microbioz india,november 2014,microbiology magazines

8/10/2019 MICROBIOZ INDIA,NOVEMBER 2014,MICROBIOLOGY MAGAZINES

1/42a g e M I C R O B I O Z I N D I A, N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 4 w w w . m i c r o b i o z i n d i a . c o m

Volume: 09

Issue: Novemb

CROBIOZ INDIA

MICROBIOZ

INDIA

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Gut Mi c r ob i omesan d br ai n

Di abet es- t h el ess spo k en!

An Int er v i ew w i t h

Dr .sal v at o r e r u bi no , I t al y

Li st o f Wi n ner s o fOct o ber 2014 I ssu e

Healthy Foods Influence the Growth of Healthy Gut Microflora

Th i s mo nt h i nmi cr o bi o l o gy

Cu r r ent o p enposi t i ons

Gu t Mi cr o f l o r a

Vs obesi t y anddi abet es


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a g e M I C R O B I O Z I N D I A, N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 4 w w w . m i c r o b i o z i n d i a . c o m

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MICROBIOZ INDIDiabetes Special Issue..


Microbioz India, Celebrate Novemberas Diabetes Awareness Month.

Living Healthy With

DiabetesIntake of balanced healthy

diet, Regular Exercise, Reducing

High Weight, Regular Routine

Medical Checkups, Help us to

cope up with Diabetes.


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C o

n t e n

t s

Avoiding Junk Foods

Take Healthy & Balanced Foods.

Start Living With Diabetes!!!

Gut Microflora Vs Obesity & Diabete Gut Microbiota Vs Brain

Diabete -The Lesss Spoken!!

This Month In Microbiology

An Interview with Dr. Salvatore Rubino, Italy Microbioz India, Cross word G ame

the images in this Magazine are not cover by Microbioz India, and are collected from other sources, Google Images; respective informations given in references, these images are only for information purposes.

Cover History of this issue, mainly focus on

Gut Microflora & Diabetes

Very Interesting part, Explains how our GutMicroflora control Brain and make

Communication

A featured article submitted byDr.Riyaz Sheriff, features Diabetes,Paronychia

This Section has a collection of differen

Interesting research news information,

From worldwide sources.

Under Microbioz India, Scientist Meet, in thismonth our team performs an Interview withDr.Salvatore Rubino, Microbiology Professor,University of Sassari, and Italy.

Microbioz India announces the list ofwinners of October editions, apart fromthese this section has Microbioz India,November 2014 Cross word Game.

18 22

24

28

37 41


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MICROBIOZ INDIA

MOBIAPPDownload Today.

Editors DeskDDear Readers, welcomes you all again with 9 th Volume of Microbioz India,

gazines, First of all I would like to thanks to all those readers and followers forreciating feed backs and Best wishes for Microbioz India, Dear readers no doubt itsof your love and bless who help us to make Microbioz India best Magazine for you

our team work hard in collecting fantastic and help full information from differentrces around the world, apart from these we also attach selected articles forlication in this Magazines,

crobioz India, November 2014 issue is Diabetes special edition, because invember 2014 Microbioz India Team Celebrates World diabetes day through ourvember issue of Magazines and through different social networks channels,

en after publication of Magazines we put our whole efforts in regularly awarenessut disease prevention and control; we also promote best healthy diet in your daily, through this Magazine.

e Cover history of this issue entitled Healthy Foods and Gut Microflora as nameicates we discuss about different healthy foods which we should intake to boost thewth of healthy Microflora in our Gut. Apart from this covers, we also discuss abouterent valuable Gut Microflora and their contribution to affect obesity and diabetes,few other body parts/system.

r intestines digest the food we eat to provide the body with essential nutrients asl as removing waste material and toxins. Maintaining a healthy digestive systemends on keeping a balance among the billions of bacteria that live there. Scientificdence is accumulating that upsetting the intestinal flora, as the gut bacteria areed, can lead to health problems such as indigestion, lowered immunity andceptibility to diarrhea. Stress, a poor diet, taking antibiotics or just tiredness may allet the natural balance in the gut. The beneficial gut flora plays a crucial role in our

mune system, by keeping the body's immunity active and up to its job. Around 83%our immunity is located in the gut wall. Nearly all disease can be traced back to amaged or an abnormal gut flora. The gut flora keeps two arms in the immunetem in balance and encourages the immune system to respond appropriately tod' microbes.

a special Diabetes issue, Magazines also have a valuable and most interestingcles on Diabetes, submitted by Dr. Riyazz Sheriff (MD Microbiology),Diabetologist,m Chennai ,India, As we did in our earlier issues of Magazines in this issue weform a short Interview with Dr. Salvatore Rubino, Magazines also prepared with

eral recent news information about Microbiology research, Current Scholarshipsitions, and finally how we can forget to announce the list of our dearest readers

o solve Microbioz India, puzzle games regularly.

maar Jeetendra

tor-In-Chief

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Micro b iotaHealthy Foods Influence the Growth of Healthy Gut Microflora

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Cover History...

T T he goal of healthy eating is to develop a dietthat you can maintain for life, not just a fewweeks or months, or until you've hit your idealweight. For most of us, that means eating lessthan we do now. More specifically, it meanseating far less of the unhealthy stuff (refinedsugar, saturated fat, for example) and replacingit with the healthy (such as fresh fruit andvegetables). But it doesn't mean eliminating the

foods you love..


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eople often think of healthy eating as an all or nothing proposition, but a key foundation for any healthy diet ismoderation. But what is moderation? In essence, it means eating only as much food as your body needs. You shouldfeel satisfied at the end of a meal, but not stuffed. Moderation is also about balance. Despite what certain fad dietswould have you believe, we all need a balance of carbohydrates, protein, fat, fiber, vitamins, and minerals to sustain ahealthy body.

e goal of healthy eating is to develop a diet that you can maintain for life, not just a few weeks or months, or until you've hitr ideal weight. For most of us, that means eating less than we do now. More specifically, it means eating far less of theealthy stuff (refined sugar, saturated fat, for example) and replacing it with the healthy (such as fresh fruit and vegetables).it doesn't mean eliminating the foods you love. Eating bacon for breakfast once a week, for example, could be considered

deration if you follow it with a healthy lunch and dinnerbut not if you follow it with a box of donuts and a sausage pizza. If you100 calories of chocolate one afternoon, balance it out by deducting 100 calories from your evening meal. If you're still hungry,up with an extra serving of fresh vegetables.

ealthy food is one that helps maintain or improve overall health. A healthy diet provides the body with essential nutrition: fluid,

quate essential amino acids from protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and adequate calories. The requirements forealthy diet can be met from a variety of plant-based and animal-based foods. A healthy diet supports energy needs andvides for human nutrition without exposure to toxicity or excessive weight gain from consuming excessive amounts. Where lackalories is not an issue, a properly balanced diet (in addition to exercise) is also thought to be important for lowering healths, such as obesity, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cancer.

or nutrition is a chronic problem linked to poverty, poor nutrition understanding and practices, and deficient sanitation and foodurity. Malnutrition globally provides many challenges to individuals and societies. Lack of proper nutrition contributes to worsess performance, lower test scores, and eventually less successful students and a less productive and competitive economy.lnutrition and its consequences are immense contributors to deaths and disabilities worldwide. Promoting good nutrition helpsdren grow, promotes human development and advances economic growth and eradication of poverty .

e human body contains chemical compounds, such as water, carbohydrates (sugar, starch, and fiber), amino acids (in proteins),y acids (in lipids), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). These compounds in turn consist of elements such as carbon, hydrogen,gen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and so on. All of these chemical compounds and

ments occur in various forms and combinations (e.g. hormones, vitamins, phospholipids, and hydroxyapatite), both in theman body and in the organisms that humans eat.

dies of nutritional status must take into account the state of the body before and after experiments, as well as the chemicalmposition of the whole diet and of all material excreted and eliminated from the body (in urine and feces). Comparing the foodhe waste can help determine the specific compounds and elements absorbed and metabolized in the body. The effects ofrients may only be discernible over an extended period, during which all food and waste must be analyzed. The number ofiables involved in such experiments is high, making nutritional studies time-consuming and expensive, which explains why theence of human nutrition is still slowly evolving.

