaves escape the South

• Led by Harriet Tubman (they also called her “Moses”)

Reform Movement: Women’s Rights

• Women’s Rights- – rights and freedoms demanded by women; they claimed to be equal with men and

thought that they should have the same rights as men, including the right to vote– Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• Co-founder (with Lucretia Motts) of the Seneca Falls Convention• Drafted the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions

– Susan B. Anthony• Women’s suffrage (women’s right to vote)• Worked with the abolitionist movement

– Sojourner Truth• Born into slavery, freed later.

Uneducated, well know speaker for equality for all including blacks & women

– Seneca Falls Convention• First women’s right meeting in American history, 300 people (40 men)• Seneca Falls, New York

Reform Movement

Movement/Reform Leader Description

Temperance(dealt with alcohol)

Carrie NationTemperance workers blamed social ills on

drinking and drunkenness.This movement encouraged people to give up drinking and tried to get the

government to stop the sale of alcohol.

Mental Patients/Prison Inmates

Dorothea DixDix encouraged reforms in mental

institutions and prisons. She won many reforms for mental patients and inmates.

Education Horace MannMann believed that education was the best way to deal with society’s ill. He

pushed for free education for all and for Normal Schools to train teachers.

Trying to create an Utopian Society- “the perfect society”

Emerging American Culture• Culture– The art, literature and learning of people

• American Culture– Art, literature that used American themes,

characters, and settings• Romanticism– Movement in art and literature that focused on the

beauty of nature, emotions and local themes for artistic creations

• Transcendentalism– Philosophy that focused on intuition as a means of

spiritual enlightenment

Authors in the Emerging American Culture

AUTHOR TYPE WORKS

Noah Webster Dictionary Wrote the first dictionary. Webster’s Dictionary

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essays& Poems

Transcendentalist, famous essay “Self-Reliance”

Henry David Thoreau Essays Transcendentalist, wrote “Civil Disobedience” and “Walden”

Walt Whitman Poems Transcendentalist, wrote Leaves of Grass

Edgar Allan Poe Poems &Short stories

Stories were dark mysteries, The Raven & “The Tell-Tale Heart”

Nathaniel Hawthorne Short stories & Novels

Used puritan themes from England, wrote House of the Seven Gables & The Scarlet Letter

Authors in the Emerging American Culture

AUTHOR TYPE WORKS

Washington Irving Short Stories “The Legend of Sleep Hollow”

James Fenimore Cooper Novels Last of the Mohicans & The Pioneers

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Poems “The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere” & The Song of Hiawatha

Emily Dickinson Poems Wrote about love, life & death.“I Could Not Stop For Death”

Herman Melville Novels & Short Stories

Transcendentalist. Wrote about adventures at sea, Moby Dick

Manifest Destiny• Manifest Destiny 1800-1850

– Idea that Americans should spread over the whole North American continent• Mormon

– Followers of Joseph Smith; religious people persecuted in Illinois moved to Great Salt Lake Region.

• Territorial Expansion– the United States gaining more territory and expanding its boundaries

• Migration– The movement of people within a country from one area to another

Westward Expansion-The movement of people from onepart of the country into the western territories

Oregon Country• Oregon Country

– Area in the Northwest claimed by the United States and by Great Britain• Oregon Trail

path used by settlers and missionaries to go to the Oregon Country• South Pass

– A trail through the Rocky Mountains that was wide enough for wagons to pass• “54-40 or fight”

– Slogan that expressed the willingness of some American to fight England over northern boundaries of the Oregon Country claimed by the United States

• 49th Parallel– The northern boundary of

the Oregon Country that was established by a treaty with the British

The Republic of Texas

• Adams-Onis Treaty– Treaty with Spain in 1819 that gave Florida to the United States and established the

boundaries of Spanish lands in the West• Santa Anna

– Mexican general who became president and then dictator over Mexico; led the Mexican army against Texans in the War for Texas Independence

• Battle of Gonzales– The first fight between Texans and Mexicans that occurred when the Mexican army tried to

take back a cannon that had been “loaned” to the Texans• Alamo

– An old Spanish mission in San Antonia where Texans fought the Mexican army until every Texan was killed

• Goliad– Town where Santa Anna ordered about 400 captured Texans to be executed

• San Jacinto– Location where Sam Houston’s army turned on the Mexican army, defeated them, and

captured Santa Anna• Republic of Texas

– The independent “nation” of Texas between the years 1836 and 1845 when it belonged to neither Mexico nor the United States

Scan in map from page 226

War with Mexico• Manifest Destiny

– Belief that the United States should expand to occupy the entire North American continent

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo– Treaty that ended the Mexican War

• Mexican Cession– Area ceded (given) to the United States after the Mexican War

• Gadsden Purchase– An area of land purchased

from Mexico to build a railroad to California

Add map on page 232

Westward Trails• California Trail• Mormon Trail• Oregon Trail• Santa Fe Trail

Westward Expansion: The Trails West

TRAILS DESCRIPTION

California Trails To gold fields in Northern California

Mormon Trails Used by Mormons leaving Illinois for the Great Salt Lake region

Oregon Trails Used for fur trade, missionaries and settlers to make the trip from Independence, Missouri, through the Rockies at South Pass to the Oregon Country

Santa Fe Used by traders and merchants to link the Mexican trading center of Santa Fe with Independence, Missouri

The Trails went through the center portion of the West,

a huge area of grasslands called the Great Plains.

Slavery in the Territories• Wilmot Proviso

– Law that would have outlawed slavery in any territory taken from Mexico

• Popular Sovereignty– The idea that the people in a territory should decide whether to

permit slavery or not• Gold Rush

– The movement of many people who rushed to California when gold was discovered

• Forty-niners– People who came to look for gold in 1849

• Compromise of 1850– Compromise that allowed California to be admitted as a free state

1850• Compromise of 1850

– A compromise between free states and slave states that allowed California to join Union as a free state but required all states to catch and return runaway slaves to their original owners

• Fugitive Slave Act– A part of the Compromise of 1850 that required runaway slaves be captured and returned no matter

where they were found in Union • Harriet Beecher Stowe

– The author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin• Uncle Tom’s Cabin

– A novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that revealed the cruelty of slavery• Kansas-Nebraska Act

– A law that overturned the Missouri Compromise by allowing popular sovereignty in newly organized territories of Kansas and Nebraska

• Popular Sovereignty– The idea that each new state added to the Union should decide for itself whether to be a free state

or a slave state • Republican Party

– A new political party formed by those who did not like the Kansas-Nebraska Act; the party did not want the expansion of slavery into new territories

• Dred Scott– A slave who sued for his freedom nut lost his case in the Supreme Court

• John Brown– A radical abolitionist who led a raid on the government armory and arsenal at Harper’s Ferry