micro 260 cowan chpt 8 sg metabolism

8/10/2019 Micro 260 Cowan Chpt 8 SG Metabolism

1/10

Chapter 8 Microbia l Metabolism: The Chemical Crossroads of Life

uilding Your Knowled ge

I) What are th e two branches of me taboli sm?

a .

b

Which branch synthesizes large molecules from sma ll subunits?

Which breaks down lar ge molecules into small s ubunit s?

2) Fill in the boxes on the following table, using figure 8 1 as a reference.

Nutrients fr om yruvateO\ Itside or ffom Acetyl CoAintema l path ays G ~ r a l d e h y d e 3 P

GlycolysisTe cyc leFermenta tion

J , 0, ,C J

. . ?)

3) What do catalysts do in a chemical reaction ?

Amino acidsSugarsNucleolidesFatty acids

D

4) Do enzymes add energy to chemica l reactions?

Are they changed by the reaction?

,..,

Pro1eins

Pept idoglycanRNA DNA

o m p l e ~lipids

C J~ ~ /,.., D

Do they interact with several substra te molecules or one mo lecule per e nzyme (then the enzymegoes away)?

- 57 -


2/10

5) What are enzymes made up of - proteins, lipids , or sugars?

6) Draw a simple reaction on the following graph. Label the products, reactants, and energy ofactivation a).

Energy

Progress of Reaction

7 How do enzymes speed chemical reactions?

8) Differentiate between simple and conjugated enzymes.

Why are vitamins impo rtant to human and microbial nut rition?

9) Draw an enzyme, and label its active si te.

10 Endoenzymes work inside the cell. What are enzymes that work outside a cell

ca lled ? _ II Enzymes that are present all the time are called

Induced enzymes are activated or produced only when s present.

- 58-


3/10


4/10

18 What are the three coupled pathways o catabolism?

19 Which yields more energy, anaerobic respiration or aerobic respiration?

Which requires oxygen?

20 What is the basic equation for aerobic respiration in microbes?

For every glucose molecule burned, the cell needs oxygen molecules, and producesmolecules o carbon dioxide and molecules o water.

21 What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration? _ 22 Does the TCA cycle reduce or oxidize glucose?

23 Glycolysis starts with and ends with _ _ _ _ _ _

How many ATP molecules are generated in glycolysis for each molecule o glucose consumed?

24 How many carbons are in a glucose molecule?

How many carbons are in a pyruvic acid molecule?

How many pyruvic acid molecules are produced for every glucose moleculemetabolized? _

25 The TCA cycle produces nd ,

Where do NADH molecules go with their electrons?

26 Which stage o r glucose metabolism requires a membrane?

Why?

6


5/10

27 Ho w does ATP synthase generate ATP?

28 Draw an ATP synthase molecule, a membrane , the H + gradie nt the flow o H+ ions and theformation o ATP from ADP and P.

29 Where and how is wa ter formed during aerobic respiration?

30 Why do we conside r pyruvic ac id a central part o metabolism?

What ca n pyruvate be conver ted to anaerobically?

31 Which form o glucose metabolism yiel ds more energy - anaerob ic or aerobic?

Where is most ATP ge nerated ?

32 How do fermentation and anaerobic respiration differ?

Which yields more ene rgy per glucose molecule ?_ 33 How do alcoho lic and acidic fermentation differ ?

Which fermentation do you want i f you are making bread or beer?

Which process sou rs milk?

Which process do you want i you are making yogu rt?

What happens when you work out to the point when your muscles a re deprived o oxyge n?

6


6/10

34) Amino acids are made up o f carbon and nitrogen. Where can cells get the carbon?

What do amino acids combine to form?

35) How are carbohydrates produced?

Where are carbohydrates used in a bacterial cell?

36) How are lipids (fats) made?

What are they used for n a procaryotic cell?

37) Many metabolic pathways are amphibolic. What does this mean?

38) Do precursor molecules (amino acids, s ugars, lipids) come from t he electron transport chain (Yesor No)?

Where may they come from?

39) Ifwe labeled a glucose mo lecule s carbon atoms radioactively, so they could be traced, w herewould the carbons exit the metabolic pathway?

- 62


7/10

Organizing Your Knowledge

Part of Aerobic Respiration Location Starting Molecules End Products

glyco lys is

Te cycle

Electron transport ch ain

Metabolic Pathways Final Electron Products Microbes Using

Mechanism Included Acceptor This

Aerob ic

res pirat io n

Anaerobic

fermentation

Anaerob icresp iration

6


8/10

Microbial Metabolism

P W K U E J Y C W D Y Z T Z F Q X ME Q R O K R R G R N QL D O K G Y Y X T P S I G I T Y T G V I O M M B B N KR Q Z U MB B W L K P I T N C W C Q Y S N X F Q W N B IC Z N B N E F Z W Q J Z L G Z S D C Y M X R K X K U J D Q LZ O Y S C RV S L G D Y P T R D U Z K G E U K W E O Y L H XP W H Z D C W G LY C O LY S I S B X C C T F H I S B E B FM O L E N C O N S T I T U T I V E S M X N P K Q Q D O HRT K J O H M F X F W L O Z K H L U T U P B E H K W U LV L D W C G T D R K C B C U Y F E O Z E R U E O O R H T EB K H Q T G E J E I V P T C K N D M E R O N X L Y N CF X X R M Y F P W R I D T D X X J D F W E T R J Y I Z Z H

