micro scale ad - aqua enviro
TRANSCRIPT
A MOVE TOWARDS ECO-EFFECTIVENESS
SOPHIE GOODALL
HARPER ADAMS UNIVERSITY/ TUFFA UK LTD
MICRO SCALE AD
OVERVIEW
• KTP project overview
• Green Supply Chain Management – closing the loop
• Move from eco-efficiency to eco-effectiveness
• Micro-AD introduction
• Methodology to assess UK Micro-AD market
• Drivers and barriers to Micro-AD adoption
• Eco-innovative tendencies
• Future and Feasibility for Micro-AD in the UK
KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER PARTNERSHIP (KTP)
‘Design, build and trial an economically feasible micro-scale anaerobic digester plant
suitable for a variety of organic waste producers’
• Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP)
• Industrial Partner: Tuffa UK Ltd.
• Academic Partner: Harper Adams University
• Funding: DEFRA and TSB
GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
• Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
• Entire supply chain management
• Reintroducing ‘resources’ at every level
• Need eco-innovative tendencies to overcome
barriers to technologies
• Closing the loop…Eco-effectiveness
ECO-EFFICIENCY
A management philosophy that encourages business to search for
environmental improvements that yield parallel economic benefits
(WBCSD, 1992)
Raw materials extraction
Process Retail Consume Dispose
Cradle Grave
ECO-EFFECTIVENESS
The eco-effective approach deals directly with the issue of maintaining (or
upgrading) resource quality and productivity through many cycles of use, rather than
seeking to eliminate waste. (Braungart et al., 2006)
Raw materials extraction
Process Retail ConsumeCradle Dispose
MICRO ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
• Onsite organic waste management potential
• Decentralisation of energy production
• Renewable energy source
• Reduces transport of waste
• Reduces reliance on external bodies
• Improves establishments’ environmental performance
• Potential to profit from onsite organic waste
MATERIALS AND METHODS
• Target Sectors: de-packaged organic waste (OW) producers (0.1-1t/d)
• Pilot Study: semi structured interview and online survey
• Main Study: Surveys sent to 4,777 OW producers potentially suitable for Micro-AD
• Multimodal sampling and distributary approach
• Survey structure: OW production, Incentives for Alternative, AD Knowledge,
Establishment and Respondent Details.
• short answers, MCQs and modified Likert scales
RESULTS
• Overall response rate 8.4% (403 responses)
• Producing 3,124litres / week / establishment
• Sectorial differences in OW produced and awareness
• Good knowledge – unable to breakdown plastics, will help meet
environmental targets, renewable energy source
• Negative Micro-AD perceptions – too complex, labour intensive, require
training.
• Educational benefit for schools and prisons
RESULTS – OWM ADEQUACY
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Separated Not Separated Not Known
Fre
qu
ency
of
Est
ablis
hm
ents
OW Separation
Adequate
Inadequate
Not Known
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Interested Not interested Don't know
Fre
qu
en
cy o
f E
sta
blish
men
ts
WTP for alternative system
Adequate
Inadequate
Don't Know
Waste Separation Alternative Waste System
MICRO-AD INCENTIVES
• Reduce costs
• Reduce waste to landfill
• Waste to energy potential
• Reduce waste transport
• Minimise vermin
• Reduce odour
• Nutrient Cycling
Most
Important
Least
Important
FEASIBILITY – ECONOMIC
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
p
Ind
ex
20
10
= 1
00
Industrial Fuel Price Indices in Current Terms 1992 - 2013
Coal Heavy fuel oil Gas
Electricity Total Fuel
Source: Waste2Resources
Source: www.gov.co.uk
Waste Management Costs
• Landfill Tax Increases
• Minimising Odour
• Minimising Vermin
• Haulage Contracts
Energy Costs
• Heat and Electricity Inputs
• Potential Energy Outputs
• Government Renewable Energy Incentives
• Improved Energy Efficiency
Capital Investment
Permits
Maintenance
Labour
Reduced Waste Management Costs
Electricity Export – FITs
Reduced Energy Bills
Potential Digestate Market
Sectorial Grants
• Must offset greenhouse gas emissions associated with:
• Organic waste decomposition in landfill
• Transport between waste producers and processors/ disposal
• Energy balance – less energy must be used by the system than is produced
• Gas production must be optimised to ensure maximum energy potential when used
• Energy production use should be > 30% efficient than centralised energy
production
• Ideally onsite use of digestate
• Reduces requirement for artificial fertilisers
• Eliminates environmental costs of transport
FEASIBILITY – ENVIRONMENTAL
CO2 produced
Electricity Input
Handling animal by-products
Improved electricity – decentralisation
Renewable energy source
Offsetting artificial fertilisers
Reducing transport of waste
Offsets CH4 production in landfill
ECO-INNOVATIVE DRIVERS
• Diffusion of technological environmental innovation (TEI) requires localised
regulation
• GSCM reduces costs, improves environmental performance –
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
• Economics, regulations and competition induce TEI adoption.
• Senior manager support
• Intra and Inter-organisational communication
• Uncertainty, complexity and munificence – contingency resource based theory
• Early adoption – often environmental concerns
CONCLUDING REMARKSIf environmentally and economically viable for individual establishments,
micro-scale anaerobic digestion could:
• Reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with transport, agricultural
production and organic waste decomposition
• Offer a decentralised, thus more energy efficient, AD solution
• Lead to a more eco-effectively managed food supply chain; reintroducing energy
and nutrients
Eco-efficient practices must also continue to be developed to ensure a sustainable
food supply chain because raw materials will always be required and emissions to
the environment are likely to never be avoided.
FURTHER RESEARCH
Phase 2: Bench-scale
two stage AD experiment
Phase 3: Micro-scale two stage
AD prototype
• Sponsors Tuffa UK Ltd., DEFRA and TSB.
• Harper Adams University who assisted with the research.
• Mr and Mrs R. Browning with distribution assistance.
• All establishments who completed and returned the survey.
For more information contact Sophie Goodall
Email: [email protected]
Tel: 07794 968842
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS