micro grids, renewable generation, electric power...
TRANSCRIPT
Micro Grids,
Renewable Generation,
Electric Power Resiliency
Patrick E. Mantey
Ali Adabi
CITRIS
Jack Baskin School of Engineering
University of California Santa Cruz
2014
Micro grids:
On Customer Side of the Meter
Micro Grid
MUD
Campus
Building Complex
Apartment Complex
Commercial Building
Farm
Home
Why Micro Grid?
Island operation (no grid to serve)
Rural areas
Electrical power availability
Grid outage
storms
instability
terrorism
Outages
Large areas
Longer time to restoration
Power System Restoration
M.M. Adibi (editor) ISBN: 978-0-7803-5397-8 690 pages June 2000, Wiley-IEEE Press
Power System Restoration
“At a time when bulk power systems operate close to their design limits, the restructuring of the electric power industry has created vulnerability to potential blackouts. Prompt and effective power system restoration is essential for the minimization of downtime and costs to the utility and its customers, which mount rapidly after a system blackout.”
Resiliency
“ability to recover from or adjust easily to misfortune or change”
Micro Grid Management
Research Project
Needs “smart meter” data – and more
Working on low-cost instrumentation
Microgrid
Grid
Fossil Generation
Wind Turbine
Solar Generation
Load
Storage
Microgrid
Instrumentation Overview
Develop and apply – a cost/effective system including: monitoring of disaggregated energy use Load control (shedding / adding) Fossil fuel minimization Management of storage
Control/Operate “small” micro grid (nano-grid?) Transform / integrate data into “intelligence” “Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring”
Micro grid Challenges
Control Challenge does not scale
Small micro grids not easier than large ones
Maintaining voltage, frequency
Renewable Generation volatility
Loads Constraints
Limited Storage
Minimize use of fossil fuel
Microgrid Control: Load Matches Generation
Generation Load
HVAC
Electric Car
Solar Generation
Wind Generation
Microgrid : Load Exceeds Generation(Grid Connected)
Generation Load
HVAC
Washer & Dryer
Electric Car
Solar Generation
Wind Generation
Grid
Microgrid : Load Exceeds Generation(Grid Connected)
Generation Load
HVAC
Washer & Dryer
Electric Car
Solar Generation
Wind Generation
$$Grid $$
Microgrid: Generation Exceeds Loads (Island)
Generation Load
Microgrid Control: Generation Matches Loads(Island)
Generation Load
HVAC
Electric Car
Storage as load
Solar Generation
Wind Generation
Solar Generation
Microgrid : Load Exceeds Generation (Island)
Generation Load
Microgrid
Grid
Fossil Generation
Wind Turbine
Solar Generation
Load
Storage
Microgrid
Microgrid Monitorin
g And
Control
LM
LM
LM
LM=Load Monitor
Do we need a control room for Microgrid?
Control /Synchronization
Ideal – smooth transitions from grid-connected to operation isolated from grid and back to grid connection.
Today
Going off grid – e.g. conventional backup
Grid connection failure initiates local generation
With adequate backup storage and local renewable, may not be disruptive
Otherwise, delay to bring up local generation
Grid to Microgrid
Going off grid requires matching local load to generation
Generation excess – problem of back feed of generator(s)
Generation deficiency – won’t carry load
Local energy storage critical for smooth transition
Need automated load management to match loads to available power when off-grid
Implies good instrumentation and remote control of loads – power on / off, and possibly varying load
Control /Synchronization
Ideal – smooth transitions from isolated micro grid back to grid connected operation
Reconnection to the grid requires synchronization
Today
Reconnecting to grid –synchronization
Requires local generation disconnected
May need to reduce load before reconnect
Load brought back slowly
Reconnect Renewable Generation
(solar, wind) via inverter”
“Power System Restoration”
Conclusion
Micro grids present challenges
Micro grids have value to both
Consumers
Utilities