ST OF HEALTHY FOODS FOR DAILY LIFE

ile the old adage "you are what you eat" is only partially true -- you are also what your genetics predisposes you to be -- whatput into our bodies clearly does have an impact on our health and overall well-being. And while some diets may promise agic bullet to healthier aging, there are a few basic food rules that we really shouldn't stray from.

ing healthy is easier than it sounds. Arm yourself with knowledge and you're halfway there. If you think of eating healthy not ascrifice, but more as an opportunity for self-improvement, you're almost at the finish line. Our daily food intakes highly promotebody and different physiological systems and also help us to make a stronger immune system, to live disease free life. Herelist of food materials, best for your health and fight for you against different health problems.

ver History

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Green Vegetables Best Protien Sources Dairy Products Best Fat Sources Fruits & Health

reen Vegetablesgetable nutrition has been widely drawn the attention of fitness conscious as well as food scientists alike for their proven healthnefits. Majority of day-to-day used vegetables are very low in calories and saturated fats. Just for example; Celery holds just 16lories per 100 g. Again here is the long list of vegetables whose calorie is less than 20 per 100 g such as bottle gourd, bitterelon, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, bok-choy, eggplant, endive, spinach, summer squash, Swiss chard; etc. Scientific studies haveown that low-calorie but nutrient-rich foods help the human body stay fit and disease free.

at at least 5-7 servings of fresh vegetables every day. Federal dietary guidelines now recommends at least 9 servings ofgetable and fruits per day. Seasonal vegetables should be encouraged. Bring variety in the choice of vegetable and color in youreryday diet. Yellow and orange color vegetables are rich in Vitamin- A, , carotenes, zea -xanthins and crypto-xanthins, wheredark-green vegetables are a very good source of minerals and phenolic, flavonoid as well as anthocyanin anti-oxidants.

reens are the No. 1 food you can eat regularly to help improve your health," says Jill Nussinow, MS, RD, a culinary educator inorthern California and the author of The Veggie Queen. That's because leafy vegetables are brimming with fiber along withtamins, minerals, and plant-based substances that may help protect you from heart disease, diabetes, and perhaps even cancer.w Healthier Vegetables are:

Kalenown as one of the healthiest vegetables on the planet. This nutrition powerhouse offers everything you want in a leafy green,d takes a first-place ranking. Its an excellent source of vitamins A, C, and K, has a good amount of calcium for a vegetable,d also supplies folate and potassium.

Collard Greensre similar in nutrition to kale & cabbage and havecome indispensable of healthcare industry. But theyve a heartier and chewier texture and a strongerbbage-like taste.

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Turnip Greens

you buy turnips with the tops on, you get two vegetables in one. Turnip leaves are another Southern favorite are considered alicacy.

wiss chard

th red stems, stalks, and veins on its leaves, has a beet-like taste and soft texture thats perfect for sauteeing.

pinach

one of the most nutritious foods available, as it is low inlories and high in vitamins, spinach is one of the mosttrient-dense foods in existence.

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P a g e M I C R O B I O Z I N D I A, N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 4 w w w . m i c r o b i o z i n d i a . c o m

Mustard Green

milar nutrition profile to turnip greens and collards, mustard greens have scalloped edges and come in red and green varieties.

occoli

a veritable goldmine of nutrition. It is rich in vitamin C and is also a good source of vitamin A, potassium, and folate.

Rapini

though rapini looks a lot like broccoli its actually a member of the turnip family. Until recently, rapini was an uncommon sightmost US produce sections, but is now becoming increasingly popular.

ver History


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Cabbage

lthough paler in color than other leafy greens, this cruciferous vegetable is a great source of cancer-fighting compounds andtamin C.

Watercress

atercress is a member of the cabbage family along with other greens such as mustard greens, kale, and turnip greens.

ver History


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Proper Intake of Green VegetablesHelps in reducing Weight & Blood SugarControl

est Protein Sourcesoteins are known as the building blocks of life: In the body, they break down into amino acids that promote cell growth andair. Protein is a macro nutrient necessary for the proper growth and function of the human body. Protein is an essential nutrienponsible for multiple functions in your body, including building tissue, cells and muscle. Everyone needs protein in their diet, butou do endurance sports or weight training youll need to increase your protein intake, and to factor it into your training routinepecific times to reap its muscle-boosting benefits.

teins are made up of a collection of 20 amino acids. Of these, eight are classed as essential and need to be sourced from food,le the other 12 are classed as non-essential and can be produced inside your body. Here are few Important Protein Sources:

gs, Milk, Yogurt, Fishes, Soya, Pistachio Nuts, Pork, Chickens.



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Best Fat Sources

or years, nutritionists and doctors have preached that a low-fat diet is the key to losing weight, managing cholesterol, andeventing health problems. But more than just the amount of fat, its the types of fat you eat that really matter. Bad fatscrease cholesterol and your risk of certain diseases, while good fats protect your heart and support overall health. In fact, goodtssuch as omega-3 fatsare essential to physical and emotional health. Far from being the disease-promoting demons thatturated and Trans fats are, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats are good for you. "Good" fats are essential for properrve activity, vitamin absorption, immune system function and healthy cells. Foods generally contain a mixture of fats, butlecting foods that are rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats (including omega-3 fatty acids) instead of trans andturated fats helps lower your risk of many diseases.

old Water Fish

ld water fish are high in monounsaturated and omega-3 fats, making them an excellent source of two hard-to-find good fats.ch serving of these fatty fish packs thousands of milligrams of omega-3. The most common examples are salmon, mackerel,ut and tuna.

ant Oils

ant-based oils also offer a healthy fat alternative to their saturated and hydrogenated animal- and laboratory-derivedunterparts. Hemp oil, which derives 80 percent of its fat composition from polyunsaturated fats has the highest ratio of goodts of any vegetable seed oil. Grape seed oil comes in behind hemp, comprised of 70 percent polyunsaturated fats.

uts and Seeds

uts (including peanuts) and seeds are an excellent source of good fats. Hazelnuts, almonds, cashews and peanuts all deriveore than half of their fat calories from monounsaturated fats. Walnuts and chia seeds (the same ones used to grow fuzzyracotta pets) are extremely rich in omega-3 fats.

ruits and Healths

e type of fruit will also make a difference in its nutrient value, as all fruits are definitely not equal in this respect. A great rule ofmb is to avoid hybrid varieties, which are fruits that have been altered by humans. Typically, hybrid fruits contain more sugarn regular varieties so they taste sweeter and can be picked out because they dont contain seeds (seedless watermelon,dless grapes, etc.).Diets high in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of cancer and other chronic diseases, according toCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. This comes as no surprise, considering the fact that fruits and vegetables arerient powerhouses, rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and fiber, yet considerably low in calories. While all fruits andgies offer benefits, certain varieties are exceptionally nutritious, making them well worth emphasizing within a balanced diet.