Q Z K J K P W K D M O J E W Y G Y Q K X D E F N T S U ZH J E P Q M E C O M P E T I T I V E I N H I 8 I T I O N MWZ YWO U H N T I J H B A M E V E M K L F I Z G N E P K E AZ O D P O E E B C T E V J O Z S V N W E S N R C P F V WB V Z R Q K R B G L F C E B V B S K S R Q C D G C C WMQ H I O Z G W T W U K Q F K F S T T F MO S K U Y N Q Q KU L U S V LY L F V Y D B D V Y O RT I E O J D I C X R O DJ P G H N Y O F Z P J E D I S E N T X N C Q O Z E E W H XY S B N T R F S W E J B J V S P G X J F T B H P C P C D R O

C U N R C P W H I V U W T G T Q F Y K B J Q D T N WN B O L I S M S Y L P O L U M D W X T R R T O I W K FLY T C C Y C L E H J K O L E Y RV B I J X E N Z Y M EG D W X Q H M F Y P I D F P E Z J V H O Q B F I L e V DG V B X L N X I S W N W Y T D R F L C Z N O V V S U K H X NU J G I W O C C L M P H I B O L I C L C O F C T O R SV X Z L D H H S R E D U C T I O N F I R S E N V O E B SS I O H L E E E W N O M V Y E G W D S Q O E N O E K O T F TS N X E N D E R G O N I C Z T O O M P L LW Y F O G P F L OO O U L O S N Z Q B Q V P I V F L F T O Z J K M G J L P G S

1 L __ ) Energy currency of a cell2 C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Cycle thattakes in

pyruvic acid and converts it to CO2and provides NAOH for the electrontransport cha in

3 L _________ fv etabolicpathways that can be used foranabolism and catabolism

4 C ________ Synthesis of largerrolecules from small ones

_ < __ __ _____ Breakdownoflarge rrolecules into small ones

6 < ______ __ Metallic ionsassociated with enzymes that arecritical to enzyme function

_ < ___ ______________ __ _ _

Process bywhich

a substancebinds to the active site of an enzymeand stops it from binding to itssubstrate

8 L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Enzyme thatis present in constant concentrations,independent of substrateconcentration

9 L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Chemica lreaction that requi res the addition ofenergy

10. lTheabilitytodowork11. C:::::::::::::::lProtein c t ~ s tthat

speeds reactions by lower ing theenergy of activation

12 L ___________ Anaerobicprocess that leads to the productionof gases, acids and/or ak:ohol

13. L _________ Pathway thatconverts glucose to pyruvic acid

14 ( ) The addition ofwater to - break bonds

15. L _ _ _ _ _ _ Enzyme that is foundin higher concentrations w hen its

substrate is present16. L _ _ _ _ _ o ~ c u l e sthat arecherncally unstable are ~ d

17. L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Sumof allchemical and physical activitiesconverting energy to usable formsAND using energy to do work

- 64 -

18_ < ____ ___ _ he gaining ofelectrons

19. L ________ _ __ _ Product ofStreptococcus pyogenes thatdissolves blood ciots

20. L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ o ~ c u l ethatenzymes interact w ith to produceproducts


9/10

Practic ing Your Knowledge

I. Enzymes

a add energy to chemica l reactionsb increase the rate of chemica l reactionsc are changed by the chem ical reactions

they catalyzed work on all chemical reactions the sameway

2 W hat is the final electron acceptor in aerobicresp irat io n?

a.oxygenb carbon dioxidec. s ulfurd N DH

3. Which of the following fac tors will c hangeenzyme function?

a temperatureb pHc. s ubstra te concentrat iond all of the a bove

4 An enzyme inhibitor that binds to the sitenonnally used by a substrate and b locks enzymefunction is called a

a positive feedback inhi bi torb competit ive in hibitorc. alloster ic inhibito rd enzy me inducer

5. The e nergy of activation of a chemical reaction

a increases when enzymes are presentb decreases when enzymes are presentc. is not changed by enzymes

6 Betagalactosidase is not produ ced by a cellunless its substrate, lac tose, is present. Itmetabolizes lactose ins ide the ce l\ We woulddesc ribe t his as a

a co nstitutive en doenzymeb induced endoenzymec. induced exoenzymed constitut ive exoenzyme

- 65

7 Enzyme cofactors are _ _ .

a generally v itamins and used tosupport e nzyme functionb generally apoenzymes and work

alonec. generally metallic and activateenzymesd. not used in bacterial cells;procaryote s have s im ple enzymes

8. If you labeled the ca rbons of g lucoseand sent them through aerobic respiration,where and how would the ca rbons bereleased?

a in glycolysis as carbon dioxideb in glycolysis as waterc . in the TeA cycle as waterd. in the TCA cycle as ca rbondioxide

9. W hic h portion of ae robic respirationrequires a membrane to generate energy?

a. glycolysisb. TCA cyc lec elect ron transport chaind. fennen tat ion

10 Which part of central metabolism doesNOT contrib ute precursor molecules toanabolic pathways?

a TeA cycleb e lec tron transport chainc g lycolys isd pyruv ic acid

II. The loss of electrons is a n) _a reductionb oxidizationc. condensat iond induct ion

12 The addition of wate r to chemicalbonds them and is a reaction.

a. creates: anabolicb breaks: anabolic

c creates: catabolicd breaks: catabo lic


10/10

13 Anabolic reactions energy and are used ina cell for reactions.

a release: synthesisb use: degradativec release: degradatived use: synthesis

14. _ is the energy curre ncy o f cellular reactions.

a DN

b phosphatec ATPd.AMP

- 6 6

15 Where is most o f the energy ATP)generated during aerobic respiration?

a glycolysisb TeA cyclec fennentationd electron transport chain

micro 260 cowan chpt 8 sg metabolism

Documents