microbiology, virology and immunologylib.sumdu.edu.ua/library/docs/rio/2017/m4277.pdf · medical...

1

Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

Sumy State University

Medical Institute

Department of Public Health

Microbiology, Virology

and Immunology

Part 3 4277

Virology

Practical Workbook

Sumy

Sumy State University

2017

Ivakhnyuk T. V., Ivakhnyuk U. P., Holubnycha V. M., Kornienko V. V.

2

Practical Workbook of «Microbiology, Virology and Immunology» Part 3

«Special bacteriology and Virology» / T. V. Ivakhnyuk, U. P. Ivakhnyuk, V. M.

Holubnycha, V. V. Kornienko – Sumy : Sumy State University, 2017. – 27 p.

Department of Public Health

Special bacteriology

and

Virology

Practical Workbook

Student's name ____________________________________________

Group number _______________

3

INTRODUCTION

Medicine is an ever-changing science undergoing continual development. Research and clinical

experience are continually expanding our knowledge, the knowledge of proper treatment and drug

therapy in particular. Medical microbiology is the study of the background material on various pathogenic

organisms. It delineates the epidemiology, transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment

of diseases caused by these organisms.

The objective of this study aid is to instil a broad-based knowledge of the aetiologic organisms

causing disease and pathogenetic mechanisms leading to clinically manifested infections. This knowledge

is a necessary prerequisite for the diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of infectious diseases. Beyond this

academic purpose, its usefulness extends to all medical professions and most particularly to physicians

working in both clinical and private practice settings.

The workbook makes the vast and complex field of medical microbiology more accessible by the

use of numerous illustrations with detailed explanatory legends. Many tables present knowledge in a

cogent and useful form. The material is organized into four sections of increasing complexity designed to

give students first a sense of familiarity with the nature of microorganisms, then practice in aseptic

cultural methods in clinical settings. Instructors may select among the exercises or parts of exercises they

wish to perform, according to the focus of their courses and time available.

PROPER SAFETY PROCEDURES

To insure safety of those working in the lab, as well as the integrity of each experiment, each of the

following rules must be met.

1. Clothing should be protected by a lab coat or an apron. No shorts are allowed – you will be asked

to return home and change if worn to the lab class.

2. Hair that is long should be tied back to avoid contamination as well as safety when working near

the Bunsen burners.

3. Lab stations must be wiped down at the beginning of a lab to lower contamination rates of

cultures by organisms being already on the stations as well as safety for the students. Stations must also

be wiped down at the end of every lab session. Station clearing is best accomplished with fresh 10%

bleach. If there is any visible contamination on the bench, wash it with soap and water before the bleach.

4. Avoid direct contact with any microbes being tested by keeping all cultures well below mouth,

nose and eye area. Microbial agents normally move with gravity, so downward is the basic direction.

Thus, to insure integrity of cultures, avoid coughing, excessive talking, laughing, etc. while working with

cultures being open. Keep cultures at a minimum of exposure to the air for the best results.

5. Lab stations should be kept clear of any extra materials (non-lab books, book bags, purses, keys,

etc.) to avoid contamination as well as accidents.

6. All lab materials must be stored in the appropriate locations at the end of each session.

7. Tubes and racks should be placed in the appropriate location for autoclaving.

8. Bunsen burners should be lit from the beginning of each session to the end as this decreases the

risk of contamination of cultures and helps the safety of the lab worker.

9. All spills should be reported immediately to the lab instructor for proper cleanup. Unreported

spills can result in biohazardous conditions. To keep spills, burns, contamination and other accidents to a

minimum, it is wise to stay alert and pay attention to your surroundings all the times.

4

Date _____________________ Class № 1

GENERAL VIROLOGY

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

1. Morphology of viruses.

2. Structure of viruses: genome, capsid, envelope.

3. Viral replication: adsorption, penetration, proliferation, maturation.

4. The mechanisms available to the human organism for viral infections defence: nonspecific and

specific immune defenses.