Best ProteinSources, Helpsin MuscleBoosting


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Can Healthy Foods promote healthy Gut Microflora??Maintaining digestive health is an essential part of healthy living. The foods you eat are not in a form that you can use until your

dy breaks them down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and carried by your blood to every part of your body whereey provide the nourishment and energy you need to stay alive. In the recent past, researchers and physicians have come toderstand the makeup of the colon bacteria to a remarkable degree. Microbiologists have been able to isolate and grow some0-400 different bacteria from the colon, along with some viruses and yeasts all entirely normal to find in the colon. Then ine past few years researchers have been able to use new techniques to analyze the DNA within all the colons bacteria, an

mazing feat. Still more amazing, it has been found that there are likely over 1,000 different types of bacteria growing in thelon, twice the number previously known. In addition to that, the total number of bacteria in the colon is measured to be manyllions, at least 10 times the number of cells in the entire body. It gives you pause when companies that sell probiotic bacteriaoducts claim to have 5 or 10 billion bacteria in a pill, an incredibly small number compared to what is already in the colon.though flora is commonly used in the medical community to describe the healthy community of bacteria living in and on theman body, consider this term more like slang generally speaking, flora means plant life. Although plant life does indeeday a role in maintaining health bacteria levels in the human body, the term microbiota is more appropriately used because itcompasses the entire community of microorganisms. These microorganisms include not only bacteria but also fungi andchaea.he role that these microbiota play in health has been largely unknown because science has been unable to research and classifye huge number of microorganisms living in the human body as well as the diverse roles they play. Some may be essential toalth; some may be harmful. For example, the past 15 years has seen an incredible amount of research on gut bacteria. Ascently as 20 years ago, no one considered the colon a major player in overall health; today, scientists from all over the world

e making important discoveries every year on the incredible effects of maintaining a well-balanced gut microbiota. In fact, thest number of microbiota in the human body and the lack of knowledge surrounding this community lead researchers to refer toas the forgotten organ.

ording to: Motherboard (Published in 18th of August 2014)

Microbes have the capacity to manipulate behavior and mood through altering the neural signals in the vagus nerve, changingste receptors, producing toxins to make us feel bad, and releasing chemical rewards to make us feel good," said senior authorhena Aktipis in a statement. The researchers behind the current study looked at 120 different papers and research articles ont flora published between 1981 and 2013 to come to their conclusions.

Diet high in fruitsand Vegetables may

reduce Risk ofCancer and ChronicDiseases


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MM icrobiota have hijacked the nervous system with dramatic effects on behavior, reads the new study. Besides hooking uph the vagus nerve, the gut is also connected to the endocrine system and the immune system, which means these microbiotaalso influence those systems, but researchers are unsure of exactly how.

give you an idea as to how they can overpower and trick your body, remember that microbiota cells outnumber human cells0 to one in your gut (though they're much, much smaller). These manipulative bacteria can make their hosts crave unhealthy

ods rich in sugar and fat and are therefore thought to contribute to obesity. As if that wasnt bad enough, it turns out some ofr gut flora is linked to the growth of tumors and may be responsible for some stomach cancers, and possibly other types ofncer.

ut flora manipulate their host's eating patterns in order to survive and propagate, but also to wipe out their microbialmpetitors next-door. The gut is a battleground for these bacteria, and manipulating a host's brain into eating certain foods iseir primary weapon. Sometimes theyll even endanger the host by making them eat harmful foods. Research has found thatople whose gut flora werent particularly diversemeaning one bacteria managed to kill off the other types through brainanipulationwere more likely to be obese.

e paper stresses that gut flora is not solely responsible for obesity, though it did find some research to suggest microbiotaght be contagious, including the bacteria that causes overeating.

why shouldnt we nuke these bacteria in our gut with a bunch of antibiotics right away? Well, these microbiota performportant functions like nutrient harvesting and immune development, the paper explains, i.e. they serve us vitamins andnerals and build up our immune systems in return for living inside us. These microbiota also help the host digest certain foods.ople in Japan have a special type of bacteria that helps them digest seaweed, and children in Africa whose diet includesnsuming sorghum, a grass, have bacteria that helps them digest cellulose.

ut fortunately, everyone's microbiome is easy to manipulate via relatively simple changes in eating habits.If youre worriedout your microbiota composition, know that changing it through diet can take anywhere from a couple of minutes, which is howten the microbiota in your gut evolve, to 24 hours, which is how long it takes the gut flora to restructure itself once dietaryanges have taken place. Changing the bacteria in your gut can potentially help change your eating habits, and vicersa.Because microbiota are easily manipulatable by prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics, fecal transplants, and dietary changes,ering our microbiota offers a tractable approach to otherwise intractable problems of obesity and unhealthy eating, wrote thethors in a statement. In addition to healthier living, targeting the microbiome could open up possibilities for preventing ariety of disease from obesity and diabetes to cancers of the gastro-intestinal tract said Aktipis. We are only beginning toratch the surface of the importance of the microbiome for human health.

Human Gut & Microflora

over History

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HH undreds and possibly thousands of species of bacteria call the human gut home and most of these bacteria live in the largetestine, where they break down carbohydrates. These cells, which are much smaller than human cells yet are several timesore numerous, perform a diverse array of functions; some are good, some are not so good.

ut flora or, more appropriately, gut microbiota, consists of a complex of microorganism species that live in the digestive tracts ofimals and is the largest reservoir of microorganisms mutual to humans. In this context gut is synonymous with intestinal, and

ora with microbiota and microflora; the word microbiome is also in use. Gut microorganisms benefit the host by gleaning theergy from the fermentation of undigested carbohydrates and the subsequent absorption of short-chain fatty acids. The mostportant of these fatty acids are butyrates, metabolized by the colonic epithelium; propionates by the liver; and acetates by the

uscle tissue. Intestinal bacteria also play a role in synthesizing vitamin B and vitamin K as well as metabolizing bile acids,erols and xenobiotics.

acteria make up most of the flora in the colon and up to 60% of the dry mass of feces. Somewhere between 300[3] and 1000fferent species live in the gut, with most estimates at about 500.However, it is probable that 99% of the bacteria come fromout 30 or 40 species. Fungi, protozoa, and archaea also make up a part of the gut flora, but little is known about theirtivities.

esearch suggests that the relationship between gut flora and humans is not merely commensal (a non-harmful coexistence), but

ther a mutualistic relationship. Though people can survive without gut flora, the microorganisms perform a host of usefulnctions, such as fermenting unused energy substrates, training the immune system, preventing growth of harmful, pathogeniccteria, regulating the development of the gut, producing vitamins for the host, such as biotin and vitamin K, and producingrmones to direct the host to store fats.

udies and statistical analyses have identified the different bacterial genera in gut microbiota and their association with nutrienttake. Gut microflora is mainly composed by three enterotypes: Prevotella, Bacteroides and Ruminococcus. There is ansociation between the concentration of each microbial community and dietary components. For example, Prevotella is related torbohydrates and simple sugars, indicating an association with a carbohydrate-based diet more typical of agrarian societies,hile Bacteroides enterotypes is associated with animal proteins, aminoacids and saturated fats, components typical of a Westernet.

e good news is that multiple respected independent sources confirm people can influence the mix of good and bacteria in thet by consuming certain nutrients which fertilize the good bacteria and kill off the bad, disease-causing microorganisms.

onsuming nutrients high in the dietary fermentable fibers oligofructose and inulin soluble fiber such as wheat, chicory root,rusalem artichoke, leeks, onions, garlic, bananas and prebiotic-infused supplements helps the guts bacterial mix stayvorable.

ut microbiota perform several important tasks once the bacterial mix has been favorably resolved by consuming beneficialetary fibers. Following ingestion, the body breaks down the dietary fiber found in certain complex carbohydrates in the largetestine via fermentation; in fact, the large intestine contains more bacteria than any other place on or in the human body.rmentation produces gases and acids that help beneficial bacteria multiply while stifling production of bad, disease-causingcroorganisms. When these good bacteria multiply, they strengthen the walls of the lower gut. Because the lower gut produces ariety of hormones that help the body regulate optimum health conditions, it stands to reason that making adequate dietary

ber a part of your everyday diet is essential for better overall wellness Prebiotin(Premier Biotin Fibers)

alorie and fat consumption also contributes to different compositions of bacteria. For example, high-fat calorie restricted dietsoduce less of the health promoting short chain fatty acids compared to high-carb, low fat diets. While overall fat intake isportant, the type of fat can make a big difference on the health of your microbiota. Saturated fat, found in animal products, issociated with unhealthy microbiota, a lower production of short-chain fatty acids, as well as inflammation and higher risks forsease. Omega-3 fats on the other hand, rich in fish (DHA and EPA omega 3), aquatic plants (DHA and EPA omega-3) and landants (ALA omega-3), promotes healthier bacteria compositions as well as reduces inflammation. Calorie consumption is anotherctor for healthy microbiotas. Too much calories, even just short term, will rapidly change our microbiome to be able to storeergy and fat better as well as stimulate inflammation, contributing to the development of obesity and chronic disease. Reduceur intake of meat and fried foods and incorporate more fish and plant-based foods and try not to overeat frequently... J e e vg

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Microbioz Indiagoingto start livetelevision website, through which wecover number of LiveInternational Conferences, Symosium, and Different Scientific Interviewlivelectures through our website, Thewebsite is sponsor byMicrobioz Indiamonthlye-Magazines, Microbioz International Journal of Microbiologyand fewof our valuableadvertisingand Mediapartners.

