microgrids and the macrogrid presentation to the california public utilities commission 20 february...
TRANSCRIPT
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Microgrids and the Macrogrid
Presentation to the
California Public Utilities Commission20 February 2001
by
Abbas Akhil, Chris Marnay, & Bob LasseterSandia National Laboratory, Berkeley Lab, and University of Wisconsin, Madison
Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions
Other Members of CERTS Distributed Energy Resources Group:
Bob Yinger - SCE, Jeff Dagle - PNNL, John Kueck - ORNL
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Outline
INTRODUCTION TO CERTS - Abbas
THE EMERGING MICROGRID PARADIGM - Chris
DER TECHNOLOGY AND THE MICROGRID - Bob
CONCLUSION - Bob
QUESTIONS - all
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CERTS Mission Statement
“To research, develop, and disseminate new methods, tools, and technologies to protect and enhance the reliability of the U.S. electric power system under the emerging competitive electricity market structure”
CERTS Formation
Formed in 1998 as an Industry, DOE Labs and Universities consortium
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Research Performers
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Core Research Areas
Reliability and Markets
Distributed Energy Resources Integration
Real-TimeGrid Reliability Management
Reliability Technology Issues and Needs Assessment
Addresses recommendations made by Secretary of Energy Advisory Board (SEAB) Task Force on Electric System Reliability
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CERTS Road Map
Assess market design and reliability performance
Price transparency and load participation for reliability management
Reliability and Markets
Microgrids
DER integration
Customer reliability and power quality
Distributed Energy Resources Integration
Real-time controls and visualization technologies for VAR management, ancillary services, ACE, load forecasting
Reliability performance measures, tracking and monitoring
Real-Time Grid Reliability Management
Reliability monitoring and issues
Research road mapping
Technology tracking
Policy issues and research planning
Reliability Technology Issues and Needs Assessment
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CERTS Industry Advisory Board
• VIKRAM S. BUDHRAJA - ChairPresidentElectric Power Group
• MICHEHL R. GENTPresidentNorth American Electric Reliability Council
• TERRY M. WINTERChief Executive OfficerCalifornia Independent System Operator
• PHILLIP G. HARRISPresident and CEOPJM Interconnection, L.L.C.
• BRUCE A. RENZformer VP Energy Delivery SupportAmerican Electric PowerChair, AEIC Electric Reliability CommitteeEPRI Research Advisory Council
• CHARLES B. CURTISExecutive Vice PresidentUnited Nations Foundation
• RICK A. BOWENExecutive Vice PresidentDynegy
• PAUL BARBERSr. Vice President, Transmission & Engrg.Citizens Power
• DALE T. BRADSHAWSenior Mgr., Power Delivery TechnologyTennessee Valley Authority
• JOHN D. WILEYProvost & Vice Chancellor, AcademicUniversity of Wisconsin
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Funding
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DOE CERTS Relationship
Distributed EnergyResources
CERTSSponsorship/Funding
Transmission ReliabilityProgram
Other Programs
Office of PowerTechnologies
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The DOE DER Program Goals
Near Term (Year 2005): Develop the “next generation” distributed energy
technologies and address institutional/regulatory barriers
Mid Term (Year 2010): Reduce the costs and emissions and increase
efficiency and reliability of distributed technologies to achieve 20% of new capacity additions
Long Term (Year 2020): Make the nation’s electric system the cleanest, most
efficient, reliable and affordable in the world by maximizing the use of distributed energy resources
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Program Differences
DOE DER Program sets national policy, goals Technology improvements: Advanced microturbines, gas-
fired engines Strong emphasis on combined heat and power Focus on reducing institutional and regulatory barriers
CERTS DER activity focuses on DG systems issues
Examines DG from transmission reliability perspective Effects of large penetration of DG into the grid:
Control, protection, role in the grid and competitive market
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Framing the Issues
DOE DER Program goal: 20% of new generation capacity additions through
distributed generation by year 2010 26.5 GW of DG If “small” DG ( <100 kW) captures 25% of the
26.5 GW goal, then -
100,000 small DG sources could populate the grid…
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Meeting Future Electricity Demand according to the Annual Energy Outlook 2001
to 2020 U.S. electricity demand: will grow at only 1.8%/a (GDP at 3.0) but with retirements, that’s almost 400 GW new capacity that’s 92% natural gas fired, tripling NG use for power
roughly equivalent to 1000 new generating stations plus associated transmission and distribution (an investment of ~ $400 billion)
NG prices increase at only 2%/a real
electricity prices fall at 0.5%/a real
share of electricity passing through high voltage grid unchanged
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Limits of Current Power System other restrictions on power system expansion
siting, environmental, right-of-way, etc.
efficiency limits (carbon, CHP/cogeneration, & losses)
centralized power system planning
heterogeneous power quality requirements extreme customer requirements high cost of reliability?
volatile bulk power markets
economic drive to operate power system closer to limits
can the traditional power system deliver digital power?
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Customer Driven Development
apply emerging technologies to self generate
meet heterogeneous customer requirements locally control reliability and quality close to end-use optimize meshed grid reliability for bulk transactions
operate connected or disconnected to the grid
make decisions about power system expansion & operation
group sources and loads
optimize over compatible electrical and heat requirements
power system of relatively weakly interconnected microgrids?