5. Laboratory diagnosis:

5.1. Virological method: cultivation, indication, identification.

5.2. Serological method (reactions).

5.3. Microscopic method.

PROTOCOLE OF PRACTICAL SESSION

Task 1. Examine microscopically and draw normal cell cultures and cell cultures with

cytopathogenic effect (CPE).

Figure in color Conclusion

Normal cell cultures

Cell cultures with cytopathogenic

effect

Task 2. Carry out haemagglutination test (HAT) with an allantoic liquid for indication of

influenza virus.

Principle of the test: put 0.5 ml of allantoic liquid from the infected chicken embryo in one cavity

of the plastic plate, in another – 0.5 ml of allantoic liquid from the infected chick embryo. Then put

0.2 ml of 1% suspension of the chicken erythrocytes in every cavity.

The results of the reaction are taken into account in 40 minutes after settling of erythrocytes:

“+” – positive reaction is expressed haemagglutination – sediment looks like “umbrella”

(scalloped edges). Such result of reaction is possible, if there was influenza virus (with haemagglutinin) in

allantoic liquid and the complex of influenza+erythrocyte appeared.

“–” – negative reaction is sharply outlined sediment of red corpuscles (“button”), which does not

differ from control (figure 1.5). The presence of haemagglutination in an experimental plate at its abcence

in control specifies the presence of virus in the tested liquid.

Conclusion:

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5

Task 3. Take into account haemagglutination inhibition test (HAIT) which is carried out for

typing of influenza virus.

Principle of reaction consists in the following: allantoic liquid is mixed up with the specific serum

containing antibodies. Then chicken erythrocyte is added. If a virus is specific to the certain antibody of

immune serum, it neutralizes this antibody and doesn’t agglutinate erythrocyte. A positive reaction is

sediment with even edges (“button”).

In case the virus is not specific to the antibody of immune serum, it contacts with a chicken

erythrocyte and the reaction is negative in the form of “umbrella”.

Perform the account of the reaction, define the type of influenza virus and write down the results in

the protocol.

Conclusion:

Task 4. Take into account PHAT with patient’s paired sera with respiratory infection. Write

a conclusion (demonstration).

PHAT is estimated according to the presence or absence of red blood cells agglutination. The

increase of antibodies is marked at simultaneous titration of paired sera, which was taken during the first

days of the disease (or immunization) and on the 15-20th

days from the beginning of the disease (or

completion of immunization). A diagnostic value has exposures of four-fold and greater increase of

antibody titre in the second serum.

Dilution of serum

I

II

Conclusion:

Teacher's signature ____________________

6

Date _____________________ Class № 2

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

OF ORTHOMYXOVIRUS AND PARAMYXOVIRUS INFECTION


1. Morphology and structure of orthomyxoviruses. Antigenic shift and drift.

2. Pathogenesis and diagnosis of influenza.

3. Prevention and therapy of influenza.

4. Morphology and structure of paramyxoviruses.

5. Pathogenesis and diagnosis of parainfluenza.

6. Prevention and therapy of parainfluenza.

7. Morphology and structure of rubella viruses and morbilli viruses.

8. Pathogenesis and diagnosis of rubella and morbilli infections.

9. Prevention and therapy of rubella and morbilli infections.


Task 1. Study the morphology of influenza virus A / Hong Kong / 1/68(H3N2) and draw its

structure in the protocol. (figure 2).

Figure 2 – The morphology of influenza virus A / Hong Kong / 1/68(H3N2)

7

Task 2. Study the haemagglutination test with the infected allantoic liquid from a chick

embryo and write the result of the reaction in the protocol.

Table 1 - Procedure of the haemagglutination test

Components of reaction Test drop Control drop

Allantoises solution from

infected chicken embryo

1 drop _

Chicken erythrocytes 1 drop 1 drop

Sodium chloride solution _ 1 drop

Result (draw) “+” or “–” “–”

Conclusion:

Task 3. Study the haemagglutination inhibition test with allantoic liquid and type-specific

anti-influenza serum and write the result of the reaction in the protocol.