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Gut Microflora Vs Obesity & Diabetes

OO besity is associated with a number of chronic conditions, including inflammation, insulin resistance, type II diabetes,epatic steatosis, and cardiovascular disease.

mbining studies of host-microbial interactions relevant to obesity with studies of microbial diversity should lead to a moremprehensive understanding of which microbes, or microbial products, are the best targets for interventions (such asarmaceutical mimicry) aimed at improving health, aiding weight loss, or preventing weight gain. The microbiota can influencest adiposity through energy extraction from the diet, with variable efficiency depending on community composition;rthermore, the microbiota can also affect host adiposity by influencing metabolism throughout the body. Germ-free mice raisedasceptic isolators are significantly leaner than conventionally raised mice despite their considerably greater food intake, and, indition, they are resistant to diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Presence of a microbiota increases serum levels ofucose and SCFAs, which can induce triglyceride production in the liver, and is associated with greater adiposity and reduceducose tolerance Medspace Multi speciality

ow-grade metabolic inflammation is recognized as an important component of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Metabolicstems are integrated functionally and molecularly with immune responses, for instance, the increase in pro-inflammatorytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor- (TNF -), typical of obes ity-related inflammation, has been shown to result in insulinsistance. Recent work has shown that gut bacteria can initiate the inflammation and insulin resistance associated with obesity.

ne of the ways bacteria can impact inflammation and insulin resistance is through the activity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), ansential component of the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria such as the Bacteroidetes. Cani et al.have shown thatbcutaneous infusion of LPS can cause weight gain and insulin resistance in mice without altering energy intake. In accordanceth this, mice lacking Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which recognizes LPS, are resistant to diet-induced obesity and insulinsistance.

addition to insulin resistance, Cani et al. showed that LPS also induces inflammation in mice and that mice lacking CD14 (a co-ceptor of TLR4) are resistant to the development of inflammation. One type of inflammatory molecule that appears to beduced by LPS are the serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins, which exhibit increased levels in the serum of obese persons. The mouse

oform SAA3 is the most abundant in adipose tissue.Reigstad et al.assessed the effects of the presence of microbes on SAA3vels in germ-free, conventionally raised and Myd88 / mice. Res ults showed that SAA3 is elevated in adipose tissue and colonicsue in the presence of microbes. Decreased levels of SAA3 in Myd88-deficient mice compared with controls and increased levelsTNF- in colonic tissue in conventionalized vs. germ -free mice indicate that microbiota can partially mediate SAA3 through LPS-

ediated TLR/Myd88/NF- B signaling .

The human gut contains 1,000 different bacterial species with 99% of the total population belonging to about 40 species . Theacterial density progressively increases along the small bowel from 104 in the jejunum to 107 colony-forming units per gramf luminal content at the ileal end, with a predominance of gram-negative aerobes and some obligate anaerobes . In the colon,he bacterial count reaches around 1012 colony-forming units per gram with a predominance of anaerobes. It has beenstimated that 60% of the fecal mass is accounted for by bacteria. Despite these observations, research in the field has longeen hampered by methodological limitations. Conventional culturing techniques can in fact detect only 30% of the totalntestinal bacteria for several reasons: the unknown growth requirements of the bacteria, the selectivity of the media that aresed, the stress imposed by the cultivation procedures, the necessity of strictly anoxic conditions, and the difficulties withimulating the interactions of bacteria with other microbes and host cells . Recent culture-independent molecular biologicpproaches based on the sequence diversity of the small subunit rRNA (16S rRNA and18S rRNA) gene have overcome thesemitations. Fingerprinting techniques, PCR and dot blot hybridization, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and DNA

microarrays substantially enhanced the detection capability of numbers and the diversity of human gut microbiota .

Animal models suggest obesity is associated with alterations of the composition and the functional properties of the gutmicrobiota, e.g., the development of obesity in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice correlates with a shift in the abundance of the two

ominating divisions, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Compared with lean littermates fed the same polysaccharide-rich diet,besity was associated with a 50% reduction in Bacteroidetes and a proportional division-wide increase in Firmicutes.. Amiabetes Association According to Article Published in Scientific American, June 2014

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FF or the 35 percent of American adults who do daily battle with obesity, the main causes of their condition are all too familiar:n unhealthy diet, a sedentary lifestyle and perhaps some unlucky genes. In recent years, however, researchers have becomencreasingly convinced that important hidden players literally lurk in human bowels: billions on billions of gut microbes.

hroughout our evolutionary history, the microscopic denizens of our intestines have helped us break down tough plant fibers inxchange for the privilege of living in such a nutritious broth. Yet their roles appear to extend beyond digestion. New evidencendicates that gut bacteria alter the way we store fat, how we balance levels of glucose in the blood, and how we respond toormones that make us feel hungry or full. The wrong mix of microbes, it seems, can help set the stage for obesity and diabetesrom the moment of birth.

Fortunately, researchers are beginning to understand the differences between the wrong mix and a healthy one, as well as thepecific factors that shape those differences. They hope to learn how to cultivate this inner ecosystem in ways that couldreventand possibly treatobesity, which doctors define as having a particular ratio of height and weight, known as the body

mass index, that is greater than 30. Imagine, for example, foods, baby formulas or supplements devised to promote virtuousmicrobes while suppressing the harmful types. We need to think about designing foods from the inside out, suggests JeffreyGordon of Washington University in St. Louis. Keeping our gut microbes happy could be the elusive secret to weight control.

nteraction between diet and gut bacteria can predispose us to obesity from the day we are born, as can the mode by which wenter the world. Studies have shown that both formula-fed babies and infants delivered by cesarean section have a higher riskor obesity and diabetes than those who are breast-fed or delivered vaginally. Working together, Rob Knight of the University of

Colorado Boulder and Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello of N.Y.U. have found that as newborns traverse the birth canal, they swallowacteria that will later help them digest milk. C-section babies skip this bacterial baptism. Babies raised on formula face aifferent disadvantage: they do not get substances in breast milk that nurture beneficial bacteria and limit colonization byarmful ones. According to a recent Canadian study, babies drinking formula have bacteria in their gut that are not seen inreast-fed babies until solid foods are introduced. Their presence before the gut and immune system are mature, says

Dominguez-Bello, may be one reason these babies are more susceptible to allergies, asthma, eczema and celiac disease, as wells obesity.

A new appreciation for the impact of gut microbes on body weight has intensified concerns about the profligate use of antibioticsn children. Blaser has shown that when young mice are given low doses of antibiotics, similar to what farmers give live stock,hey develop about 15 percent more body fat than mice that are not given such drugs. Antibiotics may annihilate some of theacteria that help us maintain a healthy body weight. Antibiotics are like a fire in the forest, Dominguez-Bello says. The babys forming a forest. If you have a fire in a forest that is new, you get extinction. When Laurie Cox, a graduate student in Blaser'saboratory, combined a high-fat diet with the antibiotics, the mice became obese. There's a synergy, Blaser explains. He noteshat antibiotic use varies greatly from state to state in the U.S., as does the prevalence of obesity, and intriguingly, the two

maps line upwith both rates highest in parts of the South.

