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FUNDAMENTALS COURSE

MICROSOFT SQL

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We start with Why?Do you know your Why? The purpose, cause, or belief that inspires you to do what you do?

Version No. Type & Date Change

Version 18.6.1 Exc. update 1-6-18 Updates for MS SQL Server 2018

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MICROSOFT SQL

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FUNDAMENTALS COURSE

MICROSOFT SQL


MS SQL Fundamentals Course

FUNDAMENTALS COURSE

MICROSOFT SQL


Data, Data processing and Databases

Examples of Data

2

3

■ Collection of facts about an object

■ Size, weight, shape, make, colour, etc.

■ Continuous measurement of a value

■ Temperature outside, pressure in the engine, wind speed, etc.

■ Verbal description

■ Instructions, legal documents, letters to friends, invitations etc.

■ Other

■ Graphs, maps, blueprints, schematics etc.

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MICROSOFT SQL


Information

Information Extraction

■ How many books are there? ■ How much did it cost to buy them? ■ How many different titles? ■ Do we have duplicates? ■ What is the oldest book in the collection? ■ What are the countries of origin?

4

5

Raw data

Context (Scope)

Information

When data is processed, organized, structured or presented in a given context so as to make it useful, it is called information.

15.9,17.2,17.3, 16.2,18.2, 18, 18.9, 19.5, 22.8…

Minimal temperature in London in September 2017

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MICROSOFT SQL


6Structured Data

7

8

Field #1 Field #2 Field #3 Field #n

Title Publisher Author #1 Total # of pages

Data Records

A record is a single unit of structured data.

A book record

Title Publisher Author #1 Total # of pages

Country of origin Language Year of publication

Data Records

■ The structure (schema) of our data records are determined by the information we may need to extract from the database

The context (scope) is important!

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MICROSOFT SQL


JOIN 49

How JOIN actually works 50

Does the predicate evaluate to True?If “Yes” – take the row, if “No” - skip it.

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MICROSOFT SQL


LEFT JOIN 51

RIGHT JOIN 52

SELECT column_name(s)FROM table1LEFT [OUTER] JOIN table2ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

SELECT column_name(s)FROM table1RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN table2ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

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MICROSOFT SQL


FULL JOIN 53

CROSS JOIN 54

SELECT column_name(s)FROM table1FULL [OUTER] JOIN table2ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;

SELECT column_name(s)FROM table1CROSS JOIN table2

{Table1 x Table2}

FUNDAMENTALS COURSE

MICROSOFT SQL


Exercise #4 55

Functions 56

SQL functions 57

■ Creating foreign keys

■ Creating database diagram

■ Writing INNER JOIN queries

■ SQL functions return a value by performing an operation based on parameters passed to it - some functions require no parameters.Examples: GETDATE(), CONCAT() etc.

■ SQL aggregate functions return a single value, calculated from values in a column(s). Examples: COUNT(), SUM(), AVG()

Returns current date and time – a single value

Each result row is accompanied by an extra value for the current date and time

FUNDAMENTALS COURSE

MICROSOFT SQL


SQL functions 58

SQL aggregate functions 59

Returns Harry Potter

An aggregate function is used to provide an aggregation (grouping) for a SQL statement, such as counts or totals or averages.

COUNT(ColumnName) excludes NULL values for that column

FUNDAMENTALS COURSE

MICROSOFT SQL


SQL aggregate functions 60

GROUP BY 61

Subquery is a query which is nested inside a SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE statement or inside another subquery.

Column ‘Books.BookTypeId’ is invalid in the select list be-cause it is not contained in either an aggregate function or the GROUP BY clause.

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