Table 2- HAIT for influenza virus typing

Type-specific

anti-influenza

serum

Titre of serum Control

1:10 1:20 1:40 1:80 1:160 serum virus erythro-

cytes

А0 – + +++ +++ +++ – +++ –

Result (draw)

А1 – ++ +++ +++ +++ – +++ –

Result (draw)

А2 – – – – – – +++ –

Result (draw)

Conclusion:

8

Task 4. Study CFT with paired sera of an influenza patient and write the result of the

reaction in the protocol.

Table 2 - The results of the CFT with patient’s paired sera (1 and 2) for serological diagnosis

of influenza

Diagnosticum (dead specific

influenza viruses)

Serum dilution Control of

serum 1:10 1:20 1:40 1:80 1:160

Type А influenza virus (Н3N2)

serum 1 + + – – – –

serum 2 + + + + – –

Type В influenza virus

serum 1 + – – – – –

serum 2 + – – – – –

Conclusion:

Task 5. Study and write down the characteristics of immunobiological preparations for

prevention and therapy of respiratory virus infections.

Name of preparation Сomposition,

method of producing

Іntended use

(immunity after introduction)

Inactivated influenza vaccine

Chemical influenza vaccine

Live measles vaccine

Antimeasles

immunoglobulin

Live parotitis vaccine

9

Human leukocyte interferon

Remantadin


method of producing

Іntended use

(diagnostic method, test)

Erythrocytes measles

diagnosticum

Type-specific influenza sera

Н0N1

Type-specific influenza sera

H0N2

Type A1 dry influenza

diagnosticum

Task 6. Fill in the card of particular virology test and sketch the scheme of the influenza

laboratory diagnosis.

Task 7. Fill in the card of particular virology test and sketch the scheme of the parainfluenza


Task 8. Fill in the card of particular virology test and sketch the scheme of the rubella


Task 9. Fill in the card of particular virology test and sketch the scheme of the measles



10

Date _____________________ Class № 3

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF ENTEROVIRAL INFECTION: PICORNAVIRUS

(POLIOMYELITIS, COXSACKIE, ECHO), ROTAVIRUS, RINOVIRUS, APHTOVIRUS,

CARDIOVIRUS


1. General characteristics and classification of the family Picornaviridae.

2. Genus of enteroviruses. Classification: poliomyelitis, Coxsackie, ECHO, enteroviruses of the

types 68-72. Characteristics of virions. Antigens. Cultivation. Pathogenicity for animals. Sensitivity to

physical and chemical factors. Value of genetic heterogeneity of the populations of enteroviruses in the

development of the disease.

3. The role of enteroviruses in human pathology. Pathogenesis of poliomyelitis and other enteroviral

infections. Immunity. Principles of specific prevention and therapy. The problem of poliomyelitis

eradication in the world.

4. Laboratory diagnosis of enteroviral infections.

5. Family Reoviridae, genus Rotavirus. General characteristics. Pathogenesis of rotavirus intestinal

infection. Laboratory diagnosis and specific prevention and treatment of this disease.

6. Genus of the rinovirus. General characteristics. Classification. Pathogenesis rinovirus infection.

Laboratory diagnosis.

7. Genus of the aphtovirus. Biological properties. Classification. Pathogenesis of the infection in

humans. Laboratory diagnosis and specific prevention.

8. Genus of the cardiovirus. General characteristics. Role in human pathology.


Task 1. Indicate the poliomyelitis virus (spot-formation test). Write a conclusion.

Conclusion:

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Task 2. Study the spot-formation inhibition test which identifies poliomyelitis causative

agent (demonstration). Write a conclusion.

Table 1 - Spot-formation inhibition test for determination of the poliomyelitis causative agents

Investigated

matherial’s

name

Isolation of virus Identification of virus

Investigated

probe

Control

probe

Serotypes of

the immune

serum

1:10 1:20 1:30 1:40 К

1

2

3

Conclusion:

11

Task 3. Study the reaction to determine the neutralizing antibodies in the serum of patients

(demonstration). Fill in the table and write a conclusion.