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A microgrid is ... designed, built, and controlled by “customers”
based on internal requirements subject to the technical, economic, and regulatory
opportunities and constraints faced. a cluster of small (e.g. < 500 kW) sources,
storage systems, and loads which presents itself to the grid as a legitimate entity, i.e. as a good citizen
interconnected with the familiar wider power system, or macrogrid, but can island from it
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Customer DER Adoption
goal is to anticipate the microgrid technical problems that must be solved
forecast the attractive technologies and configurations
customer decision is akin to utility planning
local constraints on development critical - GIS
microgrids unlikely to disconnect entirely
DER adoption can/will be shaped by tariff policy
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DER Adoption by a Typical Office Building
on-site
installed ca
pacity
economic environment scenarios
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Key DG Technology
Substation DG1-10 MW: 2.2 kV & up
Combustion Turbines Reciprocating Engines Fuel Cells Hybrids
“Appliance like” DG~ 100 kW: 120 - 480 V
Microturbine Photovoltaic
Automotive Fuel Cell
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Generation Efficiencies
10kW 100kW 1 MW 10MW 100MW 1000MW 20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Micro Turbine
CHP
Fuel Cell
WithCHP
HybridFuel cell
ReciprocatingEngines
CCTGCCTG
GasTurbineGasTurbine
Oldsteam
1 MW
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Reciprocating Gen Sets
Diesel gen sets generally will be your best choice when:• Low installed cost ($/kW)..• Gas fuel is unavailable or expensive.
Gas gen sets generally will be your best choice when:• Air emissions regulations are a concern.• A reliable gas supply is available and affordable.
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Caterpillar’s Gen Sets
In the last 60 days, Caterpillar installed 200MW of rental power throughout the West Coast U.S.
During 2000, they sold nearly 20 gigawatts --
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Hybrid Fuel Cells/Microturbine
Commercial Scale Plan
Demonstration
DOE
Technology Program
250kW
1.3MW
2.5MW
Electricity Efficient ( >70%)
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The New Paradigm
Distributed generation. Small-scale power systems, installed on multiple commercial and industrial customers' sites, can function as a "virtual power plant" under utility control.
Utilities can dispatch these distributed systems to enhance local grid stability, meet peak demands, capitalize on favorable market prices, and more.
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Application of Distributed Generation: New Paradigm
GENERATOR TYPE
Combustion Turbines Fuel Cells Reciprocating Engines Hybrids
KEY ISSUES
Ratings: > 1MW Utility Voltages: 2.2 - 66 kV Dispatchable: Can Participate in Markets
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Key DG Technology
Substation DG1-10 MW: 2.2 kV & up
Combustion Turbines Reciprocating Engines Fuel Cells Hybrids
“Appliance like” DG~ 100 kW: 120 - 480 V
Microturbine Photovoltaic
Automotive Fuel Cell
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30-75 kW Micro turbine30-75 kW Micro turbine
Installed at $700/kW (target is $350/kW)
Efficiency 30%
Air foil bearings Operation speed
60,000-100,000 RPMs
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Microturbine Basics
Power electronics
GeneratorGenerator Air
CompressorCompressor
TurbineTurbine
RecuperatorRecuperator
3 Phase ~ 480V AC3 Phase ~ 480V AC
HotHot AirAir
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200kW Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
The power plant in Santa Clara is rated at 1.8 MW AC net
It contains more than 4,000 cells
$2000-3000/kW
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Fuel Cell System
CO2
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lb/kWh
Microturbine
C Turbine
PEM Fuel Cells
Hybrid FC/MT
Roof top PV
DualFuel Engine
On Site Generation
NOx
.00115
.00124
.000015
~.0005
.00
.010
CO2
1.188
1.145
0.95
~0.5
.00
1.20
“Air Pollution Emission Impacts Associated with Economic Market Potential of DG in California, June 2000
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Key Factors Impacting Application of Small Distributed Generation
GENERATOR TYPE
(appliance like)
MicroturbineAutomotive Fuel CellPhotovoltaic
KEY ISSUES
Uses Power Electronics Ratings: small ~ 100kW Customer Voltages: 120 - 480 V Dispatchable: Very Complex Difficult to Participate in Markets
due to small size Connection Cost: High
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Achieving the 100,000 units
Rethink the paradigm: System approach to DER Enable small-size DER to be a citizen of the
grid Promote multiple unit installations Enable appliance type plug-and-play
functionality Enable market participation
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MicroGrid concept assumes a cluster of loads, micro-sources and storage operating as a single system to:
Presented to the grid as a single controllable unit (impacts system reliability; fits new paradigm)
Meets customers needs (such as local reliability or power quality)
MicroGrid ParadigmMicroGrid Paradigm
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Utility
Loads, micro-sources & storage
Local voltage control UPS functions Local redundancy Digital power Loss reduction Use of waste heat
Customer
13.8 kV
5
8
M8
M5
Dispatchable load Responds to real-time pricing Simple protection
MicroGrid ParadigmMicroGrid Paradigm
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Islanded Factory: Micro Grid
Non-critical Loads
Critical Loads
480V480V
13.8 kV
16
8
22
11
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Frequency Droop
P
o
min
1
P22
P16
P11 P8
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Island Operation
Transfer to Island
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Conclusion: 100,000 units
Key: The MicroGrid (Key: The MicroGrid (An aggregation of micro-sources, loads and storage) Presents itself as a single operating entity to the
grid Customer centered; Key “value added” point Can participate in markets (load management) Recognizes combined heat and power applications No centralized fast control Visualizes an appliance model: “Plug & Play”
model