Gut Microflora and Diabetes According to Report Published in Medspace, Multi specialty

he gut microbiota affects numerous biological functions throughout the body and its characterisation has become a majorsearch area in biomedicine. Recent studies have suggested that gut bacteria play a fundamental role in diseases such as

esity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Data are accumulating in animal models and humans suggesting that obesity andpe 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with a profound dysbiosis. First human metagenome-wide association studies demonstratedghly significant correlations of specific intestinal bacteria, certain bacterial genes and respective metabolic pathways with T2D.

mportantly, especially butyrate-producing bacteria such as Roseburia intestinalis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii concentrationsere lower in T2D subjects. This supports the increasing evidence, that butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids are able toert profound immunometabolic effects. Endotoxaemia, most likely gut-derived has also been observed in patients withetabolic syndrome and T2D and might play a key role in metabolic inflammation.

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The human intestinal tract contains a unique group of micro-organisms that is, the microbiota consisting of numerous bacteria,rchaea and viruses. All these micro-organisms generate a biomass of more than 1.5 kg and their combined genomes (ie,

microbiome) exceed the human genome more than 100-fold.Whereas earlier studies have mainly proposed that these genes mayncode functions which generally direct pathways favouring, for example, the digestion of complex carbohydrates or theevelopment of innate and adaptive immunity, recent evidence suggests that the microbiota may have key functions inegulating metabolic pathways in health and in disease.The introduction of culture-independent, high-throughput sequencing

echnologies has allowed in the last years to increase the understanding of the complexity and diversity of the microbiota. Inontrast, the majorities of the more than 1000 assumed bacterial species still cannot be cultured and therefore remain poorlyharacterized with respect to their biological functions.

The origin of chronic inflammatory processes observed in metabolic disorders is still a matter of debate. The recent obesitypidemic is a driving force for the worldwide increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) as more than 80% of patients with

T2D are overweight. Obesity-induced insulin resistance is the dominant underlying pathophysiological factor. As insulinesistance and metabolic inflammation are frequently observed in parallel, research in the past decade has tried to connect thesewo phenomena. It is widely accepted that the aetiology of insulin resistance is complex and involves various pathways. It is,owever, also increasingly established that inflammatory pathways are critically involved in the evolution of insulinesistance.Overnutrition and certain diets could represent major starting points as they might alter the gut microbiota, lead tohanges in lipid metabolism, hepatic steatosis and finally systemic inflammation.

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Gut Microflora Vs Brain ..According to Article Published in Huffpost Healthy Living

DDietary changes to the bacteria living in our guts could have an impact on brain functioning, a new study suggests.

esearchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, found that regularly eating yogurt with probiotics, which contain "good"cteria, seems to affect brain functioning in women. They said the proof-of-concept study shows it is possible to impact brainnctioning by altering gut bacteria through diet.

he study, published in the journal Gastroenterology, was funded by Danone Research, which is the research arm of Danone, ampany that produces yogurt and other dairy products. Some of the study researchers are Danone employees, but they had nole in the interpretation or analysis of results. Researchers noted that past studies have shown a gut-brain connection in terms ofe brain sending signals to the gut. But this new study shows that the gut could also send signals to the brain.

his study is unique because it is the first to show an interaction between a probiotic and the brain in humans," study researcher. Kirsten Tillisch, M.D., an associate professor at the Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress at the UCLA Davideffen School of Medicine, told Medscape Medical News. "We can't say whether the effects are beneficial; that will take largerudies with more complex designs. One of the areas this will move to is study of disease groups like irritable bowel syndrome andxiety."

he study included 36 women between ages 18 and 55, who were split up into three groups and assigned an eating regimen forour weeks. One group ate yogurt with probiotics two times a day, the second group ate a yogurt-like product that didn't haverobiotics, and the third group ate neither. Researchers had the study participants undergo imaging scans before and after theour-week period, as they completed a test where they had to match faces showing a certain emotion with other faces showinghe same emotion.

esearchers found that that women who consumed the probiotics had changes in activity and engagement of certain braingions. For instance, the insula brain region (involved in processing sensations that come from within the body) had decreasedtivity, and there was increased connectivity between parts of the prefrontal cortex involved in cognition and a part of theainstem, called the periaqueductal grey.

Gut Microflora Communication with Brain . AS Research Article Published in Live Sciences

Previous studies have suggested gut bacteria may communicate with the brain. For instance, some people with liver diseasexperience changes in mental abilities that improve after they are given antibiotics. Other studies have shown mice that don'tave gut bacteria respond differently to stress compared with those that do.

o further investigate the link, Collins and his colleagues first gave healthy mice antibiotics to disturb their natural gut bacteria.The mice became less anxious they were less hesitant to step off a platform and more eager to explore. When their gut

acterium was restored to normal, so was their behavior. Control mice that were given water instead of antibiotics showed nohanges in behavior. Mice that didn't have any gut bacteria also showed no changes in behavior when they received antibiotics.

Disrupting the contents of the gut also appears to affect brain chemistry. Mice given antibiotics had an increased amount of arain protein called derived neurotrophic factor, or BDNF, in their brains compared to control mice. Changes in the levels of BDNFave been previously linked to depression and anxiety.

Next, the researchers carried out some gut bacteria swapping of sorts. Different strains of mice are known to exhibit differentehavior patterns. Some are more anxious while others are aggressive and hyperactive. The researchers took mice from bothxtremes and exchanged their gut bacteria. They saw the behavior flipped as well the anxious mice became more active andaring and the aggressive mice became more passive. According to Research Article Published in Medical Daily, Named Gut Bacteria May Shapeuman Social Behaviour: Do Strong Social Bonds Suggest Similar Microbiota, by: Susan Scutti, November 2013

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Gut bacteria (or gut microbiota) is as hip in the world of science as a Brooklyn address is in the world of New York real estate.cientists use it to explain all manner of human conditions and biological effects, including obesity and immunity, and, mostecently, they have begun to explore its effects on cognitive processes and feelings. In a recent paper, Mexican scientists takehis one step Further and suggest that this gut-brain axis, particularly the ability of the gut microbiota to communicate with therain, may even modulate social behavior.The similarity of microbial communities across individuals is an index of the strengthf their social bonds, wrote the authors. In our opinion, testing this hypothesis may add an important analytical tool to

esearch focused on how social bonds translate into cooperation and cohesion at the group-level, an approach that couldltimately shed light on the origin and evolution of sociality.

he human intestine harbors nearly 100 trillion bacteria. They contribute to digestion by helping to break down complexrbohydrates and starches, and they are crucial to the immune system as well. Scientists once theorized that infants are bornth sterile guts and only became colonized with microbiota within the first few days of life, but now it is known that infants beginquiring intestinal flora when they ingest amniotic fluid in the womb. Nevertheless, while passing through the birth canal, anfant swallows bacteria from its mother, and this sudden infusion of bacteria is key. The initial colonization determines whatllows: The existing bacteria influences the genetic expression of cells within the digestive tract, and by doing this, they regulatee environment, creating one that is most favorable to themselves and less favorable to other bacteria introduced later.

Meanwhile, scientists have also explored the pathways of communication between the gut microbiota and the central nervousstem. Previously, many scientists favored theories in which the head crucially influenced the gut anxiety causing a stomach

he, for instance but more recently, scientists are giving credence to the ways in which gastrointestinal tract bacteria activateural pathways and central nervous system (CNS) signaling systems. Scientists, including a team of Canadian researchers, arecreasingly beginning to understand that communication does not just flow from the top down, but from the bottom up as well.other words, communication along the gut-brain axis is a proverbial two-way street with microbiota influencing the nervousstem as much as the nervous system influences the bacteria living within our digestive tracts. Gut feelings, then, have raw

uth from a scientific perspective.

EE FF EE RR EE NN CC EE SS ::

ens Fitness, Huffington post.com, Food and health bureu Wikkipedia, Health Foods Store, Wikkipedia, Wikia, news information, My superarged Life,WebMed news information,Listverse.com,Daily herald,nutrition.you.com,buzzfeed.comalthalicious.com,www.dailyherald.com,listverse.com,google wikipedia informations.

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Featured Articles

Diabetes-The Less

Spoken Dr.Riyaz Sheriff Chronic paronychia is generally multi-factorialalong with constant exposure to chemicals andallergens. Here generally the physiological barrier isaltered. There is a cuticle separation from the nail foldleaving the region vulnerable to various bacterial and

fungal pathogens. Chronic paronychia is verycommonly seen in patients with diabetes. The role ofCandida in chronic paronychia had been debated froma long time as it is commonly isolated in samples taken

from chronic paronychia.


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Diabetes is one of the widely spoken non communicable conditions in India. There has been a lot of uproar

about the complications of Diabetes. The importance given to diabetes related complications are justifiable andneed to be addressed with the utmost respect. The fact remains that the most common complications discussed indetail in both national and international forums are the most debilitating complications of the major organs like

Diabetic Nephropathy, Diabetic Retinopathy, Diabetic Neuropathy and Diabetic foot syndrome. Fortunately with advent ofewer medicines, better understanding of diabetes by both doctors and patients, the incidence of such irreversible andebilitating complications is coming down gradually. Given the current scenario it is prudent to now concentrate on the lessernown infections in diabetes so that a patient with diabetes can have a better quality of life. These include dermatologicalomplications like diabetic bullae, diabetic dermopathy, necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, and the scleroderma-like syndromef waxy skin with limited joint mobility, carbuncles and paronychia. Next the genitor urinary tract presents with problems likeecurrent urinary tract infection, phimosis and vulvovaginal infections. Orthopaedic complications of diabetes include Charcotoints, Diabetic hand syndrome ( cheiroarthropathy), Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Dupuytrens contracture. Well this list isnless... There are a few common conditions where it is a combination of both microbial factors and fluctuation of blood sugarevels. In day to day practice the most common presentations of this combination are Urinary tract infections (UTI) andaronychia. These two infections can be recurrent and persistent. The possibility of polymicrobial infections in patients withiabetes confronts the medical fraternity with a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. It has been proved beyond doubt that

microbes are currently winning the survival of the fittest challenge by becoming more and more resistant. MRSA, ESBL, MBL,MDR, and PDR the terms which the diagnosticians and microbiologist would not like to see often have become more commonn the past two decades. How are all these organisms so easily becoming resistant to antibiotics we use? Well apart from the

microbial ability to develop resistance it is the inadvertent use of antibiotics for minor infections. Paronychia is one suchnfection where the patient is treated with higher dose of antibiotics for a longer duration of time. Hence let this be a startingtep for all of us to know about paronychia in diabetes and associated microbiology.

Paronychia

aronychia is basically infection and inflammation of the folds of tissue surrounding the nails. This paronychia can be clinicallylassified as 1) acute paronychia and 2) chronic paronychia. Acute paronychia can set in with minimal injury to the nail folds.

Most common presentation would be after dishwashing, injury to the finger by thorn, nail biting, ingrowing toe nail or simplyfter a manicure procedure. The most common bacteria associated with acute paronychia are Staphylococcus aureus,treptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas spp and Proteus vulgaris . Rarely other organisms can also be isolated based on theggravating factor involved. The patient generally presents with pain, erythema and edema in the affected fingers and mostommonly present after 2-5days of injury. If adequate care is not given there is every chance of developing a subungualbscess or can develop chronic paronychia with destruction of nail plate. If a pus sample can be obtained it is best to culturehe sample so that appropriate antibiotics can be prescribed. Treatment largely depends on the degree of inflammation. In thebsence of abscess warm water or vineger soaks may be effective. Mild cases can be treated with topical creams containing

mupirocin, Gentamicin, Bacitracin or neomycin. For persistent ones it is advisable to start oral anti-staphylococcal antibioticherapy. In patients with the habit of nail biting the possibility of anerobic infections should be kept in mind. A detailed history

will be helpful to both clinician and microbiologist. With a better history the microbiologist will be in a better position to decidehe sampling technique, culture methods, avoid delay in identification of the offending organism. From the clinical point of view

nstitution of appropriate antibiotic therapy will be easier with a reliable and detailed history.

Chronic paronychia is generally multi-factorial along with constant exposure to chemicals and allergens. Here generally thehysiological barrier is altered. There is a cuticle separation from the nail fold leaving the region vulnerable to various bacterialnd fungal pathogens. Chronic paronychia is very commonly seen in patients with diabetes. The role of Candida in chronicaronychia had been debated from a long time as it is commonly isolated in samples taken from chronic paronychia. Recenttudies indicate that candida disappears when the physiological barrier is restored. Chronic paronychia can also result due tonadequate treatment of acute paronychia. Diagnosis is by a detailed history. The presentation is similar to acute paronychiaut here the evidence of nail destruction is much more pronounced (nail plate thickening, discolouration and presence ofronounced transverse ridges).

Featured Articles

Introduction


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hronic paronychia is characterized by prolonged duration along with episodes of acute exacerbation. Treatment is aimed atoiding exposure to irritant and management of infection. Various regimens with Combination of antibacterial, steroids andtifungals have been tried but the mainstay of treatment is avoidance of exposure. Non responsive cases may require systemictifungal and/or surgical removal of the affected nail.

Closing Comments

revention of infections in Diabetes starts with better control of blood sugars. The targets to achieve are Fasting blood sugar10mg/dl, Post prandial blood sugars


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Treasure in saliva' may reveal deadly diseases

Early enough to treat them . News Source: Physc.Org

TT he study, the most comprehensive analysis ever conducted of RNA molecules in human saliva, reveals that saliva containsany of the same disease-revealing molecules that are contained in blood. It was published online today by the peer-reviewedurnal Clinical Chemistry and will be published in the journal's January 2015 special print issue, "Molecular Diagnostics: Aevolution in Progress."f we can define the boundaries of molecular targets in saliva, then we can ask what the constituents in saliva are that canark someone who has pre-diabetes or the early stages of oral cancer or pancreatic cancerand we can utilize this knowledger personalized medicine," said Dr. David Wong, a senior author of the research and UCLA's Felix and Mildred Yip Endowedofessor in Dentistry.ong said the test also holds promise for diagnosing Type 2 diabetes, gastric cancer and other diseases. "If you don't look inliva, you may miss important indicators of disease," Wong said. "There seems to be treasure in saliva, which will surpriseople.

his Month in Microbiology

Xinshu(Grace) Xiao andDavidWonginDr. Wong's laboratory. Credit: ReedHutchinson/UCL


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NA, widely known as a cellular messenger that makes proteins and carries out DNA's instructions to other parts of the cell, isw understood to perform sophisticated chemical reactions and is believed to perform an extraordinary number of othernctions, at least some of which are unknown.ong's research over the past decade has focused on identifying biomarkers in saliva. His laboratory discovered that some of theme RNA that is inside human cells are also present in saliva and can be used to detect diseasesa surprising finding, he said,cause enzymes in saliva can degrade RNA, making the mouth "a hostile environment."

he new research is a collaboration with Xinshu (Grace) Xiao, the paper's other senior author and a UCLA associate professor oftegrative biology and physiology. Using state-of-the-science genomics and bioinformatics, the researchers analyzed 165 millionnetic sequences.mong the many forms of RNA are some unusual ones that live in the mouth and in cells. For example, it wasn't known untilry recently that RNA comes in a circular form; the linear form has long been known. But the UCLA scientists identified morean 400 circular RNAs in human salivathe first discovery of circular RNA in saliva or any body fluidincluding 327 forms thatere previously unknown.rcular RNA's function in saliva is not entirely understood, although it does serve as a sponge for tiny RNA molecules calledcroRNAs, which bind to it.