Table2 - Neutralization test for detection of the specific antibodies

Diagnosticum Cultivation of patient’s serum

1:4 1:8 1:16 1:32 1:64 1:128 К

ЕСНО

Coxsackie А

Coxsackie В

Conclusion:

Task 4. Write down immunobiological preparations (demonstration) with pointing of

purpose and method of their use.

Name of preparation Сomposition, method

of producing

Іntended use


Poliomyelitis live Sebin

vaccine

Inactivated Salk vaccine

Normal human

immunoglobulin

Name of preparation Сomposition, method

of producing

Іntended use


Multivalent and type-

specific poliomyelitic

serum of the I–III types

Multivalent and type

specific serum Coxsackie

Multivalent and type

specific serum ECHO

Task 5. Fill in the cards of particular virology test and sketch the schemes of the poliomyelitis,

Coxsackie, ECHO laboratory diagnosis.

Teacher's signature __________________

12

Date _____________________ Class № 4

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF VIRAL HEPATITIS


1. Morphology and taxonomic position of hepatitis viruses.

2. Structure of hepatitis viruses: genome, capsid, envelope.

3. Replication HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV: adsorption, penetration, proliferation, assembly.

4. The mechanisms of the antiviral immune response at hepatitis infection: nonspecific immune

response and specific immune responce.

5. Pathogenesis and diagnosis of hepatitis.

6. Prevention and therapy of hepatitis.

7. Laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis.


Task 1. Study ELISA of hepatitis A patient’s faeces (demonstration) and write the result of

the reaction in the protocol.

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

Conclusion:

Task 2. Study ELISA of hepatitis B patient’s serum (demonstration) and write the result of

the reaction in the protocol.

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

Conclusion:

13

Task 3. Study and write characteristic of immunobiological preparations for prevention and

therapy of hepatitis.


method of producing

Іntended use


Hepatitis A vaccine

Immune (gamma) globulin

(IG) against hepatitis A

Hepatitis B recombinant

DNA-derived vaccine

Antihepatitis B

immunoglobulin

Task 4. Fill in the cards of particular virology test and sketch the schemes of the HAV, HBV,

HCV, HDV, and HEV laboratory diagnosis.


14

Date _____________________ Class № 5

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF THE RETROVIRUSES INFECTION


1. Morphology and taxonomic position of the HIV.

2. Structure of retroviruses: genome, capsid, envelope.

3. Replication of retroviruses.

4. The immune response at retroviruses infections.

5. Pathogenesis and diagnosis of HIV infection, AIDS, opportunistic infections.

6. Prevention and therapy of retroviruses infections.

7. Laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection, AIDS, opportunistic infections.


Figure 1 – Scheme of HIV/AIDS infection laboratory diagnosis

Table 1 – Criteria for interpretation of immunoblot result for HIV-1 and HIV-2 (WHO, 1990)

Result HIV-1 HIV-2

Positive

2 lines env

+/– lines pol

+/– lines gag

2 lines env

+/– lines pol

+/– lines gag

Negative

Absent HIV-1 specific lines Absent HIV-1 specific lines

Doubtful

Other profiles that are viewed as

positive or negative

Other profiles that are viewed as positive or

negative

On the basis of the knowledge about the principle of this reaction make a conclusion. Indicate in

conclusion the patients with the confirmed diagnose.

Stage 1. Screening Methods,

ELISA

Negative Positive Questionable

Stage 2. Referent method,

ELISA

Negative

Positive

Questionable

Stage 3. Expert test,

(Western bloot, ELISA, PCR, DNA-zond)

Negative

Positive

HIV infection

Serological method for HIV infections investigation

15

Result:

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Task 1. Study the ELISA with patient’s serum for exposure of antibody against gp120 HIV

antigen (demonstration). Write conclusion in the protocol.

