microwave treatment of biomass - fapesp · biomass to chemicals microwave, catalysis and flow...
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Green Chemistry Centre of ExcellenceGreen Chemistry Centre of Excellence
YorkOne of
Europe’s most
beautiful and historic
cities
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Green Chemistry Centre of ExcellenceGreen Chemistry Centre of Excellence
Microwave
Processing
Clean Synthesis
& Platform
Molecules
Natural Solvents &
Biolubricants
Training,
Education
and
Networks
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Green Chemistry Centre of ExcellenceGreen Chemistry Centre of Excellence
Excellence and innovation in Green Chemistry
research across the bio-based economy.
Pre-treatment
and extraction
Conversion
and separation
technologiesClean
chemical
synthesis
High-value
components
Bulk components
Application testing
Scale-upEnd-of-life
evaluation
Materials Substitution:
Biobased polymers
Biomass to Chemicals
Microwave, Catalysis
and Flow (EPSRC)
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Green Chemistry Centre of ExcellenceGreen Chemistry Centre of Excellence
Market
Desire for Bio-based
Legislation20% renewable fuel
by 2020 (EU)
30% renewables by
2030 (US)
Byproductproblem:
World Biomass Residues: >1
bn t/yr & ££££
Technology
Need
Microwave technologyLow temperature
Energy efficient
Any biomass
Zero-waste
Scalable
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Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence
Why microwaves?
Rapid internal heating
Uniform heating
Instant control
Acceleration of reaction rate
Selective interaction with active groups
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Green Chemistry Centre of ExcellenceGreen Chemistry Centre of Excellence
Versatile platform technology with two key approaches:
Hydrothermal
Microwave treatment in
water (100 – 260 ˚C)
Key benefits:
• All biomass, especially wet
• Hydrolysis of
polysaccharides to
fermentable sugars
• Extraction of
polysaccharides (e.g.
pectin)
Pyrolysis
Microwave treatment under
inert atmosphere (140 – 300 ˚C)
Key benefits:
• All biomass
• One-step formation of
biofuels
• In-situ fractionation low-
acidity stable bio-naptha
• Target biomass components
Char for Gasification Fermentation
pretreatment
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Biomass
Microwave
processor
Energy
Extracted
oil
Pyrolysis
Oil
Char
Wide range of
feedstock+ = Wide range of
products
Flexibility of Microwave
Parameters
(time, temperature, power)
Low Temperature
Microwave Pyrolysis Treatment of Biomass
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Microwave pyrolysisMicrowave results in pyrolysis at lower temperature for all
biomass and biomass components studied reduced energy
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MW pyrolysis enables in-situ bio-oil separation
• Applicable to wide range of biomass including wood, paper,
sugarcane bagasse, seaweed, wheat straw, barley dust.
• In-situ fractionation to valuable products:
• Fraction 2 (acid, water) source of acids for bio-surfactants
• Fraction 4 (sugars) basis for platform molecules
• Fractions 3 & 5 (Phenols, furans) drop-in replacements for
petrochemical industry
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• High calorific value
~30kJ/g
• Good grindability
• Good hydrophobicity
• Co-firing with coal
• Ideal for gasification
Characteristics of MW Bio-Char
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Green Chemistry Centre of ExcellenceGreen Chemistry Centre of Excellence
Semi-scale microwave trials(30 kg/h)
12 trials
5 types of biomass
Temperature: 110-1900C
18 kg of wheat straw
6.7 kg of char 5.7 kg of oil+
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Green Chemistry Centre of ExcellenceGreen Chemistry Centre of Excellence
Benefit of Microwave Hydrolysis
High efficiency of heating: water is the best
microwave absorber
Saving energy of water vaporisation
Direct solubilisation of biomass due to
hydrolysis of polysaccharides
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Green Chemistry Centre of ExcellenceGreen Chemistry Centre of Excellence
Bio-Waste
Acid Hydrolysis
Sugars
Fermentation
Microwave technology
Problems:Salt Waste
Low value LigninCorrosion/Safety
Existing market
Faster, energy efficient
Benefits:
Acid free
Waste agnostic
Tunability
Specific activation
Additional products &market opportunity
Total: £14.5bn Total: > £7.1bn
Lactic acid (£2.7bn)
Bio-ethanol (£4bn)
Butanol (£3.6bn)
Fuels
PolymerSuccinic acid (£0.7bn)
Pharmaceutical
Citric acid (£3.5bn)Food
Wax (>£3.0bn)
Limonene (>0.2bn)
Phenols (£2.4 bn)
HMF (1.5MT)
Levoglucosenone (?)
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Green Chemistry Centre of ExcellenceGreen Chemistry Centre of Excellence
Microwave Assisted Cellulose Hydrolysis
Sugars yield increases x20 in the presence of microwave irradiation
32%
Fan et al, JACS, 2013, 1178
High selectivity toward glucose. Repeated MW hydrolysis of solid
produces up to 40% yield of sugars at 220oC
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Green Chemistry Centre of ExcellenceGreen Chemistry Centre of Excellence
Continuous microwave processor. 30 kg/h
Getting ready for the large scale!
Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence
Extending to
pressurised
reactors
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Green Chemistry Centre of ExcellenceGreen Chemistry Centre of Excellence
Research
Industry
Networking
Education
www.greenchemistry.net
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Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence
MW as a heater
Alternative electric current (dipolar polarization mechanism):
•Inversion of orientation at every altrernance
•Stirring and friction of molecule
•Intenal homogeneous heating
Continuous electric current:
•Continuous electric current of dipole is impossible
+-
- --
--
+ -
Alternative electric current of ions (conductionmechanism):
•Debye effect: If > 109 resistance decreasedramatically