Circular RNAs in saliva may be protecting other RNAs," said Xiao, who also is a faculty member in the UCLA College and aember of UCLA's Molecular Biology Institute. It's likely, she said, that circular RNAs in saliva protect microRNAs from beinggraded.croRNAs, which once seemed to be little more than molecular noise, play important roles in many cell types, and have been

plicated in cancers and other diseases, Xiao said. One microRNA can regulate hundreds of genes, she said.e scientists compared microRNA levels in saliva to those in the blood and other body fluids, and found the levels of microRNA inood and in saliva are very similarindicating that a saliva sample would be a good measure of microRNAs in the body.hey also found that saliva contains another class of small RNAs, called piwi-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, which are produced byem cells, skin cells and germ cells. There are very few piRNAs in blood and most other body fluids, but Xiao's analysis showedat piRNA are abundant in saliva. Although their function is not yet known, Xiao said they may protect the body from viralfection. While most RNA molecules translate genetic code from DNA to make proteins, there is also a class called non-codingNAs that does not.aliva carries with it non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, piRNAs and circRNAs that are biomarkers for disease and health monitoring,"id Wong, who also is associate dean of research at the UCLA School of Dentistry. "Had we not done this collaboration, we wouldver know that non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, piRNAs and circRNAs exist in saliva."eir overriding conclusion is that saliva has tremendous medical and scientific value. In the not-too-distant future, dentists mightable to take saliva samples to analyze for a variety of diseases. And, Wong says, the research could lead to a new category of

lf-diagnostic devices. "This could indicate that wearable gear that informs you whether you have a diseaseeven before you

ve any symptomsis almost here," he said.e scientists, both members of UCLA's Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, will continue their research, aiming to betterderstand the biology behind their findings, including the function of piRNAs.

With a collaborator like Dr. Xiao, UCLA will continue to spearhead this science," Wong said. "Now we have the capability andchnology to reach deeper and study non-coding RNA, which has never been done."



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Sweat-Eating Bacteria: Acne MiracleCure? . NewsSource: Discover ScienceNews

AA mmonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) digest ammonia, which is a major component of sweat. A new, small study has shownat applying a topical creme containing the bacteria leads to healthier skin and could be used to treat acne and promote healingwounds.

Human Skin's Nine Most Amazing Features

he study, researchers isolated a strain of Nitrosomonas eutropha from organic soil samples. They then had a group ofunteers apply the bacteria to their skin for three weeks while another group used a placebo. The 24 volunteers were asked not

se hair products for the first two weeks and then returned to their normal hair routines for the third week.The people who had

lied the bacteria showed marked improvements in their skin, compared with the control group. What's more, those who applied

re of the bacteria showed even greater improvement. No side effects were found to be associated with the topical bacterial

me.The prospect of a new treatment for acne with no side effects could be welcome news, especially in light of a recent

ning from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration over some over the counter acne treatment products containing the

ve ingredients benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid. The June 2014 warning said the topical skin products can cause rare but

ous and potentially life-threatening allergic reactions or severe irritation.


Th latest front in combatingacnebreakoutscould bein bacteriathat feed on your sweat.


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reakdown in gut barriers to bacteria may promote

flammation and craving in Alcoholics . NewsSource: ScienceDailyNews

a cteria in the gastrointestinal tract fulfill many vital functions and are critical for digestion. Yet, these same

bacteria can induce strong inflammatory responses by the immune system if they penetrate the gut and enter thebloodstream.Although acute inflammation is a natural response to protect the body, chronic or systemic inflammation islinked to numerous disorders and diseases. Prior research has established the involvement of inflammatory processes in thedevelopment of psychiatric disorders, including major depression and alcohol dependence, but the origins of suchinflammation have remained unclear.

Now, researchers at Universit Catholique de Louvain in Belgium, led by senior authors Dr. Philippe de Timary and Dr. Petertrkel, have found that inflammatory pathways are stimulated in alcohol-dependent patients by bacteria that escape the gutarrier, which correlated with alcohol craving. They report their findings in the current issue of Biological Psychiatry. In this study, we established a link between alcohol consumption, craving and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines whichontribute to a systemic inflammatory status in alcohol-dependent patients," said Strkel. To conduct this work, they recruited3 actively-drinking alcohol-dependent patients who underwent testing both before and after alcohol detoxification. That data

was compared with testing from 14 healthy volunteers.When patients were exposed to alcohol, the researchers found that thenflammatory response originated from gut-derived bacterial products that crossed the gut barrier, which in turn, activatedpecific inflammatory pathways in blood mononuclear cells. Prior to undergoing detoxification, the observed inflammationorrelated with both alcohol consumption and alcohol craving among the alcohol-dependent patients. Following detoxification,ome, but not all, of the altered inflammatory processes were either partially or fully recovered.This establishes a new concept where events having their origin at peripheral sites in the body could modify central brain

mechanisms that ultimately influence behaviour in alcohol dependence," Strkel explained.


ionof aman's strugglewithalcohol (stock image). "Inthis study, weestablisheda link betweenalcohol consumption, cravingandactivationof pr -inflammatory cytokines whichcontributeto a systemicmmatory statusinalcohol-dependent patients," saidStrkel. Credit: ambrozinio / Fotolia

BB


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tribute to numerous diseases, including diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, autism and, it appears, MS by inciting rogue immune

vity that can spread throughout the body and brain.

e study presented at the conference, out of Brigham and Womens Hospital (BWH), reported a single-celled organism called

hanobrevibacteriaceae that activates the immune system is enriched in the gastrointestinal tracts of MS patients whereas

teria that suppress immune activity are depleted. Other work, which resulted from a collaboration among 10 academic

earcher centers across the U.S. and Canada, reported significantly altered gut flora in pediatric MS patients while a group

apanese researchers found that yeast consumption reduced the chances of mice developing an MS-like disease by altering gut

a.

shrut Jangi, a staff physician at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston who co-authored the BWH study, thinks that

ional dietary influences might even be at play. The biomes of people living in different areas and who consume Western versus

-Western diets are demonstratively different, he says. People who emigrate from non-Western countries, including India,

ere MS rates are low, consequently develop a high risk of disease in the U.S. One idea to explain this is that the biome may shift

m an Indian biome to an American biome, although there is not yet data to support this theory.

e microbiome theory is gaining so much steam in academia that a coalition of four U.S. research centers called the MS

icrobiome Consortium recently formed to investigate the role of gut microorganisms in the disease. The group presented data in

oston showing significantly different gastrointestinal bacterial populations in patients treated with the MS drug glatiramer

etate compared with untreated subjects. How exactly the drug suppresses MS activity is unknown but the findings suggest that

rhaps it works in part by altering gut flora and, as a result, suppressing abnormal immune activity. The gut is well-positioned

r an important role in the development of autoimmune disease, including MS., says Ilana Katz Sand, an assistant professor of

urology at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City and member of the MS Microbiome Consortium. But important

estions remain, such as how MS medications affect the microbiome, how an individuals microbiome may affect treatment

sponses, whether particular bacterial species are associated with more severe disease and ultimately whether we can

anipulate the microbiome to benefit our patients.

atz Sand says that dietary and probiotic approaches to treating MS are worth pursuing, as is a less palatable approach: fecal

nsplantation. Yet answers in science and medicine are rarely simple, she added, pointing out that in all likelihood MS arises

om a complicated confluence of genetic and environmental influences that might ultimately trigger autoimmune activity. Beyond

t our gut flora well over 100genetic variantsmany related to immune functionare now known to contribute to the disease as

e external factors including vitamin D deficiency (MS is more common at higher latitudes), smoking and increased salt intake.

rther confounding our ability to pinpoint root causes is that our genetic code influences how our bodies and brains respond to

ese external factors. It could be that both genes and environmental stimuli lead to pathologic microbiomes or that somefortunate combination of these factors leads to a common autoimmunologic pathway that ravages myelin. We know the

crobiome shapes our immune system and that MS is an immune-mediated disease. We also know that genes influence our

crobiomes and immune systems, says David Hafler, professor of neurology and immunobiology at Yale University School of

edicine who was at the conference but not involved in the microbiome work presented. But there must be nongenetic factors

ntributing to the disease, too, given that the incidences of MS and other autoimmune disorders are increasing.

is Month in Microbiology


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Experts sound alarm as diabetes fuelsCases of TB .NewsSource: FoxNews.com