A B C D E F G H

1

2

3

4

5

6

Conclusion:

Task 2. Study the principle of PCR for diagnosis of HIV infection.

It is identified either by the detection of HIV-specific antibodies in serum or plasma or by

demonstrating the presence of the virus by nucleic acid detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR),

p 24 antigen testing or, rarely these days, by growing virus in cell culture. Antibody testing is the method

most commonly used to diagnose HIV infection. With the highly sensitive HIV1/HIV2 enzyme

immunoassay (EIA) tests currently on the market, seroconversion can be detected within two to three

weeks of infection in the majority of cases. In a small number of early seroconverters that are still in the

space of time, the p 24 antigen may become positive before antibody is detectable. Therefore, to enable

the laboratory to select appropriate testing, it is important to provide a clinical history that includes any

recent high-risk behaviour or symptoms consistent with seroconversion illness.

In recent years, according to WHO recommendations all native donor material must be tested for

HIV using PCR. The investigation object of PCR can be native materials obtained from humans. The

principle method is based on amplification of nucleotide sequences that are investigating the participation

of thermophilic DNA polymerase. The reaction is conducted in 3 phases. There are three major steps in

PCR, which are repeated for 30 or 40 cycles. This is done on an automated cycler, which can heat and

cool the tubes with the reaction mixture in a very short time.

1. Denaturation at 94 °C.

During denaturation, the double strand melts open to single-stranded DNA, all enzymatic

reactions stop (for example, extension from a previous cycle).

2. Annealing at 54 °C.

The primers are jiggling around, caused by Brownian motion. Ionic bonds are constantly formed

and broken between the single-stranded primer and the single-stranded template. More stable bonds last a

little bit longer (primers that fit exactly) and on that little piece of double-stranded DNA (template and

primer), the polymerase can attach and starts copying the template. Once there are a few bases built in,

the ionic bond is so strong between the template and the primer, that it does not break anymore.

3. Extension at 72 °C.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_stranded

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_bond

16

This is the ideal working temperature for polymerase. The primers, where there are a few bases

built in, already have a stronger ionic attraction to the template than the forces breaking these attractions.

Primers that are on positions with no exact match get loose again (because of the higher temperature) and

don't give an extension of the fragment. The bases (complementary to the template) are coupled to the

primer on the 3' side (the polymerase adds dNTP's from 5' to 3', reading the template from 3' to 5' side,

bases are added complementary to the template).

A student must make an assessment based on the knowledge of mechanism of the immunological

tests, draw its scheme in the protocol and write a conclusion.

Result:

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Task 3. Estimate the result of the immune state examination of healthy person and AIDS

patient. Write a conclusion in the protocol.

Table 2 – Immunogram held in the dynamics

Immunological parameters Index Norm

Test 1 Test 2

Absolute number of leukocytes (g/l) 4–8

Absolute number of lymphocytes

(g/l)

800–3600

% lymphocytes 19–37

Т-lymphocytes

- absolute 600–1600

- % 40–60

Т-helper


- % 30–40

Т-suppresser/cytotoxic


- % 10–19

ІRІ (Т–helper/Т–suppresser) 2.2–3.2

В–lymphocytes


- % 15–30

Immunoglobulin (g/l)

- G 7–20

- A 0.7–5.0

- M 0.5–2.0

Immune complex 0.04–0.09

Phagocytes index 40–70

Phagocytes number 2–8

Conclusion:

17

Task 4. Estimate the result of serological diagnosis of HIV infection (immunoblot). Write a

conclusion in the protocol.

Western blot test separates Ag into bands. After the gel is affixed to a blotter, it is reacted with a

test specimen and developed by radioactivity or with stains. The Western blot is the most commonly used

confirmatory test. Highly specific immunoblot allows to make the visualization of antibodies to the

structural polypeptides of HIV.

Principle:

1. Antigens are separated by polyacrylomide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and transblotted onto

nitrocellulose/nylon membranes.

2. Antibodies in serum react with specific antigens.

3. Signals are detected according to the principles of test systems.

4. Antibodies against microbes with numerous cross-reacting antibodies are identified more

specifically.

Task 5. Study and write characteristics of immunobiological preparations for prevention

and therapy of HIV infection.

Name of preparation Сomposition, method of

producing

Іntended use

AZT (azidothymidine)

Viramune (nevirapine)

Norvir (ritonavir)


Figure 2 – Western blot test

18

Date _____________________ Class № 6

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF ARBOVIRAL AND ROBOVIRAL DISEASES

(YELLOW FEVER, DENGUE FEVER, RUSSIAN SPRING-SUMMER ENCEPHALITIS).

BUNYAVIRUSES, CRIMEAN-CONGO HAEMORRHAGIC FEVER,

HAEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME


1. General characteristics, classification and habitat of arboviruses.

2. General characteristics of Flaviviridae family viruses.

3. Causative agent of spring-summer encephalitis: peculiarities of the causative agent morphology,

pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease.

4. Agents of yellow fever, causative agent morphology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis,

prevention and treatment of disease.

5. Causative agent of dengue fever: peculiarities of the causative agent morphology, pathogenesis,

laboratory diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease.

6. General characteristics of Bunyaviridae family viruses.

7. Causative agent of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever: peculiarities of the causative agent

morphology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and treatment.

8. Causative agent of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: peculiarities of the causative agent

morphology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease.


Task 1. Make an accounting of the PHAT result for the diagnosis of spring-summer tick-

borne encephalitis.

Dilution of serum

I

II

Conclusion:

Task 2. Describe the preparations for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of arbovirus

infection.

Name of the preparation Сomposition,

method of producing

Іntended use


Homologous donor’s γ-

globulin against spring-

summer tick-

borneencephalitis

Heterologous

immunoglobulin against

spring-summer tick-

borneencephalitis

19

Inactivated cultural vaccine

against spring-summer tick-

borne encephalitis

Attenuated vaccine against

yellow fever

Attenuated yellow fever

vaccine of neurotropic stain

“Dakar”

Complex vaccine against

yellow fever, plague, and

cholera


method of producing

Іntended use


Tick-borne encephalitis

diagnosticum

Task 3. Fill in the cards of particular virology test and sketch the schemes of the Flaviviridae

family viruses laboratory diagnosis.

Task 4. Fill in the cards of particular virology test and sketch the schemes of the Bunyaviridae

family viruses laboratory diagnosis.


20

Date _____________________ Class № 7

POXVIRUSES. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF SMALLPOX, COWPOX, MONKEY

POX. RABDOVIRIDAE. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES


1. General characteristics, classification, and habitat of poxviruses.

2. Causative agent of smallpox, cowpox, monkeypox: peculiarities of the causative agent,

morphology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the disease.

3. General characteristics of Rabdoviridae viruses.

4. Causative agent of rabies: peculiarities of the causative agent morphology, pathogenesis,

laboratory diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the disease.


Task 1. Study the picture of Negri bodies (results of histological investigation).


Negri bodies

Task 2. Study the picture of Guarneri bodies (the result of light microscopy).


Guarneri bodies

Task 3. Study drugs used for prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of smallpox and rabies.

Name of the preparation Сomposition, method of

producing

Іntended use (immunity after

introduction)

Human diploid cell

vaccines (HDCVs)

Purified chick embryo cell

vaccine (PCEC)

Adsorbed rabies vaccine

(ARV)

http://www.answers.com/topic/purified-chicken-embryo-cell-vaccine

http://www.answers.com/topic/adsorb

21

Smallpox vaccinia immune

globulin

Smallpox vaccines

Task 4. Fill in the cards of particular virology test and sketch the schemes of the rabies


Task 5. Fill in the cards of particular virology test and sketch the schemes of the smallpox



22

Date _____________________ Class № 8

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF HERPESVIRUS INFECTION


1. General characteristics, classification and habitat of the herpesviruses.

2. Causative agent of alfa-, beta-, gamma-herpesviruses: peculiarities of the causative agent

morphology.