CC ases of tuberculosis are set to accelerate worldwide unless action is taken to curb diabetes, a chronic condition thatweakens the immune system and triples the risk a person will develop the lung disease, health experts warnedoWednesday.Tuberculosis (TB), which killed an estimated 1.5 million people last year according to the World HealthOrganization (WHO), is caused by bacteria that lie dormant in many people.However, diabetics TB become sick from latent TBinfection far more often than other people because their immune systems are compromised -- a fact that could unleash anepidemic of co-infection as diabetes rates soar along with growing obesity.It is not the first time that the world has beenconfronted with such co-infection. The HIV/AIDS pandemic, which destroyed the immune systems of millions, lead to aquadrupling of TB rates in many countries in Africa.Now doctors fear a re-run of that scenario as diabetes takes hold around theworld, including in many poorer countries.The big worry is that six of the top 10 countries projected to have the greatestnumbers of diabetics by 2035 -- China, India, Brazil, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Russia -- are classified as high TB burdencountries by the WHO.nthony Harries of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease told Reuters he wasmost concerned about India and China, since India has the world's highest TB rate, followed by China, while for diabetes Chinahas the most cases, followed by India.


s scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicts some of the ultra structural details seen in the cell wall configuration of a number of Gram-tive Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. (CDC.gov)


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We want to raise an alarm that we dont watch history repeat itself with TB-diabetes, he said.Diabetes affected 382 millionpeople in 2013 and will increase to a projected 592 million by 2035, according to the International Diabetes Federation.Most ofthe cases will be of Type 2 diabetes, the kind that is linked to obesity and is driven by the adoption of Western diets and moresedentary lifestyles."If we dont act now to head this off, were going to experience a co-epidemic of TB-diabetes that willimpact millions and sap public health systems of precious resources. The key is to prevent this from happening, Anil Kapur ofthe World Diabetes Foundation said.While diabetes is not as great a co-infection threat as HIV, the virus that causes AIDS raises

the risk of TB by thirty fold, there are about 10 times as many cases of diabetes in the world as people living with HIV, so theoverall impact is similar.A joint report from Harries' and Kapur's groups presented at an international lung conference inBarcelona sets out the case for international action against the looming co-epidemic.The report challenges the conventionalapproach of tackling independently infectious diseases, like TB, and chronic non-communicable diseases, like TB.Fighting thethreat will need a clear strategy of screening both diabetes patients for TB and TB patients for diabetes, as well as providingtreatments for both diseases, the report says. Such "bi-directional" screening is at present patchy.

What happens to a dead body in the

Ocean? .News Source: FoxNews.com

WW hen a dead body decomposes in the ocean, scientists know little about what happens to it. To find out, some researcherserformed an unusual experiment that involved dropping pig carcasses into the sea and watching them on video.Lots of humanodies end up in the sea, whether due to accidents, suicides or from being intentionally dumped there, but nobody reallynows what happens to them, said Gail Anderson, a forensic entomologist at Simon Fraser University in Canada who led the

nusual study.Anderson and her team got a chance to find out, using the Victoria Experimental Network Under the SeaVENUS), an underwater laboratory that allows scientists to take video and other measurements via the Internet. With thatquipment, all they needed was a body. "Pigs are the best models for humans," Anderson told Live Science. They're roughlyhe right size for a human body; they have the same kind of gut bacteria, and they're relatively hairless, she said.In the study,ublished Oct. 20 in the journal PLOS ONE, Anderson and her team used a remotely operated submarine to drop three pigarcasses into the Saanich Inlet, a body of salt water near Vancouver Island, British Columbia, at a depth of 330 feet.


Deep-seascavengersmade quickwork of this

pig'scarcass. (VENS/Gail

Anderson andLynne Bell


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he researchers monitored what happened to the pig bodies using the live VENUS cameras, which they could control fromywhere with an Internet connection, and sensors that could measure oxygen levels, temperature, pressure, salinity and otherctors. At the end of the study, the scientists collected the bones for further examination. It didn't take long for scavengers tond the pigs. Shrimp, Dungeness crabs and squat lobsters all arrived and started munching on the bodies; a shark even came toed on one of the pig corpses. Scavengers ate the first two bodies down to the bones within a month, but they took months tock the third one clean.The third body likely took so much longer due to the levels of oxygen in the water, the researchers

und.The Saanich Inlet is a low-oxygen environment, and has no oxygen during some times of the year, Anderson said. Whene researchers dropped the first two pigs into the water, the oxygen levels were about the same, but when scientists dropped therd body in, the levels were lower.The big scavengers (Dungeness crab and shrimp) need more oxygen to smaller creatures like

e squat lobsters. But the smaller animals' mouths aren't strong enough to break the skin of the pigs. So as long as the carcasstered the water when oxygen conditions were tolerable, the larger animals would feed, opening the bodies up for smallertters and the squat lobsters, Anderson said. But when oxygen was low, the larger animals didn't come, and the smaller animalsuldn't feed."Now we have a very good idea of how bodies break down underwater," Anderson said. This kind of research helpslve mysteries such as the "floating feet" found wearing running shoes that have washed up along the West Coast in recentars. In fact, it's quite normal for ocean scavengers to gnaw off feet, and the running shoes simply make the body parts float,nderson said.Knowing how bodies degrade in the ocean can give rescue divers a sense of what to look for, as well as managee expectations of family members of those lost at sea, Anderson said.



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ScientistMeet

An Interview with

Dr.Salvatore RubinoDr.Salvatore Rubino is working as full Professor of Microbiology, Dipartimento diScienze Biomediche, and University of Sassari, Italy.

Under Microbioz India, Scientist, Meet we perform an Interview with Dr.SalvatoreRubino, Microbioz India team say thanks to him for his kind response with us, Wewishes him a great future a head, Here are few interesting points of interview with

Him.

Dr.Salvatore Rubino

Microbioz India: Why you opt MICROBIOLOGY as a career?

Dr.Rubino: When I was a young student of the medical school I had a dog with a suspectedLeishmaniasis: I knew that the professor of Microbiology was an expert of parasitology. Iwent to talk with him and he asked me to join him in the lab to prepare the media forLieshmania culture. I liked a lot the lab and from that day I did not miss a day in themicrobiology lab.

Microbioz India: Tell us a little more about your professional experiences; particularly thosenot mention your resume/application,

Dr.Rubino: I have a large experience after my postdoc in the USA at University ofCalifornia San Diego doing basic research on my way back to my Island Sardinia I becameprofessor at the University of Sassari, I started to work on Salmonella. In the main time Istarted several project with our Ministry of Foreign Affairs in developing countries includingAngola, Zimbabwe and Morocco. I started also a lot of bilateral project.


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icrobioz India: What is your favorite part of your current job and why is it your favourate part?

rRubino: Actually Im the editor in chief of the Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ( www.jidc.org ) and I like to help youngentists to emerge with their research at international level. Actually Im involved in a new research project studying the infectious diseasethe past in a new science called bioarcheology.

crobioz India: How would your background and experiences strengthen this academic department?

Rubino: My background and experience is very important in strengthen this academic department.

crobioz India: What is one or two of your proudest professional accomplishments?

Rubino: To establish an important laboratory in my region, Sardinia. To establish a journal that helps the scientists from developingountries .

crobioz India: Mention few of your words in favour of Microbioz India.

Rubino: Microbioz India is important for the diffusion of science and microbiology in India and in the world.

Salvatore Rubino

ll Professor of Microbiology, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche

l. 079-228302 fax 079-212345 e-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

Dr.Salvatore Rubino

ientist Meet...


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Edinburgh Global Masters Scholarships for International

Students in UK, 2015-2016

University of Edinburgh is inviting application for 30 Edinburgh Global Research Scholarships foression 2015-2016.

Qualification

The awards are open to overseas students undertaking a research degree and may be held inany field of study.

Applicants must be liable to pay tuition fees at the rate applicable to overseas students andmust have already applied for admission to a full-time Masters programme in multiplesubjects.

How to Apply

The mode of applying is online. Click here to apply: http://www.ed.ac.uk

The Dean's Postdoctoral Fellowship, Harvard

Medical SchoolAs part of an effort to pr

microbioz india,november 2014,microbiology magazines

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