3. Pathogenesis of herpesvirus disease, laboratory diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the

disease.


Task 1. Study drugs used for prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of herpesvirus infection.


producing


introduction)

Herpesvirus cultural killed

vaccine


producing

Іntended use (diagnostic method,

test)

Herpes luminescent serum

Task 2. Fill in the cards of particular virology test and sketch the schemes of the herpesvirus

disease laboratory diagnosis.


23

Date _____________________ Class № 9

ONCOGENIC VIRUS. POLYOMAVIRUSES. PAPILLOMAVIRUSES.

CAUSATIVE AGENTS OF SLOW INFECTIONS. PRION DISEASES


1. Modern ideas about viral slow infections. Viral persistence and its mechanisms: defective

interferon shares, integration of viral and cellular genomes, pseudovirus. Enabling persistent viruses

under the influence of physical, chemical, and biological factors.

2. Characteristics of the causative agents of slow infections: measles, rabies, lentivirus infections,

tick-borne encephalitis.

3. Oncogenic viruses. Signs of cell transformation. Mechanism of the transforming action.

Oncogenic DNA-containing and RNA-containing viruses. The role of viruses in carcinogenesis.

4. Families Papillomaviridae, and Poliomaviridae. Its general characteristics and classification.

Morphology of viruses. Papillomavirus and poliomavirus. The role of viruses in the pathology.

Laboratory diagnosis.

5. Features of prions as a source of disease. Prion diseases of animals (scrape, cow’s spongiform

encephalopathy) and humans (Kourou, Creuzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker

syndrome, familial fatal insomnia). Pathogenesis of prion diseases. Methods of postmorbidity and

intravital diagnosis of diseases.


Task 1. Study and write in the copybook the main drugs used for treatment, prevention, and

diagnosis of suppurative diseases.


producing


introduction)


24

Date _____________________ Class № 10

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

OF OPPORTUNISTIC AND HOSPITAL INFECTIONS


1. Determination, aims and tasks of clinical microbiology.

2. Determination of opportunistic infections, mixed infections, disbacteriosis and their features.

Opportunistic infections aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment.

3. Exogenous and endogenous opportunistic infections.

4. Microbiological diagnosis of opportunistic infections. The aetiological criterion of the meaning of

the microorganisms isolated from pathology centre.

5. Defenition of hospital infection, its classification, and conditions stimulate their appearens.

6. Aetiology, pathogenesis and clinical forms of hospital infections. Laboratory diagnosis of hospital

infections caused by the pathogenic and opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms (salmonellosis,

escherichiosis, tuberculosis, chlamydial and mycoplasmal infections, hepatitis B, C, D, HIV,

cytomegalovirus infection, herpes virus infection).

7. Opportunistic and iatrogenic infections. Hospital strain. Hospital ecotype resistant to antibiotics,

antiseptics. The role of medical interference and immunodeficiency. Super infection by hospital ecotype.

8. Principles of hospital infections prophylaxis and treatment. Danger of transfusions and

transplantation.


Task 1. Study the smears from patients’ material.


Staphylococci in the pus (Gram staining)

Streptococcus pyogenes in the blood (Gram staining)

Klebsiella pneumonia (Burri-Gins staining)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram staining)

Candida spp. (Gram staining)

25

Task 2. Study the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella

pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli.

Figure in color Interpretation of result

26

Figure in color Interpretation of result

Task 3. Study the drugs used for prevention, treatment and diagnosis of oportunistic and

hospital infections.


method of producing

Іntended use


BCG vaccine

Hepatitis B vaccine

Staphylococcal γ-globulin


producing

Іntended use (diagnostic method,

test)

Herpes luminescent serum


27

Appendix A

Description of immunity

Postinfection

Postvaccine

Active

Passive

Humoral

Cellular

Antibacterial

Antiviruses

Antitoxins

Antifungal

Specific

Nonspecific

Group specific, species specific,

Type-specific

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